G. a U R TO N
`
`'
`'
`
`- laboratory of the Agricufl'ura! Research Council, Larkfield,
`.. .
`I 4 one. Kent. Engfand
`
`
`
`I. --_
`
`:- ‘T : I edit-ion
`
`. .
`
`'__'
`
`. lately rat-15:51}
`
`I
`
`:
`
`'VEENMAN & ZONEN N.v., WAGENINGEN, HOLLAND
`
`1,4 GROUP, INC.
`1,4 GROUP, INC.
`Exhibit 1013
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 0001
`Page 0001
`
`

`

`ItJ-DEI kg pt-zatocs
`sprout control may he achieved with as little as lti g ClPt“ .-
`lil' growth.
`tSawyer. 1959]. Too low a concentration can lead to intern-.-
`Ifl' C
`t'. growth at
`3-5-5 rrt'nieri'rt-iftevun-l-ot' vapour will completely prevent
`at a concentration oi {Ll tttg perl ofair. an ctcht discovered and .. _I,t-'tied cotttittereially
`by Burton .. see e.g. Burton t'l'ilfiha. l958a. ct. The substance. :1 liquid sold as "nona-
`not" with .t E.P. ol‘c.
`I‘Jsl-"CT. specific gravity [Ill "4'! 0.323. cannot he introduced
`among the potatoes and allowed to evaporate slowly as can the solids described
`above. The concentration needed is
`tnttch higher. and the necessary high initial
`concentration of nonaitol vt ould he tosie to the tuhers.The method usually adopted
`is to ventilate the potatoes. after the t'fltial period of wound healing. with air contai-
`ning the required concentration of nonanol vapour. the liquid heittg usually vaporized
`hy causing it to drip on to a ltot plate in the air stream. though towelling soaked with
`it. or the'o'thtatcd hatits of it. have ttlso been used as a ntearts of introduction- in
`connecti
`'il‘t the last-mentioned methodofintroduction. the following approsimate
`figures to
`: tapour pressure of nonanol tmm Hg: at various temperatures may he
`of use:— Illtl a. EU: 12ft". ht): HIT. Hill;
`lol'l'. 23H:
`IHll'. fiIitl: Pill)". 1’20. The latent
`heat of vupnrisation. at Tot] mm Hg.
`is 112.5 calsg. Because the vapour tn the air
`stream blows to 1waste after passing through the potatoes.
`the rate of ventilation
`should he as low as possible to avoid tltis waste hetng esccsstve. but at very low
`rates the nonnnol that he diluted below the effective concentration hy air drawn into
`the stack by convection. The hest rate of ventilation itt practice is therefore about
`3—9 mi't-hr. hlttelt above this is wasteful and therefore cspensive: much below can
`he inctl‘ective. Honanot does not prevent the hfL‘i'lh. of dormancy. httt kills the young
`sprouts as soon as they appear. There is tlten a period of two or more weeks before
`growth starts again. it is therefore possible to use nonanol fumigation intermittently.
`allowing a period of two weeks or so between tlte end of one period offttotigation and
`the beginning of tltc nest. The duration ol‘cach period of fumigation should he suffi-
`cient to kill any young sprouts. In practice a period of two weeks is often adopted.
`and a simple regime of treatment is therefore to allow a period to elapse after harvest
`for wound healing. and the It commence fumigation for equal periods of two weeks
`on and two weeks oi’t' until the potatoes are removed front store. the cost heing thtts
`related to the duration of storage. 1|t’tr'ith such a regime the consumption of nonanol
`is at a rate of about sec g per ltJCtl ltg potatoes for every ntonth of storage after the
`start of treatment. There is neither necessity nor advantage in starting the treatment
`hefore sprouting starts. hat the ahove routine avoids the need of determining when
`sprouting has started. which is not always easy in a bulk store. ll. through failure to
`observe the earliest stages of growth. sprouting has become well advanced before the
`application of nonanoi.
`the lstlletl sprouts may die hack into the tuher flesh. with
`resultant hicntisltcs and possibly rotting.
`Nonanol has been used successfully as a sprout suppressant for potatoes stored in
`crates. .fits soon as the lirst signs of sprout growth are visible ti.c. sprouts up to 2 ntm
`long]. the alcohol is evaporated into the store air. which is continuously rc-cireulated
`at the normal rate ofc. tore mi’ltfhr. front a commercial unit delivering c. it maitihr
`of air containing 0.] g nonanolh‘n”. The concentration of nonanol is at first much less
`than that necessary to control sprouting. hut in a closed state in which the air is
`
`1,4 GROUP, INC.
`1.4 Giétfup, INC.
`Exhibit 1013
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 0002
`Page 0002
`
`

`

`re-eiretitated it builds-up to the required level. Treatment is discontinued when the
`tips of the sprouts are seen to be dead, and re-eommeneed when growth re-starts.
`Man-fie hydra-cafe provides an exception to the other chemical inhibitors in that it is
`the only one. which has been accepted on the commercial scale. tshiveh is applied to
`the Foliage before harvest. It is Usually applied. in the form of the water soluble
`diethanolamine- or sodium-salt. at a rate ot‘ 2.5 kgfha by means of a high volume
`sprayer delivering {0004500 llr'ha. if applied less than 3 weeks before the death of
`the Foliage. inhibition may not be completely.r effective; if more than 5 weeks before.
`yield may be adversely affected and some of the tubers be mis-shapen — though
`this depends upon the bulking behaviour of the 1variety.
`In some varieties. which
`bulk late in the foliage lil'e. it
`is difficult to avoid some loss of yield iF sprouting is
`to be inhibited. Nevertheless. with other varieties. and in localities where Fairly.r eritieal
`timing of a spraying programme is possible. maleie hydrazide is eapabie of giving
`very good control of sprout growth.
`
`1,4 GROUP, INC.
`1,4 GROUP, INC.
`Exhibit 1013
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 0003
`Page 0003
`
`