COMPUTER
`DICTIONARY
`
`'1?’
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`Petitioner A. ole Inc. - Exhibit 1015 0.1
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`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1015, p. 1
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`Copyright © 1991 by Microsoft Press, a division of Microsoft Corporation.
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may
`be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without
`the written permission of the publisher.
`Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Press computer dictionary 2 the comprehensive standard for
`business, school, library, and home.
`p.
`cm
`ISBN 1-55615-231-0
`1. Computers-Dictionaries.
`1. Microsoft Press.
`QA76.15.M54
`1991
`004.16'03--dc20
`
`2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`91-9904CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`23456789 MLML 654321
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan ofCanada, a division
`of Canada Publishing Corporation.
`
`Distributed to the book trade outside the United States and Canada by
`Penguin Books Ltd.
`Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
`Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
`Penguin Books NZ. Ltd., 182—190 Wairau Road, Auckland 10, New Zealand
`British Cataloging-in-Publication Data available.
`
`
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Marjorie Schlaikier
`Project Editor: Mary Ann Jones
`Technical Editors: David Rygmyr, Jeff Hinsch, Mary DeJong, Dail Magee, Jr.
`Manuscript Editor: Pamela Beason
`Copy Editor: Alice Copp Smith
`
`
`
`Petitioner A o ole Inc. - Exhibit 1015
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1015, p. 2
`
`

`

`time, beginning with the start bit that precedes a
`character and ending with the last stop bit that fol-
`lows the character.
`
`In synchronous communications, a package of
`information transmitted as a single unit. Every
`frame follows the same basic organization and con-
`tains control
`information, such as synchronizing
`characters, station address, and an error-checking
`value, as well as a variable amount of data. For
`example, a frame used in the widely accepted
`HDLC and related SDLC protocols begins and ends
`with a unique flag (01111110) and contains the fields
`shown in the illustration.
`
`A similar frame construction is used on the Mac—
`intosh AppleTalk network.
`
`In computer graphics, a boundary of some type.
`As in cinema, a frame can be a single screen-size
`image that can be displayed in sequence with
`other, slightly different, images to create animated
`drawings. In a similar context, a frame can also be
`the storage required to hold one screen—sized image
`of text, graphics, or both. A frame can also, as on
`the Macintosh, be a rectangular space containing
`(and defining the proportions of) a graphic, or it
`can be the part of an on-screen window (title bar
`and other elements)
`that
`is controlled by the
`operating system rather than by the application
`running within the window.
`frame buffer A portion of a computer’s display
`memory that holds the contents of a single screen
`image. See also video buffer.
`frame grabber See video digitizer.
`frame rate The speed at which full, single-screen
`images are transmitted to, and displayed by, a
`raster-scan monitor. Frame rate is calculated as the
`number of times per second the electron beam
`SWeeps the screen; it is measured in hertz and is
`about 60 times per second (60 Hz) on a monitor in
`Which each pixel on the screen is refreshed (up—
`dated) in a single sweep.
`In animation, the number of times per second
`an image is updated, When the frame rate ex-
`CECds about 14
`frames per second, animation
`seems to blend into smooth motion. See also
`animation.
`blOCk A region (block) of memory that is not
`
`currently being used.
`free-form language A language whose syntax is
`not constrained by position or format. C and Pascal
`are free—form languages; FORTRAN is not.
`freeware A computer program given away free
`of charge. Freeware is often made available on
`bulletin boards and through user groups. An inde-
`pendent program developer might offer a product
`as freeware either for personal satisfaction or to
`assess
`its
`reception among interested users.
`Freeware developers often retain all rights to their
`software; users are not necessarily free to copy or
`distribute it further. Compare public—domain soft-
`ware, shareware.
`
`frequency The measure of how often a periodic
`event occurs; the number of times per second a sig—
`nal repeats a 360° cycle. (See the illustration.) Fre-
`quency is usually measured in hertz, with 1 hertz
`equaling 1 occurrence (cycle) per second. In the
`United States, household electricity is alternating
`current with a frequency of 60 hertz. Frequency is
`also measured in kilohertz (KHz,
`1000 Hz),
`megahertz (MHz, 1000 KHz), gigahertz (GHz, 1000
`MHz), or terahertz (THz, 1000 GHz). Compare
`wavelength.
`
`Amplitude
`
`Frequency.
`
`frequency counter A type of stand-alone engi-
`neering test equipment, similar to a voltage meter,
`that displays the frequenciesof electronic signals.
`Also, an electronic circuit, often found embedded
`in process-control computers, that counts the fre-
`quency of occurrence of an activity.
`frequency-division multiplexing See FDM.
`frequency modulation Abbreviated FM. A way of
`encoding information in an electrical signal by
`varying its frequency, as shown in the illustration.
`The FM radio band uses frequency modulation,
`as does the audio portion of broadcast television.
`
`\ 1
`
`55
`
`:sical Mandewrot set,-
`slve magnifications of
`rstflgure.
`
`the name fractal. See
`.1.
`
`g of parts of the same
`)f the disk. Fragmenta-
`: are deleted and new
`
`,1 used space becomes
`)erating system writes
`The operating system
`owever, fitting the sec-
`gs and maintaining a
`3d each part so it can
`actions when the file is
`ion slows disk access
`
`performance of disk
`y not severely. Utility
`earranging file storage
`entation can also occur
`)mputer as it stores and
`lata used by them.
`
`ily in communications
`refer to an outline or a
`
`ll
`-
`.
`'ommunications, a uni
`S measured in elapsed
`—/
`
`Flag
`
`/
`
`
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1015, p. 3
`
`

`

`. Compare point;
`
`number means larger characters
`see also characters per inch.
`pixel Short for picture element; sometimes called a
`pel. One spot in a rectilinear grid of thousands of
`such spots that are individually “painted" to form
`an image produced on the screen by a computer or
`on paper by a printer. just as a bit is the smallest
`unit of information a computer can process, a pixel
`is the smallest element that display or print hard—
`ware and software can manipulate in creating let—
`ters, numbers, or graphics. For example, the letter A
`is actually made up of a pattern of pixels in a grid
`such as the one below:
`
`An image can also be represented in more than
`two colors—for example, in a range of grays:
`
`
`
`
`times called depth, that describes the number of
`bits in memory assigned to each on-screen pixel.
`For example, a pixel image with a depth of 8 bits
`uses 8 bits to describe the
`attributes, such as color,
`of each individual pixel on
`the screen. See also bit
`image, pixel.
`pixel map In general, synonymous with pixel im—
`age. Technically, in color graphics programming, a
`data structure that describes the pixel image of a
`graphic,
`including such features as color,
`image
`resolution, dimensions, storage format, and num—
`ber of bits used to describe each pixel. See also
`pixel, pixel image.
`PJ/NF Projection
`—join normal
`form.
`
`form. See normal
`
`text. See
`
`PLA See field-programmable logic array.
`plaintext Unencrypted, or deciphered,
`also decryption, encryption.
`planar In computer graphics, a term applied to ob-
`jects lying within a plane. In the fabrication of
`semiconductor materials, planar refers to a pro-
`cessing method used to create silicon-based tran-
`sistors. In planar processing, the chemical elements
`that control the flow of current are diffused into
`(and beneath) the surface of a silicon wafer, but the
`surface itself—the plane through which these ele—
`ments are diffused—remains flat throughout pro-
`cessing. Planar processing was developed in the
`late 19505 and led to the widespread use of silicon
`as the basis for semiconductor materials.
`
` Insulating layer
`
`Planar transistor:
`
`0f gray, 4 bits for sixteen colors, and so on. Typi-
`Cally, an image of two colors is called a bit map,
`and an image of more than two colors is called a
`Pixel map.
`Ill-Xe! image The representation of a color graphic
`puter’s memory. A pixel image is similar to
`age, which also describes a screen graphic,
`
`b"! differs in having an added dimension, Some-
`
`planar tranSistor A special form of transistor that
`is fabricated with all
`three elements (collector,
`emitter, and base) on a single layer of semiconduc-
`planar transistor permits it to dissipate relatively
`tor material. See the illustration. The structure of a
`
`69
`
`m2
`
`directory listing,
`mand, and pipes
`a the more com-
`»ne screenful at a
`t stream.
`
`and decoding in-
`ich, at any given
`15 are in various
`
`Ideally,
`ecoded.
`by ensuring that
`e to wait for in-
`cution of one in-
`aiting.
`ng can also refer
`; are passed from
`5 on an assembly
`for performing a
`
`e to a computer
`| use of pipes in
`input to another
`has been carried
`
`)propriation of a
`or unauthorized
`
`ter program. The
`rograms are pur-
`n, and then given
`practiced by indi-
`ocomputing. The
`tection applied to
`ne. Piracy still ex-
`tion manY devel'
`3p pirates or add
`lecome registered
`
`with monospace
`es the number of
`nch. For example,
`rs can be printed
`It not only of the
`tween characters.
`)mpanying blank
`2 Via inch wide. In
`ally described by
`ze is usually de—
`
`—/
`
`
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1015, p. 4
`
`

`

`raster graphics
`
`
`
`
`
`
`lines are as wide as the smallest Visible image on
`the screen. Within each sCan line, individual pixels
`can be illuminated. Television screens and most
`computer monitors are raster displays. Compare
`vector display.
`,
`raster graphics A method of generating graphics
`in which images are stored as multitudes of small,
`independently controlled dots (pixels) arranged
`in rows and columns. Raster graphics treats an im—
`age as a collection of such dots. Compare vector
`graphics.
`
`raster image A display image formed by patterns
`of light and dark pixels in a rectangular array. See
`also raster graphics.
`raster image processor Abbreviated RIP (pro—
`nounced “rip”). A device, consisting of computer
`chips (including a microprocessor) and software,
`that converts vector graphics and/or text into a ras-
`ter (bit-mapped) image. RIPS are used in page
`printers, phototypesetters, and electrostatic plot—
`ters; they identify each dot on the page, either leav-
`ing the dot blank or filling it
`in. The resulting
`pattern of dots re—creates the vector graphics and
`text originally described.
`rasterization The conversion of vector graphics
`(images described mathematically as points con—
`nected by straight lines) to equivalent images com—
`posed of pixel patterns that can be stored and
`manipulated as sets of bits. See also pixel.
`raster-scan display See raster display.
`raw data Unprocessed, typically unformatted, data;
`a stream of bits that has not been filtered for com—
`mands or special Characters. More generally, infor—
`mation that has been collected but not evaluated.
`Compare cooked mode; see also raw mode.
`raw mode One of two ways in which the MS-DOS
`operating system “sees” the handle, or identifier,
`for a character—based device. If the handle is in raw
`mode, the operating system does not filter input
`Characters or give special
`treatment
`to carriage
`returns, end—of-file markers, and linefeed and tab
`characters. Compare cooked mode.
`ray tracing A sophisticated and complex approach
`to producing high—quality computer graphics. Ray
`tracing is used to calculate the brightness,
`trans—
`parency level, and reflectivity of each object in an
`
`image that will be shown on the computer screen,
`These attributes are calculated by tracing single
`rays of light backward to see the way the rays Were
`affected as they traveled from the defined source of
`light illuminating the object to the object and to the
`viewer’s eye. The attributes of the object are then
`used to calculate the color and intensity of the pix-
`els that create the image on the screen. Ray tracing
`thus calculates the attributes of each pixel in rela-
`tion to the viewer, to other objects in the image,
`and to the light source for the image. It is demand—
`ing in terms of processing capability because the
`computer must account not only for the reflection
`or absorption of individual rays but also for the in—
`tensity of each ray with respect to the brightness of
`the object, the position of each pixel, and the posi—
`tions of the viewer and the light source.
`RCA connector A connector used for attaching
`audio and video devices such as stereo equipment
`or a composite video monitor to a computer ’5 video
`adapter. See the illustration. Compare phono con-
`nector; see also composite video display.
`
`
`
`RCA connector.
`A male RCA connector.
`
`read For a computer, to gather information from an
`input source. Reading is the means by which a
`computer receives information,
`typically from a
`disk drive; the opposite is writing—transferring in-
`formation to storage such as a disk or to a device
`such as a printer or the screen. Read is used as ei-
`ther a noun or a verb. For example, a disk read
`means that information is transferred from disk into
`memory. A computer can also, however, be said to
`read the keyboard when it accepts keystrokes from
`the user. Compare write.
`reader See card reader.
`
`read error An error encountered while a computer
`is in the process of obtaining information from
`storage or from another source of input. The op—
`posite is a write error, a problem in sending infor—
`mation to storage or to an output device.
`
`lster display
`
`:ated directly
`;es) that iden—
`The term is
`tored on disk.
`files in which
`
`C relationship
`:h as in data—
`nd so on. The
`would be the
`address book -
`
`ly through all
`uential access
`
`:re is no rela—
`and in which
`
`ithout pattern
`
`creation of a
`
`:racterized by
`is any more
`[CE in the se-
`random num—
`
`LS impossible,
`>perly called
`
`ls selected for
`; can extend
`:r a combina-
`
`ange must be
`1mon bOrder.
`7 cells with a
`format
`them
`
`of them, give
`em as a unit,
`formula.
`
`refers to the .
`high values.
`0d of validat-
`
`n a video dis—
`hich the term
`
`erally a CRT)
`1 from top to
`nes. The scan
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`291
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`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1015, p. 5
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`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1015, p. 5
`
`