United States Patent [19]
`Hull et al.
`
`1||||||||||||| mum llultllgollgélyilzglulln ||||||||||| ||| |||||||||
`5,606,242
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`[11] Patent Number:
`[45] Date of Patent:
`
`[54]
`
`[75]
`
`SMART BATTERY ALGORITHM FOR
`REPORTING BATTERY PARAMETERS TO
`AN EXTERNAL DEVICE
`
`Inventors: Matthew P. Hull, Jamestown, R.I.;
`Alwyn H. Taylor, Wellesley Hills,
`Mass; Louis W. Hruska, Northboro,
`Mass; Daniel D. Friel, Woburn, Mass.
`
`[73]
`
`Assignee: Duracell, Inc., Bethel, Conn.
`
`[21]
`[22]
`[51]
`[52]
`
`[53]
`
`[56]
`
`Appl. No.: 318,004
`Filed:
`Oct. 4, 1994
`
`Int. Cl.6 ...................................................... .. H02J 7/04
`U.S. Cl. ............................... .. 320/48; 320/43; 320/35;
`320/32; 364/483; 429/90; 324/426
`Field of Search .................................. .. 320/5, 19, 20,
`320/22, 30, 35, 48; 324/426; 365/96, 106
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUNIENTS
`
`7/1976 Jungfer et al. .
`3,971,980
`4,238,839 12/1980 Redfem et a1. ......................... .. 365/96
`4,289,836
`9/1981 Lemelson .
`4,307,330 12/1981 Belot ....................................... .. 320/44
`4,333,149
`6/1982 Taylor et al. ......................... .. 364/481
`4,377,787
`3/1983 Kjkuoka et al. .
`4,387,334
`6/1983 Loper ...................................... .. 320/44
`4,390,841
`6/1983 Martin et al. .
`4,392,101
`7/l983 Saar et al. ............................... .. 320/20
`4,455,523
`6/1984 Koenck ................................... .. 320/43
`4,583,034
`4/1986 Martin.
`4,595,880
`6/1986 Patil.
`4,677,363
`6/1987 Kopmann ,
`4,709,202 11/1987 Koenck et a1. ......................... .. 320/43
`
`4,716,354 12/1987 Hacker . . . . . . . . . .
`. . . .. 320/39
`4,724,528
`2/1988 Eaton .................................... .. 364/715
`4,725,784
`2/1988 Peled et a1. .
`4,737,702
`4/1988 Koenck ................................... .. 320/40
`4,743,831
`5/1988 Young.
`4,746,854
`5/1988 Baker et al. ............................ .. 320/20
`4,803,416
`2/1989 Abiven et al.
`320/44
`
`4,806,840
`2/1989 Alexander . . . . .
`. . . .. 320/20
`4,885,523 12/1989 Koenck ................................... .. 370/21
`4,947,123
`8/1990 Minezawa.
`
`8/1990 Seyfang .
`4,949,046
`4,961,043 10/1990 Koenck.
`4,965,738 10/1990 Bauer et a1. .......................... .. 364/483
`
`(List continued on next page.)
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`M. Bullinger, “Quick Charging with Intelligence an IC
`Controls NiCd and Nil-[M Battery Chargers”, Elektronik,
`vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 74-77 (1993).
`P. Guerile, “Integrated Circuits for Rapid Chargers”, Elec
`tronique Radio Plans, N0. 543, pp. 57-64 (1993).
`
`Primary Examiner—-Peter S. Wong
`Assistant Examiner—Gregory J. Toatley, Jr.
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Scully, Scott, Murphy & Presser
`
`[57]
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A smart battery which provides electrical power and which
`reports prede?ned battery parameters to an external device
`having a power management system, includes: at least one
`rechargeable cell connected to a pair of terminals to provide
`electrical power to an external device during a discharge
`mode and to receive electrical power during a charge mode,
`as provided or determined by the remote device; a data bus
`for reporting prede?ned battery identi?cation and charge
`parameters to the external device; analog devices for gen
`erating analog signals representative of battery voltage and
`current at said terminals, and an analog signal representative
`of battery temperature at said cell; a hybrid integrated circuit
`(IC) having a microprocessor for receiving the analog sig
`nals and converting them to digital signals representative of
`battery voltage, current and temperature, and calculating
`actual charge parameters over time from the digital signals,
`the calculations including one calculation according to the
`following algorithm;
`
`wherein ec is a function of battery current and temperature;
`and Is is a function of battery temperature and CAPFC.
`Superimposed on this equation is reset logic, that self
`corrects the value of CAPFc with a capacity calculation at
`each full charge (EOC) and each end of full discharge.
`
`31 Claims, 32 Drawing Sheets
`
`Immut- chum
`lnr cum“!
`nimnam cycl
`
`LUT
`
`l mum“ chum nu
`um culwlunun
`zcalculan lrrur
`limw
`chem tor
`cnlc.
`can :1
`
`Apple Inc., et al.
`Exhibit 1029
`Apple Inc., et al. v. Global Touch Solutions, Inc.
`IPR2015-01175
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 001
`
`

`
`5,606,242
`Page 2
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUNIENTS
`
`5,254,928 10/1993 Young et a1. .
`
`5,027,294
`
`6/1991 Fahuddin et a1. .
`
`............................. .. 320/21
`
`5,043,651
`5,047,961
`5,130,659
`5,136,246
`5,151,644
`5,180,961
`5,196,779
`5,200,689
`5,206,097
`5,216,371
`5,248,929
`
`8/1991 Tamura ................................... .. 320/43
`9/1991 Simonsen .
`7/1992 Sloan .................................... .. 324/435
`8/1992 Sakamoto
`.. 324/435
`9/1992 Pearson et a1
`320/14
`1/1993 Tsujino .................................... .. 320/20
`3/1993 Alexandres et a1. .
`4/1993 Interiano et a1. _
`4/1993 Bums __________________________________ __ 429/90
`6/1993 Nagai_
`9/1993 Burke ...................................... .. 320/48
`
`_
`"
`’
`’
`2/1994 Nlnomiya et a1. .
`5,287,286
`5/1994 HESS Bi ?l- ------------------------------ -- 320/3l
`5,315,228
`6/1994 Rehel' .
`5,321,627
`6/1994 Briggs ‘
`5,325,041
`5341084 8/1994 Gomh et a1_ .
`
`5,349,282 9/1994 McClure ................................. .. 320/32
`5,349,535
`9/1994 Gupta .................................... .. 364/483
`5,381,350
`1/1995 Fiorina et a1.
`364/550
`5,459,671 10/1995 Duly -------------------------------------- -- 364/483
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 002
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 1 of 32
`
`Eszm
`
`Eutqm
`
`pmqsm
`
`mmom<:o
`
`N.
`
`
`
`rmz<..n_Egon.
`
`_.o_.._
`
`+
`
`._.mOI
`
`mo_>mo
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 003
`
`
`
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 2 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`.50omoZ.omo
`
`_m
`
`__
`
`___
`
`mm
`
`m¢
`
`mm
`
`_..o,6oc.._oo__...=2<_
`
`E_
`
`E
`
`omlxi
`will.
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 004
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 3 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`«mu.rum»Imm8>w_mm
`
`mm.0_..._
`
`_m.I4.~:._mm¢__32._mm§,_.u8..___,.LL__r__._I_.II
`o»_as194-I_zom2952...3wEI"._IIHs_.2[eaM.5
`
`
`IIIIIIIIIuzxmm5.2.8
`
`
`
`
`T2.I_.3m_u.:oE_.2.»._a2omrI
`
`
`
`
`
`ow
`
`
`
`abamzm.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII4__
`
`mm__
`
`_
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 005
`
`
`

`
`US. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 4 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`‘H5 kl?
`Wake up
`
`'0.
`/ G 3
`
`Bus
`
`ll
`?
`l3
`Y / 2
`1/ l/ {'00
`Initialization
`[Handle request
`r
`J
`
`Sleep
`
`23
`
`I30 —-—-——-J I48
`f
`f
`Disable bus
`Set
`requests
`get values=l
`Enable A/D
`conv.
`
`' [M9
`Start A_/D
`conversion
`
`Otain raw 1,
`U,and T values
`*
`|4|
`kqSet A/D
`measurement
`ready flag
`
`(I45
`Exit I
`sump e’
`mode
`
`Enter sample
`mode
`
`l50
`
`A/D
`measuremen
`ready flag= l
`?
`
`N
`
`/ '5'
`Capacity
`calculation
`
`Alarm
`control
`{'54
`Charger
`control
`[ I56
`LED display
`8 ‘_—“
`'5 -\
`Enubie bus
`requests
`
`{23
`Sleep
`
`mew
`Set get values
`‘0
`
`Disable A/D
`converters
`.
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 006
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 5 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`FIG.4
`
`Calculate
`Checks
`
`./ I04
`
`I06
`
`CHECK SUM =
`
`ChegPks
`
`Clear RAM M108
`completely
`l
`Assign default N "O
`values
`‘l
`
`Reset timers
`
`I '2
`
`initialization
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 007
`
`

`
`US. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 6 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`FIG. 5A
`
`X 200
`
`From Fig 6 a
`l
`Convert raw ADC ,/ 205
`‘current value to
`actual current I
`i
`Convert raw ADC A/ZIO
`pack voltage
`U..RAW to actual
`voltage U
`
`Check for
`voltage
`> 0.0 v/ cell
`
`2'4
`1
`Stand by
`
`T 2AL..HI .TEMP
`
`\
`Convert raw ADC
`temperature T. RAW Set flag _
`to actual
`HI_TEMP_ALARM
`temperature T
`
`Clear flag
`HI-TEMP_ALARM
`
`Scale thermistor
`values to
`determine T
`3
`220
`
`_
`Capacity
`increasing
`
`Set
`TERMINATE- CHARGE
`_ALARM
`
`230
`
`60 to step 240
`Fig 58
`
`Tmax = T
`235 N
`‘-——> Go to step 240 Fig 58
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 008
`
`

`
`US. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 7 0f 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`From step 230 and 235
`
`Decrement timer M240
`for DT calculate
`
`FIG.5B
`
`_ timer timed
`out
`
`I.Calculate DT
`2.Assign current T ‘ M245
`as next old T
`3.Reset DT timer
`
`24?
`
`OT 2 AL_D TEMP
`
`From
`21:?
`
`2 4 9
`
`Clear alarm
`Se t alarm
`'
`“r
`Decrement timer for M250
`AU calculation
`
`timer timed
`out ?
`
`l.Calculate DU
`2. Assign current U
`as next old U
`3.Reset AU timer
`
`,355
`
`262
`g l
`—Set E-oD ?ag
`—Set terminate
`discharge alarm
`
`1
`
`i
`
`264
`l
`l
`—Clear EoD flag
`—Clear
`_
`Terminate discharge
`alarm
`—Cap reset disabled
`l_______.l
`Go to step I65 Fig 6A
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 009
`
`

`
`US. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 8 0f 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`FIG. 6A
`
`l5l
`From Fig?)
`/
`i,
`f’sqmm N200
`calculation
`i
`Update average “I65
`current I Avg
`
`""72
`Clear self-
`discharge flag
`
`I75
`i
`-State= CD
`?let selfdischarge
`09
`
`Capacity
`lnCf6?OSlng
`
`Set state
`as CI
`
`I82
`I
`Set state
`as CD
`
`To step 192
`Fig6B
`
`Capacity
`reset flag enabl ‘
`
`—Set remaining capacity
`as function af'lUT
`residual capacity value
`-Reset error register
`-Disable capacity reset
`l——-———-—-----—'To step I92,Fig 6B
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 010
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 9 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`From step I90
`
`From step I84
`From step I89
`
`FIG. 6B
`
`'92
`
`State
`charge
`?
`
`Implement timing
`filter to avoid
`state change
`
`.
`
`.
`
`Reset timing /
`filter
`
`I940
`
`l_______|
`
`Decrement self—discharge
`calculation timer
`
`rv'g5
`
`Self
`discharge
`timer timed out
`?
`
`Perform self-discharge
`
`300
`/
`
`t _
`Reset self-discharge
`timer
`
`I97
`/
`
`Perform. current
`integration
`
`N400
`
`Perform
`500 A endconditiIons
`C
`
`Perform _
`B?dCO?dlfgihS
`C
`
`M600
`
`t———-————> Go toFste I60
`'9
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 011
`
`

`
`US. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 10 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`300
`From step I96 /
`
`Get selfdischarge
`305
`rate as a function
`\ of SOC and T
`from LUT
`
`3l0
`
`Capacity
`decreasing
`
`315
`\ Calculate decrease
`.
`in capacity since
`last state change
`l.‘
`320
`\\ lncrement change
`do to self discharge
`for error calculation
`
`325
`
`1
`lncrement capacity
`Integral
`by self
`discharge rate
`
`End
`self discharge ‘
`
`FIG.6C
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 012
`
`

`
`US. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 11 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`400
`/
`f 4l2
`Clamp Stote‘of
`Charge = O
`
`405
`
`Y
`
`4|O
`L Calculate
`stateof charge
`relative to
`full capacity
`
`4:5
`
`‘
`Calculate
`C rate
`
`4l8
`
`Capacity
`decreasing
`'?
`
`r422
`Integrate charge
`for current
`dischqrge cycle
`
`f 45l
`
`4207
`Get charge
`efficiency factor
`as a function of
`state of charge,
`C rate and T
`from LUT
`
`/435
`
`
`
`Self discharge lug 8;"
`
`capacity
`
`Calculate charge
`.
`to increment the
`integration
`
`440? Y
`~——-———From step 45$,Fig SE
`Calculate charge
`to increment the
`integration
`
`445
`
`f
`l. Integrate charge for
`error calculation
`2. Calculate error
`3.lntegrate charge for
`capacity calc.
`
`End integration
`
`6 D
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 013
`
`

`
`US. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 12 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`FIG. 6E
`
`From step 45l
`45$; Get residual
`capacity as a
`function of
`C rate and T
`from LUT
`
`450
`I)
`
`455
`
`_
`C rote )
`hlgh discharge rate
`and EOD flog
`set?
`
`L Disable resets
`(reset flog = I)
`
`Go to
`step
`440
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 014
`
`

`
`US. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 13 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`From step 50|
`
`FIG. ‘(A
`500
`
`/
`
`State of
`charge) 20% of full
`chage value
`
`550
`
`l___|
`
`Set capacity = full
`capacity
`Set error registers
`to zero
`
`Clear error over?ow
`?ag
`
`Clear fully discharged
`status flag
`
`510
`
`Dt/dt
`trigger enable
`condition met and
`dT) threshoid
`limit
`
`530
`
`go to step
`540
`
`Charger
`still on?
`
`EOC ?ag set '?
`
`go to step
`702
`
`Accumulate
`overcharge in
`overcharge
`register
`
`Remaining
`capacity 2
`full capacity
`
`go to step
`575
`
`535
`
`.
`
`x L
`overcharging
`
`Set
`
`_
`
`alarm _
`
`l
`
`(50 to step 575
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 015
`
`

`
`US. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 14 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`FIG. 78
`
`From s’rep 5I2
`l
`
`Learn
`number of cells
`
`700
`
`570
`J
`
`LSe’r soc flog
`2.Set c0pc|city= 95%
`full cup.
`3.C|eur error registers
`4.Cle0r error overflow
`flog
`'
`5. Set fully charged
`status flog
`
`Go to step 575
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 016
`
`

`
`US. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`FIG. 7C
`
`Sheet 15 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`From step 5IO
`
`Char e
`current C/IO
`and dVtrigger
`reached
`
`Y
`
`t
`
`555
`Z
`
`a
`Set fully
`charged status
`flag
`
`Go to step 520
`
`charge) I50% and
`C/5 (Crate< 0/50
`
`N
`
`700
`/
`Learn
`numberrot cells
`1
`55l
`Set EOC flag
`
`From
`step
`535
`
`From
`From
`step
`step
`SM 570
`
`l
`
`1
`
`575A Set terminate
`charge alarm
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 017
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 16 0f 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`FIG. 7D
`
`705
`
`Col i broted
`?
`
`Set number
`of cells = 4
`
`Set number
`of cells= 6
`
`1
`
`Set number
`of cells= 9
`
`740
`K
`Set EOD
`Cut off voltage
`=number of
`cells (l.O2V)
`
`End
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 018
`
`

`
`US. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 17 0f 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`From step 60|
`605
`
`Voltage
`)EDV voltage
`lus h steresis
`Y?
`
`600
`
`N
`HSIZ
`
`Cycle Count
`?ag clear and.
`capacity( |5%
`
`-
`
`Llncrement number
`Set flag;
`of cycles
`6|3\ 1'“ ZCycle count flag
`Clear charging
`8°‘
`alarms
`
`Ca acit
`( cail‘culat'ed
`
`Set fully
`dischar ed
`status 09
`
`SOC
`( hysteresis
`value (SOC
`0%
`
`Clear fully
`charged status
`?ag
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 019
`
`

`
`US. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`FIG. 88
`From step 625
`
`Sheet 18 0f 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`EOD fla
`set AN
`resets enabled
`(flag=0)
`
`645
`
`EOD flag
`set AND
`error value (8%
`of full cap.
`
`650
`L» Reset full capacity
`lCalculate present
`capacity value =
`last full+capacity
`residual capacity
`2. Clear EOC flag
`
`655
`
`?
`
`EDV
`Current=¢
`OR
`C-rate (EDVC-rate
`
`Set EOD current=
`Set C-rate;
`delayed capacity
`reset = present
`residual capacity
`Set delay capacity
`flags after EOD
`r E
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 020
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 19 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`
`
`
`
`Decode command
`code
`750
`count; = 2
`
`
`FIG. 9
`
`
`
`
`
`Timeout
`or error
`
`763
`
`Set Unknown
`error
`
`
`
`
`
`Password
`or
`
`
`
`
`
`Set
`Unsupported
`Command bit
`
`Requires
`Calculation
`
`
`
`Perform
`Caicuiofion
`
`
`
`758
`
`Terminate
`transmission
`
`
`
`Terminate
`
`- transmission Perform
`
`Perform
`Read- Block
`
`Write - Block
`
`
`
`End handle request
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 021
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 20 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`776
`
`775
`
`/ FIG.
`
`IO
`
`W; =1otal number of
`of bytes
`
`773
`
`Tl MEOUT
`
`
`
` [Adr] = |2C- DATA
`
`decrement coum‘
`Adr= Adr * I
`
`
`
`ERROR or
`Timeout
`
`erminqte _
`transmission
`
`
`
`
`End write block
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 022
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 21 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`802
`
`FIG.
`
`I I
`
`800
`
`/
`
`
`
` Dutab te
`entre on
`I 3c bus
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Error
`Ackbii
`or
`received
`
`stop or
`
`timeout
`
`
`
`
` I2c dota= [Adr]
`
`decrement count
`increment [Adr]
`
`8|8
`
`lastbyte
`
`Set
`flag
`
`
`
`
`
`82
`
`Stop bit
`recigved
`
`Set unknown
`error and
`
`terminate transmit
`
`
`End Iiead Block
`
`
`
`
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 023
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 22 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`901
`
`I52
`
`
` N FlG.l2A /
`
` Itf-It f _ e rr
`AL- F;em.CAP
`
`
`
`906
`
`
`
`Set
`REM_CAP_ALARM
`
`Clear
`REM-CAP- ALARM
`
`908
`
`
`
`
`
`Calculater C_.Rate
`based on avg
`current
`_
`Obtain residual
`
`
`capacity (C_rate)
`
`
`
`9|O
`
`AL..RE>M.TlME
`
`Calculate time==
`Average Time To
`Empty
`
`
`
`Ti<me
`
`
`
`AL ._REM-T|ME
`
`92!
`
`Set
`
`Clear
`
`
`
`REM_TlME _ALARM
`
`REM .TlME _ALARM
`
`Go to Fig I28
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 024
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 23 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`FIG. l2B
`
`Clear
`
`alarming flag
`
`926
`
`
`
`From Fig |2A
`
`
`
`
` 925 Any
`
`alarm bit
`
`
`
`set
`
`
`
`-Set alarming flag
`-Set alarm broadcast
`
`timer to zero
`
`-Alarm sent to host
`
`fla set
`
`
`
`
`broadcast timer
`
`
`
`Decrement alarm
`
`
`Alarm broadcast
`time =0’
`
`
`
`935
`
`'?
`
`945
`
`s°"d
`mess“ 9°
`
`947
`
`
`
`Siadr := Host
`Comcode ==Battery
`Data Adr==
`
`AL-STATUS-L
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Alarm
`-Reset broadcast
`to host flag
`timer=N-ALARM
`cleared
`
`-Toggle alarm to
`
`?
`
`host
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Siadr ==Charger
`
`Send
`alarm to
`
`End alarm
`control
`
`charger
`7
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 025
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 24 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`
`850
`Battery
`
`in system
`'?
`
`I54
`
`‘ F|G.|3
`
`868
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`S|Adr == CHARGER
`ComCode ==CHAR-CURR
`Data Adr == Charging-
`Clear_
`current- L
`CapacIty-mode
`
`bit and charger.‘
`mode bit
`
`- Message time = I
`- offline = 0
`
`- Clear Cap- mode and
`
`charger.mode bits
`
`
`
`870
`
`87 2
`
`Set constant
`current
`
`charge variable
`
`874
`
`End
`charger control
`
`
`
`Charger_mode
`bit cleared
`
`
`
`Decrement message
`timer
`
`
`
`
`Message
`timer timed
`out
`?
`
`
`
`
`
`-Reset message
`timer V
`-Calculate charging
`current
`
` Charging
`
`current= 0
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 026
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 25 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`FIG. 14A
`
`945
`/
`
`
`Data
`
`
`received
`
`?
`
`957
`
`Transmit
`battery address
`(Command Code)
`
`
`'
`
`
`E rror
`or
`
`
`
`Time out
`7
`
`To Fig |4B
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 027
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 26 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`From fig |4A
`
`From fig|4A
`step 957
`
`Data
`
`received
`
`?
`
`965
`
`
`
`
` Transmit
`
`ls’
`
`byte of data
`
`Transmit 2”‘
`byte of data
`
`
`
`969
`
`Data
`
`received
`
`'?
`
`
`
`973
`
`Terminc_Ite_
`transmission
`
`End send
`message
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 028
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 27 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`"
`
`N
`
`
`
`
`_
`LED _
`
`display to ad.
`FUl_L_CA
`
`I56
`
`'
`’/
`
`992
`
`-Clear LED display
`-Reset display timer
`
`979
`
`
`
`.
`I
`C |
`° °" ‘’'‘° '°'°""°
`figfimggsped °"
`
`
`
`Calculate relative
`soc based on
`FULL_CAP
`
`980
`
`Set counter at rel.
`
`soc value initialize
`LED's
`_
`
`
`
`
`
`-Se’: flashing bit
`
`
`-Initiate flashing
`display
`
`
`_
`Cleaij
`flashing bI1‘
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 029
`
`
`994
`Decremerrr LED
`d|5D|01! flmef
`995
`
`
`
`LED
`timer timed N
`out
`'?
`
`
`
`-Clear hardware bit
`-R_ese1 display
`timer
`
`End LED
`
`display
`
`99|
`
`
`
`—Coun1er= Counter
`25%
`
`985
`
`
`
`
`Display
`LEDs
`
`‘
`
`%
`
`98
`
`o
`
`Rel. cap) IO /0
`
`7
`
`N
`
`- Shifj bits in LED
`register
`
`I
`
`989
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 28 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`
`
`B
`d
`V
`Voltage
`rgpergegnrée
`I-25V
`divider and
`
`
`buffers
`
`
`
`Full
`
`
` AGND
`
`scale
`Delta Sigma Converter
`
`
`
`
`ADC
`
`Control Logic
`
`I
`
`60 \“
`
`er"
`0? age
`Temp.
`
`1
`,
`
`-—->
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 030
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 29 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`<~._.o_u_
`
`\8m_tSb2own
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`
`.\|..||I\(||uJ._o.:.coo$920
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 031
`
`
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 30 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 032
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 31 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`
`
`Residu_aI
`capacny
`
`FIG.
`
`|9B
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 033
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 25, 1997
`
`Sheet 32 of 32
`
`5,606,242
`
`FIG-I90
`
`95% soc
`
`EFFICIENCY
`
`Lu
`(9
`[E
`<[
`
`IO
`
`2.307+ 0.078= 2.385 Ah
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 034
`
`

`
`5,606,242
`
`1
`SMART BATTERY ALGORITHM FOR
`REPORTING BATTERY PARAIVIETERS TO
`AN EXTERNAL DEVICE
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention relates to generally to the art of
`rechargeable batteries and more specifically to a smart
`battery for use in an intelligent device having power man-
`agement capabilities. The invention also includes an appa-
`ratus and method for controlling the operation of smart
`rechargeable Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) or Nickel Cad-
`mium (NiCad) batteries, and the like, which enables the
`smart battery to report out accurate information to the
`intelligent device for power management and charge control
`specific to the battery’s state of charge and chemistry.
`
`DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
`
`The advent of intelligent portable electronic devices such
`as notebook computers, video cameras, cellular phones has
`enabled the development of smart rechargeable batteries that
`can communicate with the intelligent device to provide
`accurate information on the battery’ s present state of charge,
`and how best to recharge the battery to maintain maximum
`battery life, thus enabling the highest number of charge-
`discharge cycles. A user of such intelligent portable devices
`utilizing such smart batteries will not only know how much
`charge is left in the battery, but battery run time at various
`rates of power consumption. This enables the user to select
`a mode of operation that will enable maximum service life
`on the remaining state of charge and, how long the device
`will continue to operate.
`Prior art rechargeable battery units have been provided
`with means for generating some desired information to their
`users, including for instance, a charge monitor and fuel
`gauge such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,315,228
`which discloses a method for calculating state of charge and
`reporting run time to empty to the host computer system.
`However, there is a need for a rechargeable power unit
`that will accurately maintain its own state of charge infor-
`mation even when nominally fully discharged such that a
`user will have instantaneous access thereof. Moreover, there
`is also a need for an intelligent rechargeable battery that can
`provide the user with an accurate prediction of its remaining
`operating time at various levels of power consumption. The
`user of such an intelligent device, such as a portable com-
`puter, can thus elect to power down a hard disk drive to
`extend the operation of the portable computer for a longer
`period of time than would had been possible at the higher
`rate of power consumption.
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to
`provide a smart battery for use in a host computer that will
`optimize the performance of the smart rechargeable battery
`throughout its life cycle.
`It is another object of the instant invention to provide a
`control method for a microprocessor controlled rechargeable
`battery that performs battery capacity calculations for com-
`munication to a host computer device or a smart battery
`charge device.
`It is still another object of the instant invention to provide
`a control method for a microprocessor controlled recharge-
`able battery that provides intelligence in the form of present
`
`2
`state of charge and battery charge parameters to a host
`device for communication to a smart charger.
`Still another object of the instant invention is to provide
`a control method for a microprocessor controlled recharge-
`able battery that calculates predictive data such as the
`battery’s remaining life at the current rate of drain and at
`alternate rates of drain.
`
`Yet still another object of the instant invention to provide
`a control method for a microprocessor controlled recharge-
`able battery that communicates factual data such as battery
`identification data, temperature, voltage, charge/discharge
`current and existing state of charge to a host computer
`device or smart battery charge device.
`Furthermore, another object of the present invention is to
`provide a control method for a microprocessor controlled
`rechargeable battery that will communicate potential prob-
`lems and potentially dangerous conditions in the form of
`warnings and alarms to a host device, or a battery charge
`device, and subsequently, to the users thereof.
`It is a further object of the instant invention to provide a
`control method for a microprocessor controlled rechargeable
`battery that monitors battery operating parameters such as
`voltage, current, and temperature to thereby enable either a
`rapid charging rate or an optimal charging rate from any
`charged state.
`These and other objects of the present invention are
`attained with a smart battery which provides electrical
`power and which reports predefined battery parameters to an
`external device having a power management system,
`wherein the battery includes:
`(a) at least one rechargeable cell connected to a pair of
`terminals to provide electrical power to an external
`device during a discharge mode and to receive electri-
`cal power during a charge mode, as provided or deter-
`mined by said remote device,
`(b) a data bus for reporting predefined battery identifica-
`tion and charge parameters to the external device,
`(c) an analog means for generating analog signals repre-
`sentative of battery voltage and current at said termi-
`nals, and an analog signal representative of battery
`temperature at said cell,
`(d) a hybrid integrated circuit (IC) having a rnicroproces-
`sor for receiving the analog signals and converting
`them to digital signals representative of battery voltage,
`current and temperature, and calculating actual charge
`parameters over time from said digital signals, said
`calculations including one calculation according to the
`following algorithm;
`
`CAP,,,,,,=CAPFC—2I,,At,,—ZI,At+2e,IcAt,
`
`wherein ea is a function of battery current and temperature;
`and IS is a function of battery temperature and CAPFC,
`(e) a data memory defined within said hybrid IC for
`storing said predefined battery identification and actual
`charge parameters, even when nominally fully dis-
`charged, said charge parameters including at least full
`charge capacity and remaining capacity,
`(0 a bus controller defined within said hybrid IC for
`sending battery messages to said remote device over
`said data bus, said messages including said predefined
`battery identification and said actual charge parameters.
`Superimposed on this equation is reset
`logic,
`to be
`explained below, that self corrects the value of CAPFC with
`a capacity calculation at each full charge (EOC) and each
`end of full discharge.
`
`5
`
`10
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 035
`
`
`

`
`5,606,242
`
`3
`Further benefits and advantages of the invention will
`become apparent from a consideration of the following
`detailed description given with reference to the accompa-
`nying drawings, which specify and illustrate preferred
`embodiments of the invention.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic block diagram of a smart battery
`system connected to a host computer and battery charging
`device.
`
`FIG. 2(a) is a simplified block diagram of the smart
`battery and connector, including a pinout diagram of an
`Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) used in the
`present invention.
`FIG. 20)) illustrates a simplified block diagram of the
`ASIC 28 of the smart battery system of the instant invention.
`FIG. 3 is a general flow diagram illustrating the primary
`functional features of an algorithm and method for control-
`ling a microprocessor embedded in the ASIC used in the
`instant invention.
`FIG. 4 illustrates an initialization routine 10 for initializ-
`ing the rnicroprocessor and bus controller embedded in the
`ASIC.
`
`FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) are flow diagrams illustrating the IUT
`(current, voltage, and temperature) calculation program 200.
`FIGS. 6(a) and 607) are flow diagrams illustrating the
`sequential processes 150 programmed in the microprocessor
`for calculating the current capacity of the rechargeable
`battery of the instant invention.
`FIG. 6(c) illustrates the self-discharge program 300 for
`calculating the amount of battery self discharge.
`FIGS. 6(d) and 6(2) illustrates the integration program
`400 for calculating the amount of battery charge or discharge
`flowing into or out of its terminals.
`FIGS. 7(a) through 7(c) are flow diagrams illustrating the
`sequential processes 500 programmed in the microprocessor
`for determining battery end conditions when the battery is in
`a capacity increasing state.
`FIG. 7(a') illustrates a flow diagram of the learn number
`of cells program 700.
`FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b) are logic flow diagrams illustrating
`the sequential processes 600 programmed in the micropro-
`cessor for determining battery end conditions when the
`battery is in a capacity decreasing state.
`FIG. 9 illustrates a logic flow diagram of the handle
`request routine that is invoked when there is communication
`between the smart battery and the host computer or battery
`charger.
`FIG. 10 illustrates a detailed logic flow diagram of the
`write block routine for writing data to the smart battery.
`FIG. 11 illustrates a detailed logic flow diagram of the
`read block routine for reading data from the smart battery.
`FIGS. 12(a) and 12(b) illustrate a flow diagram describing
`the logic steps invoked by the smart battery system when
`broadcasting an alarm condition to an external device.
`FIG. 13 illustrates a logic flow diagram describing the
`steps invoked by the smart battery system when broadcast-
`ing a charge condition to a battery charger.
`FIGS. 14(a) and 14(b) illustrates a logic flow diagram
`describing the steps invoked by the smart battery system
`when broadcasting a message.
`FIG. 15 illustrates a logic flow diagram describing the
`steps invoked by the smart battery system to generate on
`LED display which indicates battery relative state of charge.
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`4
`FIG. 16 illustrates a general schematic diagram of the A/D
`converter 60.
`
`FIG. 17 (a) illustrates the timing of the operating cycles
`under normal and sample mode operating conditions.
`FIG. 17(b) illustrates the approximate time durations for
`the various measurements per operating cycle.
`FIG. 18 illustrates a detailed schematic diagram of the
`comparator wake-up circuit 80.
`FIG. 19(a) is a three—dimensional graphic representation
`of look up tables that depict predicted residual capacity
`values as a function of discharging current and temperature.
`FIG. 19(b) is a three—dimensional graphic representation
`of look up tables that depict the amount of self-discharge
`current (vertical axis) as a function of relative battery state
`of charge and temperature.
`FIG. 19(c) is a three-dimensional graphic representation
`of charge efficiency look—up tables showing charge efli-
`ciency factors as a function of relative state of charge,
`charging current, and temperature.
`FIG. 20 illustrates two voltage versus time graphs, a and
`b, comparing calculated battery capacity characteristics at
`various discharging current rates for a six (6) cell battery
`pack.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
`PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
`
`The smart battery of the present invention is intended for
`use with an intelligent host device such as a portable
`computer, portable video camera or cellular telephone hav-
`ing a system management bus and a smart charger, or an
`intelligent host device having a system power manager that
`can receive and send data over a system management bus.
`A representative example of such a system is illustrated in
`FIG. 1, wherein the smart battery 10 is connected to a power
`plane 12 to supply and receive electrical energy over the
`power plane, and a system management bus 14, which is a
`bi-directional modified I2C data bus (communication inter-
`face) that communicates with a host device 16 which may be
`a portable computer. The host device 16 may be powered by
`the smart battery 10, or by the system power supply 18 and
`a conventional AC source 20. A system power supply or
`power management system also communicates with a smart
`charger 22 which may be used to determine the rate and
`duration of charge sent to the smart battery by the power
`supply. Smart charger 22 also communicates with the system
`management bus 14, and may receive a temperature signal
`representative of battery cell temperature on a separate line
`feed 24. A detailed functional description of the system
`management bus 14 (bi-directional modified 12C data bus)
`can be found in the Intel\Duracell System Management Bus
`Specification, Rev 0.95, (April 1994).
`The system power management system 18 may supply or
`draw power to/from the smart battery 10 over power plane
`12, depending upon the state of charge in smart battery 10,
`and depending upon the presence or absence of power at AC
`source 20.
`
`The smart charger 22 may periodically poll the smart
`battery 10 for charge characteristics, and adjust output to
`match a smart battery charge request. Optionally, and if
`selected by the user of the host device, the smart charger 22
`can override the smart battery’s charge rate request and
`charge the smart battery at a higher or quick charge rate. The
`user of the host device does not necessarily need to override
`the smart battery’s request. As will be explained in greater
`
`Exhibit 1029, Page 036
`
`
`

`
`5,606,242
`
`5
`detail below, the smart battery may periodically broadcast
`the desired charging current, or the smart charger 22 polls
`the smart battery for a charging current. The host or the
`charger need not comply with the smart battery’s request and
`can provide a greater or lesser amount of power than
`requested.
`The host device 16 may communicate with the smart
`battery over the system management bus 14 and request
`information from the battery for use in the system power
`management scheme, thereby providing the user of the host
`device with information about the battery‘ s present state and
`capabilities. The host device 16 will also receive notice of
`critical events, including alarm conditions, remaining capac-
`ity below a user set thres