Ninth Edition
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`Page 1 Of 9
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`VIRNETX EXHIBIT 2007
`
`Apple v. VirnetX
`Trial |PR2015—01009
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`

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`Osborr-v /' Mcflraw-Hill
`?.‘nE'.1I'f'mil‘. Street
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`Computer Desktop Encyc.-iopedia. Ninth Eamon
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`Publisher
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`V‘-ice Ifmsident 6-. A.:<.~.mc§sie1’u1b1isher
`Scott Rogers
`Editorial Director
`[tiger Stewart
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`Senior Project Fxiitnr
`1’ax'nela Woolf
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`Linda M‘:1‘1f:H,I‘i1u3 Mada?!
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`Compu fer Designers
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`client program Sofhamre mat runs if: the u.aer“s PC at v:ox1~'.a;i-a.ti-.>:n.
`Cumrast with server progmru, which residesin.1 esrunx in the rsetvtark.
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`In ixpdara rhe éaaiqme. An arppiitnKimum/er provides ad:1iLiuunli2mlr_m'm
`pr0<.-easing for the cHcm.~.. Sm (‘!{:ti1£f.ic:‘i,i1‘9’ deuclopirinrzr sgaséean;
`C1 lantjseuwer Versus the ‘Nev,
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`as ’’Web lxgm:-.1" and "'Web c1mL‘l¢-6‘ have xcplnc-rd lha_c!1cnt,’san;#!.n'
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`procr«,9s5x\g, with lave _.1[.r,3}e\s‘ A nxgtx-ism‘: of bmwses‘ plug-jxns provide. all
`saw; at‘ dient p;..«:m:ng.
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`T.-2:: sewer aid? of the web me a mum-tier server aa" '
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`caching *'
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`hmpulax Desktop Encyzstopuiia
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`Page 3 of 9
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`E5l
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`An zzpplicatiml l:‘.a11Agcmt-.|1t suite from BMC that uses agents to report on twaxe nctlvlties on all the
`PATROL
`servers willxin the er.terp:lst:. Using ll‘.eir.:'o1':m'.llDnln ""k_11ow,'vzlg(‘. nwcdulusf’ [l(.\{s) aluoul cad: system czxnponcnt,
`agtrltlfi detect c\-‘ems, nnllecl information and notify system. and network admix-istrators to take corrective action.
`PAX (1) (Private Automatic I-I:<<*lu:.nge) Anizlhous-zr intercom sj.'ste;:1.
`(2) (Pal?-.llr’, Archltccluri-. Extended) A pzunllvl processing cm-'irx:nrzuz1:t siandard based on l:‘.tel"s l8(.*II RTSC chip,
`UNIX System V and Allia1*t(‘.nmputz.‘-r's p.1x'a1Iel and 3-D gmphlcs lcchxmlngies.
`payload
`‘I'll? :i:5:a-carrying, caps-.cl~.y of some sirxrxtrar-3. It typically refers In a part of a packet nr freune in a
`COII\l'l'1LJ'.ZC~LitlL!l".S system that hold-". the message data in ccntrazal iu ~.l1e‘;1cadc-.:'.=, which an! cwnsiderc-5 0VcI'l‘Iead.
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`Software distributed for money. C.()l1'.t‘r‘.~‘-lCWiH‘».f7't.'L'L:)(d7’l".
`paywaro
`PB See Powerfluilliev‘.
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`PBX (l’rlvate Ilratzch eXc.lm11gc) An inhousc teleplurxue swi tchkq;
`system that ir.lerco:mects' lcluphtme extemlmu: to each other, as well as
`to the uulslcle teiepllonc nclwnrl<.1t:m\y include fzmctions -3ucl- as least
`cast roufing for uuiside calls, call forvwrdingz, L\:u.l'cn_-nco. rafllng ard cull
`accourlling. Modem PBXS use all—d'tgi'.al uxetl-mzis for ~zwitc‘,-ting and may
`sup?_;01:t hath digfitul te::r.lr-als and ten;-phones along with analog
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`‘°]""h°“°5‘ 3"” WPBX‘
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`(3) (Printed Circuit) Sc-9.1'1rintc!i civtui.“ board.
`('2) (Personal Computer) Any lnptap or desktop
`mrr.pur.ersud1 as Windows machir-;-. or a l\«Ia.cl:\':ush.
`ll) {Pcr:.'-;>:l-al Computer) A slamd-al:>r-.c laptop cr
`dmktnp computer r.m:1ir.;; Windows (or DOS Sor earlie:
`applications). PC lmr;lwa1~e and operating systenls 2121-:
`primarlly g0\'(.'.l'l\€d by Intel and .\/licmsoft xespcctlvely.
`The PC is the world’s largest (tn.-nputer tmse.
`PCS are also widely used as clients and servers in a local
`area network (_I..AN). PC clients prndornlzaantiy run under
`Wlndowa, but PC servcns (X36-based serV'cm) run uncle:
`Wi
`‘ows, \’etWa.r.- or a variation of UNIX such as Linux
`or‘.Ir.".xWarv.=. PC servers may use Wi:1dows‘,l5/98, bu‘:
`Windows NT and 2301) are more llkely ::l\oic:,~<.
`Although there Mr: liacrally :ho*.1s.1nc'.s of PC. vendors,
`€r.u:r. morn mlci pop shops to large mail crde: l".ou:=ns (Deli,
`Gatevvay, etc.) to the major computer nmxpuuics (Compaq,
`.1
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`'1
`Pt‘. makers, all PC; use an Intel x86 ur mnxputible C1721.
`What's lnslde 8 P0?
`After1BM ixxtm-'1l:ced {lie 1=c=.n19s1, t1wfir5talh=.mp‘:s at
`cloning it were mostly unsu-zccswhxl. E)-i£V.‘pl for (',Tc::zlp:ag'5 first
`PC, from 1982 to ‘l§?G, there were u lot of ”a'm-.ost m:r.pal‘.blc" PCS. I-lowvever, as soon as !'nc- p:n'tofd1.e upcralirzg system
`l<l"0V.T. as ilw 3103 was suco::.s.’-.I!ly cloned and made comm-.«=.n7iaIly available-, true cmnpallbles appcarercl in ab'.md:m:e.
`Before Windows 95, adding another peripheral dn-vice to a PC was ofl-an an exercise in trial and error. Modifying
`I)0S":: infamous L‘-cnl':'.gu1atlon files (ALTT‘()EX£C.llAT and CONFIGSYSJ caused l'l'n£‘.Z':_V a uker to give up. Windows 95.
`98 and 2030 sndded Ping and l"]ny, which means for the most part, you n-.:: mplace hart‘. disks and display adapters, as
`well as Lilld a scanner, CD—ROM or other device wllhmzt difficulty.
`The FC has become .1 commodity item, wlr,-ziing its way onto the shelves of retail outlets worlclwidp. This is a
`testlr:le'n.la~.l la ll:-3 power of a com;-later stmldard, even. one Frdtlghl With 100PhU1!-—=5 and 5nv.unsistemcies.
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`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
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`Page 4 of 9
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`p:ugran‘.s for such msks as :m‘.-n-112-.t
`sf,-nv:I'ss.':L=.i:.Ing J..:taba.~L-.~.- and geexuaxutixxg rcpn.-Is. Per! mu 21:51: In-en adapted when-LINIX p'.a.t!'m'm<.
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`136! seat licensing
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`persistent data
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`;\n object l'.'1:1l x‘w:Z\U.l'Li:~.'.‘8 to exist after the ‘_L‘fDgl’;S1l‘. eta? {‘1‘,'¢‘zl’(t£d it has Mm Lu1J<>adcd.Ar.
`persistent 0L\}{}cf
`‘a«~t‘.s daas and «:um~.:-.: state ::\u:.: be anwari for use in subsazq-mm sesszox-us. Ln .')'U}fiCl tm-hnwicgy-, pr:-rsicience mans
`
`See ngr:r::_
`personal Eégi
`pnarsormi communicator
`
`See FDA.
`
`
`Syr.mn;.m".vu< with "m .ucnrnpuzr.=:',“ "Riv.-:-kiup u-zrzyzztxtr," and "lag.r<'c:p compu.!e:r." ih izsat
`perscmai compute:
`cor/\puLer that :;s:'v'<~§ L‘-nc user in Um: c:5.‘icu or !Iuxm.u A :uI11}'rl?',n- §><>:‘.%4..3:'.nl c:.\1r:'[.~!.sii>r system. with {mater van cos‘: as
`5iW-t* 345 !F1.f*(r53 or as much as $8,000 G! mo:e. Size: is ‘owed on tmsmury and xfls£:I.*ap:+<';ty. Spam is [2432-:1 on tiiv (_Ti‘i3
`that runs 1!, and culpLatq'.ui1i*y in based un Ihrs :._vp(s and r-,-sniulinn of its mzonirrsr and gwrinu.-r,
`:'\4a}c:r Suppfiiers of Perscmzal Comput W Tm: pe:".9onid ccmpuler world is dtwmilthtuniby ‘r‘s'il'.‘(i0'.v5-l5.'!.~5:.d P6" V,
`
`‘L we 52*: lhausands of venda '..:1=. in at m .
`mu, fm1.!xs:B;=m:ilr($ pup shops ha hLg,:- ccxmyrmies such as Cnmpaq, H1’
`and lB".1.'f'he altemale {J-\-.;'2‘.r:r\.1l con1;_‘nx.!c.- $mnci.1td L9 1'1;v;?r."s Madnknsh, '-vhich L: -‘.‘-‘K13-'Ir\n'.i.lc L3)‘ :\p[;-11.3. K~.4a:i and
`Cnrmm;d:.vru nrtre carwd L‘»IJ.|'li'1I2i:'t$K>‘pz-‘z‘2i\'c n1che.a,i:ul Atari re:1zx'1'»§-«.i ha its gut:-v.5::g_ man-,; an-,1 Cu: ur-.Dd.':.z'€ has since
`£'3US!-.".1§lS dacgrs
`
`‘!’2\érix1¢!11.v.»h"y began -In 14277, whv.-n App!->, xemae Shack ._:mi~(3on-n-:odo:e
`The Htstzory of Pszrzonal Conmuirers
`
`imtoduced the.
`nil‘--t!xn'=111«::'t i?mnpumr:< as mu.-)um-.-r pzoduzxiss. "|'1\e-filrstnmchinws used an 8~bl".-niK>*1'np;'ucu:;;::;:
`win: « :xua:<isJr.u:u ul L’:-JK oi (‘Nun-:Iry and floppy disks for storage. ‘lhc Appié £1‘ Atari 5300, and Cururttximt I34 b<em:n>.=
`popular E-.or:~.c co:nputua, md Apph». wu su::czx~.u’:21 in cuunpames rafter eh»? VI9'i!,.‘_a2r spnpnstshrzbrra was l:1‘.'ru1i\m::d.
`Hoawvcr, the busi
`wtuizl /ms :i=<x:n r1£'u1ur:a3cd by me I/.'£4U pmce.-9'50: and CP.f.\4 cg-»2xsn%.';2\.g Sj.’£:fet':, used by
`
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`Page 5 of 9
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`

`
`
`
`804
`
`protocol stack
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`The itiez .114. by of f\”Oln’.‘0lS used in :2 co::1n:uni:at:'uns nc:wu:'.-<. Network arcliilcctui-rs,-; qesi
`protocol stack
`in layers, such as ‘PCP/IP, CS1 and S.’\.A, axe mt'rrr-ed to. as stacks. S-—.‘-e CPS}.
`protocol SURE
`311119. as ;1."alo(:u.‘ s.‘a.7k.
`
`prototyping
`(1) (_‘:e2-Ainp; zr -ziumn of a new systuut, .l’r-.>:otyping ts esscnt.-cl for .1‘,.1x’i:'yiv.g infusmzxllun reqr.~i1'en\u-1-~
`ihe clasigtt of a sysiexn (functional specs) must he finaiived before the ‘
`'str=n'. can be built. While al\ll‘iyZiCa..i\'~g;~‘"_.r,€dd'
`
`people truly lmvc :1 :Eear picture of require-.me:1ts, others may not.
`Usin fc:L:rt'n-» ..cr.e:ra:icr.1a:1 ‘.i-‘W193, svs':e1ns u'tI‘.?ll‘_J‘t!9 an-I 11::-Js can develun she. new 5* stem to L-titer.
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`be cm.-.:‘:lr.~.t‘l and mmupitlstod w ..9 me uscr l.‘JUZ‘.llCC!'S ‘he program. Once us. we tangible output cw".
`or papa,’
`zixcycan figuru ‘gut what's n1‘::.<aing 01' what the DEX’. quesziun inigitt be if this wen: 2: p:t‘JdLtr'I’.or‘. system if pxnm|n~,a_n,_.
`is carefully done, the and IESLLI‘. can be .a wor'2<*'.ng system.
`5
`Evrzn if the final system is rcpmgz-ammcul in olim-r languages for shmd&ru.l‘.2-.aL'_on or r:\'au.lL'.nc eI:'i cncy, prot;.:~,rp'._ng
`
`has served to provide spam ications for u wmkirig system rather t'n-gm .1 theoretical one.
`
`satiny: _:n'olotypx.Izg.
`(2) Sucf:
`
`l~
`SE; u f-_,,- .3 ..mi(~_t;|a: ,
`
`
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`a,- of ‘,5-1c\:(.\1r1n1t:1‘.l<.'at.".)r'.::
`.:rvi~:e. See. 1;-.~'cc:’3:‘onz'rr .
`
`rovlsioned
`: *—
`Scutng up 2 !F.'iE:U1nntL'.:\icaii<:“§ .«:e_rv1'ce for a pa::i<:u‘:ar custom:-r. (‘nrnrnmi ca;r.-ieis provision
`provisioning
`rircuits by fcro3rr=n\:n3rt_7, their cuniputers to swltc.‘\ cuslozncr lines into the arpruprinze zxezworks.
`proxy
`Sec ttm ys. var.
`it e
`roxv :.:_-rvcr ‘that caches incomln Web *a -es on t1‘.c1‘..ard disk. If the next
`tv in a
`[ox cache
`A In
`P
`P 8»
`.
`y S
`_
`._
`
`requested by .1 browse . already :1 {lie praxy cache, Ute page is retnevred !;:c.=tI1y mstead offro''.:1thel11mmet.Wlli:
`proxy cadres, the browsers must be u>nt'l,mrec‘. to use the proxy server. 59;: prcxy. . 1:27‘, r('L'.*n'seyr11x3I cache, lransvm-ml
`crrcltc and I/‘Jab cache.
`‘
`
`_.._
`proxy server Also called .1 ”p.roxy” or ":rpp!tca~tn.-x |l‘Vx‘.l gateway.” ii is an application that breaks the mimectlvn
`
`bezwaen sender and t'ec.elvar. A.]l'i.nput ls forwardeci out a diffe:'en1 pr:
`dosing a fiiraighl path l>v.t'\vt-er. two networks
`am] prcV'cI|i'ir_g a hacker fruuzohtainirtginlaiial addmsrses and details of a private network.
`Proxy servers are available for common Internet sen-icc:.; for oxampie, an 1-11'1"? proxy is used for Web access, and
`an ‘~iM"l'I’proxy is u.-;n-.rl few «H-r\.ail. Pmxius generally cmuloy network z1cid:e:§z translation t'I\lAT‘, which presents 0.’-.1:
`organ..A.a"' ‘.1011-wicle II‘ addn;-5:; to ihc lnternet. It furmcls all user reqitcsts In the lnfiemcl and farm raspcnses bank out to
`the taypruaprlate 'J:Ki18. Prmder. may also caclxc We‘: pages, so th-1: the next requebi -:an be obtained locally. Pmxies are
`orily nne tool that can he used to bzuilxt 2. firewa!l. See L.»‘..‘v',_,".7rcn'>a.’l, proxy vaciw and SO:IK5 sen-r.'r.
`..
`
`PR/‘SM (Processor Res-ouru=..'Sy.¢:en‘.s Manager) ?la:dware circiits and micracode bu . rnio CHM Systcrn/'39?)
`nusi.-tfragites that support logical partitions (LPARS). LPA';\'s 1-flew the running of multiple sysmnt images on .1 :-single
`pm-0:29.90: complex. ?:'.;r<‘h such image has :1 full compiemctll ofCl‘l.ls (decdcmtecl or shared), Central “tit”.-I“-1i_’.t*.. expaxuiefl
`storage zuld c'tmtu1cls. L-’.SCO;\' turd FlCO.\I r'1ar.r.L-is may be tthared. across ;xnag_er_: using ll‘:-, MU‘ feerare. l’rom')LII1c9d
`
`“pri5m,." PR]':'-M was derived from VM, tl1eIB'M operating system: that providex zxu; pic systmr. images. in software.
`S:-4: .'.:=.r.;<, MIF and VM.
`PRT 50
`Sea ,u.v-In.‘ ~3:::'aen.
`ps
`(1) t_"Pi:oSe:ond_! Sc: :spa('~3,«":it1:e.
`(2) (1-"S——-Perasonasi S-:-rvicos)
`IBM office auto:r~.ar'.cn :uf5wa:‘E" fnr f"Cs, minis and xixairflantes, wt-zirh im:lu::1es wu:-l
`pr0cessl:\g_. ulcrtronéc mat‘. and Library servi nest.
`(3) (Pu.+tSc:tp:) Sec L’:-stscyipl.
`._.. _
`; 'mtm<.iuce;i in 199C.'l"he original giwonle-‘A: is-aimed an i:1to.gmte:i :rLor.i‘.or
`PS/1
`An eazly Z1!f\'l horra compute».-.r scri
`:51 ad easy~tu-;-pun case. The fire: 155/; was a 2&1 with an ISA ‘nus.
`PC.
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`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
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`Page 6 of 9
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`994
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`
`('I'l".l.-: Small Outline P3(‘lr\:1K(‘.) A very-l‘:.i-\, plaatig :ectar-.guln_: su'rE:wte mount chip p.1<:knge‘.vitl\ g.ilI—wing
`TSOP
`pins 0:: i=5 Iwi) s;l‘:0rt sides. T¥}Ol’s are acnut a third ax: thick as 30] chips Sen g:»c!.’-wing lead, SOP, SO,’ and chip pazcmgc.
`
`|
`.
`
`
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`CI
`
`T-span
`
`A 2-‘t-channel ;zrc‘.;j,3, which makes up onu’l"l li:-.e, See Tfi.
`
`(’l'ermi:mI: and $‘=.ay Resi-:lr_-nt) Roferr. tn a program that rcmains in :r.en‘ory wlu-n tliu use: exits. i‘: in order
`TSR
`
`
`t-sly ave: ble at the press or n hotkcv. "[8119 wen: popular under l'.‘Cr'J 1:0 quickly pop up acalendar,
`‘lmt it b(- lITlnlL‘L.
`.:alcL:ln:<~.r or other utility, became DOS did nolhav-1
`in-in
`swittcliiuig. Stamiards for writing 'l'SK=i were nm
`
`
`codified early on, and I-
`ozl-er and regu;ar applicatiims. Aitor Winulcwvi; 3.0, TSRS became
`; u:'tnn cnnfliczed will. a
`meet, sinctz any F10? or Witid-owe application could be cm-.vc-Iiftrrilly Eask 5\*«’ll’Cl‘.l‘.d in a separate window.
`_____
`T53
`See ITU.
`....._
`
`TTCN
`(True and ’,1‘-,1ln;l-er Cavuniainnd .\lrmh‘nn': A programmzng laxigzzage endersvcl by ISO -.hat is used to-write test
`zsuites .-
`'
`~3m:m:nica:ions systems. 'l'1‘L.\l is used fc: "l.1lac'.< box 1'e‘:li.ng," whirh mearua that all interaction to the
`:1-y.<tem is via messages. rat}-.er than by F! uscr with a mouse. Test suites are built in a t1ic:nr¢'himl and modular nw.nm»r,
`allowing zxrczny prograrnnuu-5 tube involved ii the project Numerotis t-:1;-com vendors use TTCN for tlteirproducts, and
`O1'g{sILl2.’tliDn$ suit}: as the ITEJ, ATM l-‘mum and E181, -pmviil-: TTCN cor.formanr.e"te§t.9 for new stzmdarcls.
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`st:
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`N
`l’*’
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`TTFN Digispeak for gcodbyc (""ta ta for now").
`T...
`TT font
`Set:’i"n.':-‘1'3,;;c.
`
`.
`
`TTL
`(1) (Tmnuistor Transzistor Logic.) A digital circuit compu-sad of bipolar trzansistors wired In a cexirain mzuuicr.
`ITL ]o§;l<: has beer. widely used since the early da;.-s- v.‘ digital ci'mit:'y. TIT. designations xnay appear or. inpu: or
`
`nutput pnvrs of V;-n-mu: devices, which ix-.:Iic.".tc-5 a digital circuit in contrast tu an analog circ-uit.
`(2) -"_'['ime To lJl\’{.‘; A set maxim'..n1 amount of time a packet is allcwecl to propagate th~r_mgh the network before it
`is dizera nlerii
`(3) ('l'}1mu5h The Lcms) Refers to :\ u‘.ng;1c-iuns raflcex camera that lot: Hm gfim-ngmphttr ‘.’l(’W‘ the scene tlimugh the
`same lens that captums :1ic.'r:mgc.
`Sm: 'l‘.'lZ0.
`_____,
`TTY protocol
`(To>.lc~.T\"pewriter p:u'.o(';)l) A inw-apecd asy11c‘nmr.ous com:nu.'\Ecutiu1:.~'p:ulo:olwit11lin1ite<i nine
`ermr checldng. See :cl:t_t_;;rewr:\‘z;r.
`tube
`See C‘RT;::iLl r»'a:x.':m.' mbe.
`tunable laser
`A laser that can ¢;'uu\-ge its fr‘rJq1:t:nv.‘y over a given range. In time, tumble lasers are vxpe-;:ted to be
`capable ofswitc':.l.::g frequz.-muleson a packet-b}'—parkot basis.
`tuner An ._-1“-in-,,.«';~ pm: .-,f 3 radio 31- TV that lcclga on 10 n s(>.le<:le<‘. L‘.-1rl‘lPl‘ fre.;yen._v (station, -'.'l‘.a'nnel) amt‘. filters
`uui the amdio and video signals for z\Inpli§iu.I’.lV-.=1 and displaj.-'.
`
`'l'r.:msm'xtting data-s':i-uciurod in one protocol fo:-treat within Ihe form-as of arother protocol. Tunnel'tm'_-;
`tunneling
`allows mher t),-pas of transmission streanzs to be cauied will1in {lit-‘. prevailing protocol. 52% H’ fllttrlcifirlg /and LZTP.
`tuple
`1'1 relzttional database ITI’-1TI.’11a;(‘lI‘.L‘nl., .1 rm‘nr<':, or raw. See re!m:'-.2-ml drlfiilaise.
`
`A C cznnf-il.-2' frcun Borlancl used to create a wide v.n-iuty of cnnmmrrial produtls. l‘: is known far its
`Turbo C
`
`
`
`welJ-CIE
`nod ;lt-Emggei‘. lic-ria‘.1d's obieci-Orlcnh:-'.l ueisicm; nf C are Turbo C++ and 150'”
`‘ I: vr.
`The DOS version of this <.iala1bns<* is writtm in T-.1 rE*.o C. The W'i.nc‘ows ve.~.:io:1 is writ‘ 1 in Mi:msr>f'z (I.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`turbo code
`A C\q;>c c.~.‘
`zanne‘. ccalir-43, that uses a con-colmiurual code :1 nd 3: typ ";t‘ Viterbi decoder that a;--.xipul.-s n
`
`
`Cuniirzuuub ‘.«":El'-.l(! ratl-uer t.-mar a 3- or 1. See cmizwulimtninl rnric am] 'v’i!.'~:'l![ dawfisr.
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`Page 7 of 9
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`(VO‘-.u.mev,v':X!EL) Alhmmlin-.ex\six:n;n1pixel.F.vuxelreprz.-serésa;;us:rLélt;.-of3-D:1~.1:aia1>.<zasapixel raprzzwaam
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`data tlmf is: :u-wed or iransxr-.i‘e:2>.d.
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