Osborne McGraw-l-Iill
`
`SYSTEM V
`
`RELEASE 4
`
`_ the—_
`COMPLETE REFERENCE
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`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`
`
`001
`
`
`
`SYSTEM V
`
`RELEASE 4
`
`_ the—_
`COMPLETE REFERENCE
`
`STEPHEN
`
`COFFIN
`
`I
`
`F‘r
`I]?
`1
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`
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`001
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`
`
`001
`
`
`
`Ule® System V Release 4:
`The Complete Reference
`
`Stephen Coffin
`
`Osborne McGraw-Hill
`Berkeley New York St Louis San Francisco
`Auckland Bogoté Hamburg London Madrid
`Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Panama City
`Paris
`850 Paulo Singapore Sydney
`Tokyo Toronto
`
`002
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`
`
`002
`
`
`
`Osborne McGraw-Hill
`
`2600 Tenth Street
`
`Berkeley, California 94710
`U.S.A.
`
`Osborne McGraw-Hill ofi‘ers software for sale. For information on
`software, translations, or book distributors outside of the U.S.A., please
`write to Osborne McGraw-Hill at the above address.
`
`Figures 9-1 and 9-2, copyright © 1989 AT&T.
`Reprinted with permission of AT&T.
`All rights reserved.
`
`This book is printed on recycled paper.
`
`UNIX® System V Release 4: The Complete Reference
`
`Copyright © 1990 by McGraw—Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in
`the United States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright
`Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed
`in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval
`system, without the prior written permission of the publisher, with the
`exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and exe-
`cuted in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publi-
`cation.
`
`1234567890 DOC 99876543210
`
`ISBN 0—0'7—881653—X
`
`Information has been obtained by Osborne McGraw—Hill from sources believed to be reliable. However,
`because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, Osborne McGraw—Hill, or others,
`Osborne McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and
`is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from use of such information.
`
`003
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`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
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`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
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`
`
`003
`
`
`
`Preface Inocuolooooooooivoooqn llllll
`
`WhyThis BooklsforYou
`
`Introduction ................... . . . .
`
`Tutorial ..........
`
`ONE
`
`1W0
`
`THREE
`
`Introduction to the Shell
`
`. . ........
`
`FOUR
`
`TheFileSystem
`
`FIVE
`
`I SIX
`
`SEVEN
`
`Basic Editing with vi and emacs
`
`.
`
`.
`
`Regular Expressions and Advanced
`Editing .....
`
`More Useful General-Purpose
`Commands ........................
`
`EIGHT
`
`Shell Programming and More .....
`
`NINE
`
`TEN
`
`Understanding UNIX System
`Documentation
`
`Computation and Number
`Processing ........................
`
`ELEVEN
`
`The Process ...... . ................
`
`TWELVE
`
`UNIX System Administration .....
`
`THIRTEEN
`
`Printing . .........................
`
`175
`
`209
`
`253
`
`277
`
`311
`
`337
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`004
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`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
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`In.
`xxxul
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`I
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`23 ,
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`45
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`75
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`113
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`147 ‘
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`375
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`004
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`
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`FOURTEEN
`
`Basic Communications ............
`
`411
`
`FIFTEEN
`
`The uucp Data Communications
`Subsystem ........................
`
`441
`
`SIXTEEN
`
`The Korn and C Shells
`
`............
`
`475
`
`SEVENTEEN
`
`Word Processing ..................
`
`515
`
`EIGHTEEN
`
`Media .............................
`
`563
`
`NINETEEN
`
`Using MS-DOS with the UNIX
`System ............................
`
`615
`
`TWENTY
`
`Timing and Scheduling ...........
`
`655
`
`TWENTY-ONE
`
`Boot and Shutdown( ...............
`
`681
`
`TWENTY-TWO
`
`Security ...........................
`
`701
`
`TWENTY-THREE The X Window System ............
`
`735
`
`TWENTY-FOUR Networking .......................
`
`777
`
`TWENTY-FIVE
`
`System Configuration .............
`
`815
`
`TWENTY-SIX
`
`Going Further ....................
`
`855
`
`Index ..............................
`
`883
`
`005
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`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
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`005
`
`
`
`ONE
`
`TWO
`
`Preface ......................... '.
`
`Why This Book Is for You .........
`
`1 g
`
`. xxxiii
`=
`
`-\'ix,_w.2-6-,.3;.x,__3.M«s-.'”an».M".-=r-
`:,-.\.,§_
`
`Controlling Output to the Terminal .....
`
`Introduction ......................
`The Lore and Controversy Surrounding the
`UNIX System ......................
`The Philosophy Behind the UNIX System .
`.
`The Modern UNIX System—Pro and Con
`.
`.
`UNIX System History ..................
`The SVR4 Release .....................
`Networking Support ................
`Unification .......................
`New Development Environment .......
`Internationalization .................
`
`3
`
`j"
`6
`8 i
`9
`10
`15
`16
`
`_
`;
`
`
`
`\_ :.
`j'
`_-
`. 4%
`:
`
`a
`
`;
`
`.................
`X Window System.
`Commands .......................
`Virtual File System .................
`Real—Time Processes ................
`Improved Configuration and
`Installation .....................
`Enhanced Security ................ 1
`Going Further ........................
`Microcomputer Requirements .........
`Assembling a UNIX System ..........
`A Note on BSD and XENIX
`
`Compatibility ....................
`
`Tutorial ...... . ..... . . ...... . ......
`Logging In ...........................
`The X Window System Display ...........
`Reading the News .....................
`Listing Your Files .....................
`Displaying a File ......................
`Deleting a File ........................
`Reading Your Mail .....................
`Sending Mail .........................
`Who’s Logged In ......................
`Changing Your Password ................
`Logging Out ............ I ..............
`Going Further ........................
`
`23
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`T H R E E
`
`F 0 U R
`
`Introduction to the Shell ..........
`Commands in the UNIX System ..........
`Command Structure ....................
`Command-Line Expansion ...............
`Environment Variables ..................
`Quoting Command-Line Arguments ........
`PS1 .................................
`Standard Input and Output ..............
`The End-of—File Mark ..................
`Appending Standard Output to a File .......
`Standard Error .......................
`Pipes ..................... z"..........
`Filters ..............................
`Fields and Delimiters ...............
`Return Values from Commands ...........
`The Grave Operator ....................
`Going Further ........................
`Command Sequences ................
`Shell Redirection ...................
`
`The File System ...... . ............
`Files and Directories ...................
`Rules for Naming Files
`.............
`Naming Directories
`................
`The Working Directory .................
`Moving Around in the Directory Hierarchy .
`.
`Changing the Directory Hierarchy ........
`Your Home Directory ..................
`File-Oriented Commands ................
`Symbolic Links .......................
`Options for the ls Command .............
`File Permissions ......................
`File Ownership ....................
`Understanding File Permissions .......
`Changing Ffle Ownership ............
`Changing Permissions
`..............
`- Listing Directory Permissions
`........
`Going Further ........................
`The X Window System File Manager
`.
`.
`.
`
`45
`46
`46
`49
`51
`54
`56
`57
`59
`60
`61
`62
`63
`64
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`70
`72
`72
`73
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`FIVE
`
`basename and dirname ..............
`Device Files ......................
`The mesg Command ................
`Other Devices .....................
`More on Symbolic Links .............
`Browsing the File System ..... . ......
`A Note on File System Reorganization in
`SVR4 ..........................
`Conventions for Naming Files and
`Directories
`.....................
`
`. .
`Basic Editing With vi and emacs
`A Note on Learning to Use the Editors .....
`The vi Text Editor .....................
`Setting Your Terminal Type ..........
`‘ Starting the vi Editor ...............
`Modes in vi .......................
`Switching Modes ...................
`Endng your vi Session ..............
`Writing Files ......................
`Reading Files ......................
`Changing Files ....................
`Redrawing the Screen .
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.' .........
`Escaping to the Shell ................
`Editing in Vi ..........................
`Undoing a Change ..................
`Entering Input Mode from Command
`Mode ..........................
`Input Mode .......................
`Moving Around in the Buffer ..........
`Searching for Text ..................
`Changing Text .....................
`Deleting Text ......................
`Repeating a Change .................
`Cut and Paste Operations ............
`Out and Paste Using Line Numbers .
`.
`.
`.
`The emacs Editor ......................
`Fundamental Concepts of emacs .......
`Starting emacs ....................
`Splitting the Screen .................
`
`100
`100
`102
`103
`103
`105
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`106
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`110
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`113
`114
`114
`115
`116
`118
`118
`119
`119
`122
`122
`122
`123
`123
`123
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`124
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`126
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`127
`128
`128
`129
`130
`130
`131
`134
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`
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`S l X
`
`WritingtheFfle............; .......
`Exiting from emacs .................
`Getting Help ......................
`Changing the Cursor Position .........
`Deleting Text ......................
`Marks in emacs ....................
`Cut and Paste in emacs ..............
`Searching and Replacing Text Strings .
`.
`.
`Escaping to the Shell ................
`Going Further ........................
`A Note on Using the Editors with the X
`Window System ..................
`Configuring vi Options ...............
`Filtering Text from Inside vi ..........
`Major Modes in emacs ...............
`Minor Modes in emacs ...............
`The emacs Customization File .........
`Macros in emacs ...................
`Keyboard Macros ...................
`
`Regular Expressions and Advanced
`Editing ...........................
`Basic Concepts of Regular Expressions .....
`Matching Any Single Character .......
`Matching a Set ....................
`Matching a Range
`.................
`Escaping the Special Meaning of Regular
`Expression Operators .............
`Special Symbols for the Beginning and
`End of a Line ...................
`Building Complex Regular Expressions
`.
`The Longest Matching String .........
`The grep Command ....................
`The fgrep and egrep Commands ..........
`Searching in vi Using Regular Expressions .
`.
`Substitutions in vi .....................
`Using the Matched Regular Expression
`in a Substitution .................
`Substitutions on a Range of Lines
`.....
`
`134
`135
`135
`135
`136
`136
`137
`137
`138
`139
`
`139
`140
`141
`142
`143
`143
`144
`144
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`147
`148
`148
`148
`149
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`150
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`150
`151
`152
`152
`154
`155
`155
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`157
`157
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`009
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`
`
`More on Line Addressing ............
`Context Addressing with Regular
`Expressions .....................
`The sed Stream Editor .................
`
`Complex sed Programs ..............
`Basic Editing with ed ..................
`Modesined
`..........
`
`Turning on Prompts and Help ........
`Reading in Another File .............
`Write and Quit ....................
`Working with Lines ................
`Displaying the Current Line ..........
`Changing the Current Line
`..........
`Input Mode .......................
`Deleting Lines ....................
`Undoing Mistakes ..................
`Searching for Strings ...............
`Substituting Sections of Text .........
`Moving and Copying Lines ...........
`Shell Escapes—The Bang Operator
`.
`.
`.
`.
`Going Further ........................
`ed Scripts ........................
`Regular Expression Searches in emacs .
`.
`
`More Useful General-Purpose
`Commands ........................
`
`The Environment Revisited ..............
`
`Using the PATH Variable ............
`The banner Command ..................
`
`Clearing the Screen ....................
`The date Command ....................
`
`The cal Command ......................
`
`The calendar Command .................
`
`The more, tail, and head Programs ........
`The cmp and diff Commands .............
`The dircmp Command ..................
`The sort and uniq Commands .............
`The cut and paste Commands .............
`The join Command .....................
`Database Operations for Text Files ........
`
`158
`
`159
`160
`
`162
`163
`164
`
`164
`165
`166
`166
`166
`168
`168
`169
`169
`169
`170
`171
`171
`172
`172
`173
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`175
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`176
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`176
`179
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`179
`180
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`180
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`181
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`182
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`187
`188
`192
`194
`195
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`SEVEN
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`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
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`
`
`010
`
`
`
`EIGHT
`
`Going Further ........................
`The sleep Command .................
`The find Command ..................
`The stty Command ............. ..
`.
`.
`.
`
`Shell Programming and More .....
`Multiline Commands ....................
`here Documents ....................
`Storing Shell Commands in Files ..........
`Commenting Shell Scripts ............
`The if Operator ........................
`The test Command .....................
`The exit Command .....................
`The expr Command ....................
`The for Operator ......................
`The while Operator .....................
`The case Operator .....................
`The printf Command and Output from Shell
`Scripts .............................
`The .profile and /etc/profile ...............
`A Typical .profile ...................
`The . Operator .....................
`Command-Line Arguments ...............
`$#, $*, and Positional Parameters ......
`Errors and Error Messages in Using Shell
`Scripts .............................
`Going Further ........................
`, shah-An Instructive Shell Script ......
`The getopts Command ...............
`The trap "Command .................
`The wait Command .................
`Shell Layers and the shl Command .....
`Virtual Consoles ....................
`Shell Functions ....................
`Using The CDPATH Variable .........
`Command Sequences ................
`
`198
`199
`200
`205
`
`209
`210
`211
`213
`215
`215
`217
`222
`222
`224
`226
`227
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`228
`230
`231
`235
`235
`236
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`238
`239
`240
`243
`245
`246
`247
`249
`250
`252
`252
`
`N l N E
`
`Understanding UNIX System
`Documentation ...................
`
`253
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`011
`
`
`
`TEN
`
`The UNIX User's Manual ..............
`The Layout of the User's Manual .........
`Referring to the Manual Section of a
`Command ..........................
`A Typical Man Page ...................
`Synopsis .........................
`Description .......................
`Other Parts of the Man Page .........
`The Permuted Index ...................
`The On-line man Command ..............
`On-line help Command
`.................
`Using Help from the Command Line
`.
`.
`.
`Going Further ........................
`The Help Directory Structure .........
`Changing the Help Database
`.........
`. Other Sections of the Manual .........
`
`253
`254
`
`257
`257
`259
`260
`261
`262
`264
`266
`270
`271
`272
`272
`274
`
`Command-line Generators
`
`...........
`
`'275
`
`Computation and Number
`Processing . . . . ....................
`A Note on Electronic Spreadsheets ........
`Shell Reprise ‘ .........................
`The do and be Calculators ...............
`
`The dc Command ......................
`
`Variables in dc .....................
`The bc Calculator ......................
`
`be Notation .......................
`be Statements and Operators ..........
`be Functions ......................
`
`The and: Command .....................
`
`Basic awk Concepts .................
`How awk Reads Input Lines ..........
`awk Patterns and Actions ............
`Numeric Operations with awk .........
`Special Patterns for the Beginning and
`End of Processing ................
`awk Statements ....................
`Formatting Output with awk ..........
`Going Further ........................
`The New awk Program ..............
`
`277
`278
`278
`278
`
`279
`
`281
`283
`
`284
`287
`290
`
`292
`
`293
`294
`294
`298
`
`300
`301
`304
`307
`307
`
`012
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`
`012
`
`
`
`ELEVEN
`
`TWELVE
`
`The Process .......................
`Timesharing in the UNIX System .........
`A Note on Priority Classes ...............
`Controlling Process Priority Within the
`Timesharing Class ........... _. ........
`Background Processes ..................
`Logging Ofl" While Background Processes Are
`Running ...........................
`Parents and Children ...................
`The ps Command ......................
`Listing the Activity of Other Users ........
`System Processes ......................
`Diagnosing Problems with Processes .......
`Killing a Process .......................
`Signals ..............................
`Going Further ........................
`Processes that Respavvn .............
`Why the First ps Takes Longer .......
`Waiting and Defunct Processes ........
`Session Groups ....................
`fproc ............................
`Real-Time Processes ................
`
`UNIX System Administration .....
`The Superuser ........................
`The Superuser Environment
`.
`.
`. ........
`The su Command ......................
`The su Environment ................
`Switching to Another Login ...........
`Creating News and the Message of the Day .
`System Mail Sent to the Administrator .....
`Solving Unusual Problems ...............
`System Administration User Agents ........
`Controlling the User Agent ...........
`When in Doubt, Take the Default Values .
`Handling Floppy Diskettes ...............
`Formatting Floppy Disks ............
`Making a File System on a Formatted
`Diskette ........................
`
`311
`312
`313
`
`314
`315
`
`316
`317
`318
`320
`321
`325
`326
`32'?
`328
`328
`330
`330
`331
`332
`333
`
`337
`338
`339
`339
`341
`341
`342
`343
`343
`344
`345
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`349
`349
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`350
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`
`
`013
`
`
`
`Mounting a Diskette ................
`Copying a Floppy Disk ..................
`Disk Backup and Restore ................
`Restoring Files from Backup ..........
`Displaying Hard Disk Usage .............
`Setting the Date and Time ...............
`Shutting Down the Machine ..............
`Adding and Removing User Login Ids ......
`Installing Software Packages .............
`Setting the Machine Name ...............
`Mafl Setup ...........................
`Scheduling Automatic Tasks ..............
`Printer Management ...................
`Installing a Printer .................
`Managing an Existing Printer .........
`Network Services ......................
`
`Port Management ......................
`Quick Terminal Setup ...............
`Port Monitor Management ............
`Port Service Management ............
`Going Further ........................
`The uname Command ...............
`
`More on Terminal Modes .............
`
`Starting a Port Monitor ..............
`Starting a Service Within a
`Port Monitor ....................
`
`.
`.
`Installing New Terminal Descriptions .
`Using Color Monitors ...............
`
`Printing ..........................
`Using the 1p Command .................
`Canceling a Job ...................
`Printing on Forms .....................
`Content-Types and Print Filters ..........
`Additional Print Options and Defaults ......
`Determining Printer Status ..............
`Command-Line Options for lpstat ......
`lpsched, the 1p Demon ..................
`Starting and Stopping the Scheduler
`. .
`.
`Connecting a Printer ...................
`
`351
`352
`352
`354
`354
`355
`355
`356
`358
`358
`359
`361
`361
`362
`363
`364
`
`364
`365
`365
`366
`367
`368
`
`369
`
`370
`
`370
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`372
`373
`
`375
`376
`378
`378
`379
`380
`381
`381
`383
`384
`384
`
`014
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`THIRTEEN
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`
`
`014
`
`
`
`Installing a Printer into the 1p System .....
`Testing Your Printer Configuration .
`.
`.
`.
`Printer Interface Models
`............
`Configuring the 1p Software ..........
`The Printer Type ..................
`Specifying the Printer Content-Type
`.
`.
`.
`Additional Print Options and Defaults
`.
`.
`The Default Destination .............
`Checking the Installation ............
`Removing a Printer
`................
`Accepting Print Requests ............
`Enabling the Printer ................
`Moving Jobs from One Printer to Another
`.
`.
`Going Further ........................
`Printer Classes ....................
`Using Forms
`.....................
`Using Character Sets and Printwheels .
`.
`Using Filters
`.....................
`Server Machines ...................
`Remote Access to Printing via LAN .
`.
`.
`.
`Remote Access to Printng via uucp .
`.
`.
`.
`The 1p Directory Structure ...........
`Printer Drivers ....................
`
`Basic Communications . . . ........ .
`The news Command
`...................
`The Message of the Day ................
`The write Command ...................
`Using write Interactively ............
`The wall Command ....................
`The mail Command Revisited ............
`A Note on Versions of the Mail Service
`.
`Mail Concepts .....................
`Sending Mail ......................
`Sending Binary Files in Mail
`.........
`Reading Your Mail .................
`mail Message Structure .............
`Creating Messages with Headers ......
`
`386
`387
`388
`388
`389
`390
`390
`391
`392
`392
`392
`393
`395
`396
`396
`398
`401
`402
`404
`405
`406
`407
`409
`
`411
`412
`414
`414
`416
`417
`418
`418
`419
`419
`420
`420
`422
`422
`
`015
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`FOURTEEN
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`
`
`015
`
`
`
`FIFTEEN
`
`Displaying a Summary of Mailbox
`Contents .......................
`Replying to a Mail Message ..........
`Addressing Mail to Other Users .......
`Domain Addressing
`................
`Forwarding Mail ...................
`Automatically Answering Incoming
`Mail ...........................
`The mail Command ................
`Terminal Emulation with the on Command .
`.
`Disconnecting from a cu Session .......
`cu Command~Line Options ...........
`Going Further ........................
`cu Internal Commands ..............
`ASCII File Transfer with cu ..........
`Transferring Binary Files with cu
`.....
`Other Internal cu Commands .........
`The mailx Command ................
`
`The ct Command
`
`..................
`
`The uuCp Data Communications
`Subsystem ........................
`The uuto Command ....................
`
`The uupick Command ..................
`A Note on uucp Security ................
`The uucp Command ....................
`Logical Path Names ................
`Command-Line Options for the uucp
`Command ......................
`
`....................
`The uux Command
`The uustat Command ..................
`Reporting on Specific Machines
`.......
`Deleting a Queued Job ..............
`Administration of the uucp Subsystem .....
`A Note on Versions of uucp
`..........
`uucp Directory Structure ............
`uucp Subsystem Architecture .........
`Specifying a Connection Method to a
`Remote System ..................
`
`423
`424
`425
`426
`427
`
`429
`430
`430
`432
`433
`434
`434
`435
`437
`438
`438
`
`440
`
`441
`442
`
`443
`444
`445
`446
`
`447
`
`448
`450
`451
`452
`452
`453
`453
`456
`
`457
`
`016
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`
`
`016
`
`
`
`SIXTEEN
`
`.................
`The Systems Files
`The Devices File ...................
`The Dialers File ...................
`Going Further ........................
`Debugging uucp Connections .........
`The uulog Command ................
`The uucp Administrative Demons ......
`Polling Other Machines
`.............
`Changing the Data Transfer Protocol
`.
`.
`.
`Grades of Service ..................
`The Devconfig File .................
`Using uucp on TCP/IP Networks ......
`rje and IBM 3270 Emulation .........
`
`. . . . ........
`The Korn and C Shells
`Selecting an Enhanced Shell .............
`The Korn Shell ........................
`Startng the Korn Shell ..............
`Command History in ksh ................
`ksh Command Editing with the vi Mode .
`.
`.
`.
`ksh Command Editing with the emacs Mode .
`Aliases in ksh .........................
`The whence Command ..................
`The fc Command ......................
`Tilde Substitution ......................
`Changing Directories under ksh ...........
`The set Command ......................
`ksh Enhancements for Shell Programming .
`.
`Arithmetic Operators ................
`Arrays ...........................
`Improved Prompting, Input and Output
`.
`Environment Variable Processing Under
`ksh ............................
`The C Shell ..........................
`Starting the C Shell ....................
`The csh Command Line .................
`Setting csh Variables ...................
`Command History and Editing in ash .......
`Hashing .......... I ...................
`
`459
`460
`462
`463
`463
`468
`469
`470
`471
`4'71
`4'72
`472
`474
`
`475
`477
`477
`478
`480
`481
`483
`484
`487
`487
`489
`489
`490
`492
`493
`494
`494
`
`495
`496
`496
`497
`498
`499
`501
`
`017
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`
`
`017
`
`
`
`,
`
`_ SEVENTEEN
`
`Aliases ..............................
`
`I/O Redirection with ash ................
`
`Shell Programming with csh ..............
`Identifying a Command with csh ..........
`Selecting a Shell to Execute a Shell Script .
`.
`.
`Going Further ........................
`Selecting a Login Shell ..............
`Filename Completion ...............
`More on the ksh ENV File ...........
`Setting the Current Directory in your
`PSI ............................
`
`Job Control .......................
`
`Coprocesses under ksh ..............
`
`Word Processing ..................
`The spell Command ....................
`The trofi‘ Document Preparation Package .
`.
`.
`The troff Command Line ................
`
`The trofl’ Command Language ............
`Basic troff Concepts ................
`trofl" Units ........................
`
`Page Layout ......................
`Font and Character Control ..........
`
`Fill Control .......................
`
`....................
`trofi' Registers
`Macro Packages for trofl' ................
`The mm Macros
`......................
`
`Basic Commands
`
`..................
`
`Predefined mm Memo Formats
`
`.......
`
`Abstract and "Copy to” Notation .......
`Headings
`........................
`Displays .........................
`Lists ............................
`
`Footnotes, References, and Table of
`Contents .......................
`
`Page Headers and Footers ...........
`The man Macros ......................
`
`Going Further ........................
`The tbl Command ..................
`
`502
`
`502
`
`503
`506
`506
`507
`508
`509
`510
`
`511
`
`511
`
`513
`
`515
`516
`518
`519
`
`520
`520
`521
`
`521
`528
`
`529
`
`532
`535
`536
`
`536
`
`538
`
`544
`544
`546
`547
`
`548
`
`549
`550
`
`550
`550
`
`018
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`
`
`018
`
`
`
`EIGHTEEN
`
`Formatting Mathematical Equations and
`Graphics .......................
`trofi' Directory Structure
`............
`Conditionals and Macros in troff .......
`Logos in mm ......................
`The Writer's Workbench ............
`The spell History File ...............
`Building a New spell Database ........
`
`Media .............................
`Disk Blocks and Inodes .................
`File Systems ..........................
`Hard Disk Management .................
`Disk Free Space—The df Command ........
`Disk Space Used—The du Command .......
`Size of Files and the ulimit ...............
`Never Fill the Hard Disk ................
`File Compression ...................
`File System Types .....................
`Floppy Disk Management ................
`Device Files for Disks ..................
`Formatting Floppy Disks ................
`Making a File System on the Disk .........
`Specifying File System Size ...........
`Mounting a Floppy Disk .................
`Using the mount Command ...........
`Unmounting a Diskette ..............
`Reporting on Mounted Media .........
`Copying Floppy Disks ..................
`Manually Copying a Mounted Disk with
`cp .............................
`The dd Command ..................
`The dd Command Line ..............
`Raw Device Access—The cpio Command .
`.
`.
`.
`Using Media for cpio Operations .......
`Creating cpio Archives .
`.
`.
`.' ...........
`cpio Compatibility ..................
`Using cpio ........................
`Reading a cpio Archive ..............
`
`556
`557
`557
`559
`559
`560
`561
`
`563
`564
`565
`565
`565
`567
`568
`569
`570
`572
`573
`574
`579
`580
`580
`581
`583
`584
`585
`586
`
`586
`586
`587
`589
`590
`59D
`591
`592
`593
`
`019
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`
`
`019
`
`
`
`.
`
`.
`
`cpio Command-Line Options for Input .
`DiSplaying a Table of Contents for an
`Archive .........................
`Selecting a Subset of Archived Files .
`.
`.
`.
`Archiving to a Floppy Disk or Tape ........
`Backing Up and Restoring Your Files ......
`Backups Using cpio .................
`Backups Using backup and restore .....
`Backups Using ufsdump ..............
`A Note on Backups .....................
`Care of Floppy Disks ...................
`Recovering Damaged Archives ............
`Going Further ........................
`Moving a Directory Hierarchy as a Unit .
`Creating Unusual File Systems ........
`. Mounting a Second Hard Disk .........
`Permanently Mounting a File System .
`.
`.
`File System Checking ...............
`Magnetic Tape .....................
`The tapecntl Command ..............
`The tar Command ..................
`Mounting Your Hard Disk from a
`Bootable Floppy ..................
`Quotas ...........................
`
`NINETEEN
`
`Using MS-DOS with the UNIX
`System ............................
`Using MS-DOS Disks ...................
`Mounting MS—DOS Disks ................
`Converting Files ......................
`A Note on Merge Packages ..............
`Starting and Stopping MS-DOS ...........
`The MS-DOS Startup Ffles ...........
`Ending the MS-DOS Session ..........
`Background Execution of MS-DOS .........
`Screen Switching ...................
`Invoking MS-DOS Applications Directly from '
`the Shell ...........................
`Pipelines and Shell Scripts ............
`
`594
`
`595
`596
`597
`598
`599
`600
`600
`600
`601
`602
`602
`603
`603
`604
`605
`606
`607
`609
`610
`
`612
`613
`
`615
`616
`619
`620
`621
`622
`623
`624
`624
`625
`
`626
`627
`
`020
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`
`
`020
`
`
`
`MS-DOS Command Extensions ........
`PATH and Other Environment Variables .
`.
`.
`.
`Executing UNIX System Programs from the
`MS-DOS Session ............. _. .......
`Job Control .......................
`Disk Usage Under the Merge Session ......
`File and Directory Naming ...........
`The udir Command .................
`A Note on Multiple Access to Files .....
`File Conversions .......................
`MS-DOS Directories ................
`MS-DOS Memory Allocation ..............
`Other Command—Line Options for the dos
`Command ..........................
`Device Sharing Between the MS-DOS and
`UNIX Systems ......................
`Floppy Disk Management ............
`Printing Under MS—DOS .............
`Using Communication Ports ..........
`Going Further ........................
`Unusable MS-DOS Commands .........
`Running Merge from a Terminal .......
`Running Merge Under the X Window
`System .........................
`Microsoft Windows Under Merge ......
`Communications and Interrupts ........
`Standalone MS-DOS on a UNIX
`Machine ........................
`The E Drive .......................
`The D Drive .......................
`The J Drive .......................
`Virtual Disk Files ..................
`Booting the MS-DOS Session from a
`Floppy Disk .....................
`Using MS-DOS as a Login Shell .......
`The dosopt Command ...............
`Installing the Merge Feature .........
`The MS-DOS Image ................
`
`628
`629
`
`630
`631
`633
`634
`636
`636
`637
`638
`639
`
`640
`
`641
`641
`642
`643
`643
`644
`644
`
`645
`646
`646
`
`647
`648
`648
`649
`649
`
`651
`652
`652
`653
`653
`
`021
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`
`
`021
`
`
`
`TWENTY
`
`TWENTY-ONE
`
`Timing and Scheduling ...........
`A Note on Timesharing Vs. Real-Time
`Performance ........................
`The UNIX System Is Designed to Operate
`All the Time ........................
`The date Command Revisited ............
`Setting the System Date .............
`The Time Zone and Daylight-Saving
`Time ..........................
`File Times ...........................
`
`The touch Command ................
`The at and batch Commands .............
`Specifying a Date for the at Command .
`.
`DiSplaying the at Job Queue ..........
`The batch Command ................
`' Security Considerations with at and
`batch ..........................
`The cron Facility ......................
`crontab File Format ................
`The crontab Command ..............
`cron Permissions and Security .......
`Going Further ........................
`The cron Log File ..................
`Measuring Command Execution Time
`.
`.
`The sync Operation .................
`System Usage Accounting for Individual
`Users ..........................
`Process Accounting with the sar
`Package ........................
`
`. ......
`Boot and Shutdown ....... .
`The Ongoing System Environment ........
`Shutting Down the Machine .............
`The shutdown Conunand
`............
`The Boot Sequence ....................
`init States ...........................
`Changing the init State ..............
`The [etc/inittab File ...................
`
`init Actions .......................
`
`655
`
`656 .
`
`656
`657
`658
`
`659
`659
`
`660
`661
`662
`664
`665
`
`666
`668
`669
`672
`673
`674
`674
`675
`677
`
`677
`
`678
`
`681
`681
`682
`682
`685
`688
`689
`690
`
`692
`
`022
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1004
`
`
`
`0
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