8/4/2014
`
`The Project Gutenberg eBookof Opticks; by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
`
`
`The Project Gutenberg EBook of Opticks, by Isaac Newton
`
`This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
`almost no restrictions whatsoever.
`You may copy it, give it away or
`re—use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
`with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
`
`Title: Opticks
`or, a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections,
`and Colours of Light
`
`Author:
`
`Isaac Newton
`
`
`Release Date: August 23, 2010 [EBook #33504]
`
`Language: English
`
`Character set encoding:
`
`ISO—8859-l
`
`*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OPTICKS ***
`
`Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, steve harris, Josephine
`Paolucci and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
`http://www.pgdp.net.
`
`OPTICKS:
`
`OR, A
`
`TREATISE
`
`OFTI-IE
`
`Reflections, Refractions,
`
`Inflections and Colours
`
`OF
`
`LIGHT.
`
`The F0 UR'IH EDI'IIO N, corrected.
`
`By Sir ISAA C NEWTON, Knt.
`
`http://www.g utenberg .org/files/33504/33504w N33504w h.htm
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`1/156
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`Petitioner Ciena Corp. et al.
`Exhibit 1046-1
`Exhibit 1046-1
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`The Project Gutenberg eBookof Opticks; by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
`
`LONDON:
`Printed for WILLIAM INNYS at the West-End of St. Paul’s. MDCCXXX.
`TITLE PAGE OF THE 1730 EDITION
`
`SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S ADVERTISEMENTS
`
`Advertisement I
`
`Part of the ensuing Discourse about Light was written at the Desire of some Gentlemen of the
`Royal-Society, in the Year I 675, and then sent to their Secretary, and read at their Meetings,
`and the rest was added about twelve Years after to complete the Theory; except the third Book,
`and the last Proposition of the Second, which were since put together out of scatter'd Papers.
`To avoid being engaged in Disputes about these Matters, I have hitherto delayed the printing,
`and should still have delayed it, had not the Importunity of Friends prevailed upon me. If any
`other Papers writ on this Subject are got out of my Hands they are imperfect, and were perhaps
`written before I had tried all the Experiments here set down, and fully satisfied my self about
`the Laws of Refractions and Composition of Colours. I have here publish’d what I think proper
`to come abroad, wishing that it may not be translated into another Language without my
`Consent.
`
`The Crowns of Colours, which sometimes appear about the Sun and Moon, I have endeavoured
`to give an Account of; but for want of suflicient Observations leave that Matter to be farther
`examined. The Subject of the Third Book I have also left imperfect, not having tried all the
`Experiments which I intended when I was about these Matters, nor repeated some of those
`which I did try, until I had satisfied my self about all their Circumstances. To communicate
`what I have tried, and leave the rest to others forfarther Enquiry, is all my Design in publishing
`these Papers.
`
`In a Letter written to Mr. Le1bnitz in the year 16 79, and published by Dr. Wallis, I mention'd a
`Method by which I had found some general Theorems about squaring Curvilinear Figures, or
`comparing them with the Conic Sections, or other the simplest Figures with which they may be
`compared. And some Years ago I lent out a Manuscript containing such Theorems, and having
`since met with some Things copied out of it, I have on this Occasion made it publick, prefixing
`to it an Introduction, and subjoining a Scholium concerning that Method. And I have joined with
`it another small Tract concerning the Curvilinear Figures of the Second Kind, which was also
`written many Years ago, and made known to some Friends, who have solicited the making it
`publick.
`
`I. N.
`
`April 1, 1704.
`
`Advertisement II
`
`In this Second Edition of these Opticks I have omitted the Mathematical Tracts publish’d at the
`End of the former Edition, as not belonging to the Subject. And at the End of the Third Book I
`have added some Questions. And to shew that I do not take Gravityfor an essential Property of
`
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`The Project Gutenberg eBookof Opticks; by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
`
`Bodies, I have added one Question concerning its Cause, chasing to propose it by way of a
`Question, because I am not yet satisfied about itfor want ofExperiments.
`
`I. N.
`
`Ju1y16, 1717.
`
`Advertisement to this Fourth Edition
`
`This new Edition of Sir Isaac Newton's Opticks is carefully printedfrom the Third Edition, as it
`was corrected by the Author’s own Hand, and left before his Death with the Bookseller. Since
`Sir Isaac's Lectiones Opticae, which he publickly read in the University of Cambridge in the Years
`1669, I6 70, and 1671, are lately printed, it has been thought proper to make at the bottom of
`the Pages several Citations from thence, where may be found the Demonstrations, which the
`Author omitted in these Opticks.
`
`THE FIRST BOOK OF OPTICKS
`
`[Pg 1]
`
`PART I.
`
`My Design in this Book is not to explain the Properties of Light by Hypotheses, but to propose and
`prove them by Reason and Experiments: In order to which I shall premise the following Definitions and
`Axioms.
`
`DEFINITIONS
`
`DEFIN. I.
`
`By the Rays ofLight I understand its least Parts, and those as well Successive in the same Lines,
`as Contemporary in several Lines. For it is manifest that Light consists of Parts, both Successive
`and Contemporary; because in the same place you may stop that which comes one moment, and let
`pass that which comes presently after; and in the same time you may stop it in any one place, and let it
`pass in any other. For that part of Light which is stopp'd cannot be the same with that which is let
`pass. The least Light or part of Light, which may be stopp'd alone Without the rest of the Light, or
`propagated alone, or do or suffer any thing alone, which the rest of the Light doth not or sufi‘ers not, I
`call a Ray ofLight.
`
`[Pg 2]
`
`DEFIN. II.
`
`is their Disposition to be refracted or turned out of their
`Refrangibility of the Rays of Light,
`Way in passing out of one transparent Body or Medium into another. And a greater or less
`Refrangibility of Rays,
`is their Disposition to be turned more or less out of their Way in like
`Incidences on the same Medium. Mathematicians usually consider the Rays of Light to be Lines
`
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`Exhibit 1046-3
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`The Project Gutenberg eBookof Opticks; by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
`
`reaching from the luminous Body to the Body illuminated, and the refraction of those Rays to be the
`bending or breaking of those lines in their passing out of one Medium into another. And thus may Rays
`and Reflections be considered, if Light be propagated in an instant. But by an Argument taken flom
`the Equations of the times of the Eclipses ofJupiter's Satellites, it seems that Light is propagated in
`time, spending in its passage from the Sun to us about seven Minutes of time: And therefore I have
`chosen to define Rays and Refractions in such general terms as may agree to Light in both cases.
`
`[Pg 3]
`
`DEFIN. HI.
`
`is their Disposition to be reflected or turned back into the same Medium
`Reflexibility of Rays,
`from any other Medium upon whose Surface they fall. And Rays are more or less reflexible,
`which are turned back more or less easily. As if Light pass out of a Glass into Air, and by being
`inclined more and more to the common Surface of the Glass and Air, begins at length to be totally
`reflected by that Surface; those sorts of Rays which at like Incidences are reflected most copiously, or
`by inclining the Rays begin soonest to be totally reflected, are most reflex1ble.
`
`DEFIN. IV.
`
`The Angle ofIncidence is that Angle, which the Line described by the incident Ray contains with
`the Perpendicular to the reflecting or refracting Surface at the Point ofIncidence.
`
`DEFIN. V.
`
`The Angle of Reflexion or Refraction, is the Angle which the line described by the reflected or
`refracted Ray containeth with the Perpendicular t0 the reflecting or refracting Surface at the
`Point ofIncidence.
`
`DEFIN. VI.
`
`The Sines of Incidence, Reflexion, and Refraction, are the Sines of the Angles of Incidence,
`Reflexion, and Refraction.
`
`[Pg 4]
`
`DEFIN. VII
`
`The Light whose Rays are all alike Refrangible, I call Simple, Homogeneal and Similar; and that
`whose Rays are some more Refrangible than others, I call Compound, Heterogeneal and
`Dissimilar. The former Light I call Homogeneal, not because I would aflirm it so in all respects, but
`because the Rays which agree in Refrangibility, agree at least in all those their other Properties which I
`consider in the following Discourse.
`
`DEFIN. VIII.
`
`The Colours of Homogeneal Lights, I call Primary, Homogeneal and Simple; and those of
`Heterogeneal Lights, Heterogeneal and Compound. For these are always compounded of the
`colours ofHomogeneal Lights; as will appear in the following Discourse.
`
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`AXIOMS.
`
`[Pg 5]
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`AX. I.
`
`The Angles of Reflexion and Refraction,
`Incidence.
`
`lie in one and the same Plane with the Angle of
`
`AX. II.
`
`The Angle ofReflexion is equal to the Angle ofIncidence.
`
`AX. III.
`
`If the refracted Ray be returned directly back to the Point ofIncidence, it shall be refracted into
`the Line before described by the incident Ray.
`
`AX.IV.
`
`Refraction out of the rarer Medium into the denser, is made towards the Perpendicular; that is,
`so that the Angle ofRefraction be less than the Angle ofIncidence.
`
`AX. V.
`
`The Sine of Incidence is either accurately or very nearly in a given Ratio to the Sine of
`Refraction.
`
`Whence if that Proportion be known in any one Inclination of the incident Ray, 'tis known in all the
`Inclinations, and thereby the Refraction in all cases of Incidence on the same refracting Body may be
`determined. Thus if the Refiaction be made out of Air into Water, the Sine of Incidence of the red
`
`[Pg 6]
`
`Light is to the Sine of its Refraction as 4 to 3. If out of Air into Glass, the Sines are as 17 to 11. In
`Light of other Colours the Sines have other Proportions: but the diiference is so little that it need
`seldom be considered.
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`Exhibit 1046-5
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`The Project Gutenberg eBookof Opticks; by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
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`
`
`Fig. 1
`
`Suppose therefore, that RS [in Fig. 1.] represents the Surface of stagnating Water, and that C is the
`point of Incidence in which any Ray coming in the Air fiom A in the Line AC is reflected or refracted,
`and I would know whither this Ray shall go after Reflexion or Refraction: I erect upon the Surface of
`the Water from the point of Incidence the Perpendicular CP and produce it downwards to Q, and
`conclude by the first Axiom, that the Ray after Reflexion and Refiaction, shall be found somewhere in
`the Plane of the Angle of Incidence ACP produced. I let fall therefore upon the Perpendicular CP the
`Sine of Incidence AD; and if the reflected Ray be desired, I produce AD to B so that DB be equal to
`AD, and draw CB. For this Line CB shall be the reflected Ray; the Angle of Reflexion BCP and its
`Sine BD being equal to the Angle and Sine of Incidence, as they ought to be by the second Axiom,
`But if the refiacted Ray be desired, I produce AD to H, so that DH may be to AD as the Sine of
`Refiaction to the Sine of Incidence, that is, (if the Light be red) as 3 to 4; and about the Center C and
`in the Plane ACP with the Radius CA describing a Circle ABE, I draw a parallel to the Perpendicular
`CPQ, the Line HE cutting the Circumference in E, and joining CE, this Line CE shall be the Line ofthe
`refiacted Ray. For if EF be let fall perpendicularly on the Line PQ, this Line EF shall be the Sine of
`Refiaction of the Ray CE, the Angle of Refiaction being ECQ; and this Sine EF is equal to DH, and
`consequently in Proportion to the Sine ofIncidence AD as 3 to 4.
`
`[Pg 7]
`
`In like manner, if there be a Prism of Glass (that is, a Glass bounded with two Equal and Parallel
`Triangular ends, and three plain and well polished Sides, which meet in three Parallel Lines running
`fiom the three Angles of one end to the three Angles ofthe other end) and ifthe Refraction ofthe Light
`in passing cross this Prism be desired: Let ACB [in Fig. 2.] represent a Plane cutting this Prism
`transversly to its three Parallel lines or edges there where the Light passeth through it, and let DE be
`the Ray incident upon the first side ofthe Prism AC where the Light goes into the Glass; and by putting
`the Proportion of the Sine of Incidence to the Sine of Refiaction as 17 to 11 find EF the first refracted
`Ray. Then taking this Ray for the Incident Ray upon the second side of the Glass BC where the Light
`goes out, find the next refiacted Ray FG by putting the Proportion of the Sine of Incidence to the Sine
`of Refiaction as 11 to 17. For if the Sine of Incidence out of Air into Glass be to the Sine of
`
`[Pg 8]
`
`Refraction as 17 to 11, the Sine of Incidence out of Glass into Air must on the contrary be to the Sine
`ofRefraction as 11 to 17, by the third Axiom
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`Petitioner Ciena Corp. et 21].
`Petitioner Ciena Corp. et al.
`Exhibit 1046-6
`Exhibit 1046-6
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`

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`8/4/2014
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`The Project Gutenberg eBookof Opticks; by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
`
`
`
`D
`
`Fig. 2.
`
`Much after the same manner, ifACBD [in Fig. 3.] represent a Glass spherically convex on both sides
`(usually called a Lens, such as is a Buming— glass, or Spectacle- glass, or an Object— glass of a
`Telescope) and it be required to know how Light falling upon it fiom any lucid point Q shall be
`refracted, let QM represent a Ray falling upon any point M of its first spherical Surface ACE, and by
`erecting a Perpendicular to the Glass at the point M, find the first refracted Ray MN by the Proportion
`of the Sines 17 to 11. Let that Ray in going out of the Glass be incident upon N, and then find the
`second refiacted Ray Nq by the Proportion of the Sines 11 to 17. And after the same manner may the
`Refi‘action be found when the Lens is convex on one side and plane or concave on the other, or
`concave on both sides.
`
`[Pg 9]
`
`
`
`Fig. 3.
`
`AX. v1.
`
`10
`
`]
`
`[Pg
`
`Homogeneal Rays which flow from several Points of any Object, and fall perpendicularly or
`almost perpendicularly on any reflecting or refracting Plane or spherical Surface, shall
`afterwards diverge from so many other Points, or be parallel to so many other Lines, or
`converge to so many other Points, either accurately or without any sensible Error. And the
`same thing will happen, if the Rays be reflected or refracted successively by two or three or
`more Plane or Spherical Surfaces.
`
`The Point from which Rays diverge or to which they converge may be called their Focus. And the
`Focus ofthe incident Rays being given, that of the reflected or retracted ones may be found by finding
`the Refraction ofany two Rays, as above; or more readily thus.
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`The Project Gutenberg eBookof Opticks; by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
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`Cas. 1. Let ACB [in Fig. 4.] be a reflecting or refiacting Plane, and Q the Focus of the incident Rays,
`and QqC a Perpendicular to that Plane. And if this Perpendicular be produced to q, so that qC be
`equal to QC, the Point q shall be the Focus of the reflected Rays: Or if qC be taken on the same side
`of the Plane with QC, and in proportion to QC as the Sine of Incidence to the Sine of Refraction, the
`Point q shall be the Focus ofthe refracted Rays.
`
`[Pg 11]
`
`
`
`Fig. 4.
`
`Cas. 2. Let ACB [in Fig. 5.] be the reflecting Surface of any Sphere whose Centre is E. Bisect any
`Radius thereof (suppose EC) in T, and if in that Radius on the same side the Point T you take the
`Points Q and q, so that TQ, TE, and Tq, be continual Proportionals, and the Point Q be the Focus of
`the incident Rays, the Point q shall be the Focus ofthe reflected ones.
`
`
`
`Fig. 5.
`
`Cas. 3. let ACB [in Fig. 6.] be the reflacting Surface of any Sphere whose Centre is E. In any
`Radius thereof EC produced both ways take ET and Ct equal to one another and severally in such
`Proportion to that Radius as the lesser of the Sines of Incidence and Refiaction bath to the difference
`ofthose Sines. And then if in the same Line you find any two Points Q and q, so that TQ be to ET as
`Et to tq, taking tq the contrary way fromt which TQ lieth flom T, and if the Point Q be the Focus of
`any incident Rays, the Point q shall be the Focus ofthe refracted ones.
`
`[Pg 12]
`
`
`
`Fig. 6.
`
`And by the same means the Focus of the Rays after two or more Reflexions or Refractions may be
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`Petitioner Ciena Corp. et al.
`Exhibit 1046-8
`Exhibit 1046-8
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`found.
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`The Project Gutenberg eBookof Opticks; by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
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` B
`
`Fig. 7.
`
`Cas. 4. Let ACBD [in Fig. 7.] be any retracting lens, spherically Convex or Concave or Plane on
`either side, and let CD be its Axis (that is, the Line which cuts both its Surfaces perpendicularly, and
`passes through the Centres of the Spheres,) and in this Axis produced let F and f be the Foci of the
`refracted Rays found as above, when the incident Rays on both sides the Lens are parallel to the same
`Axis; and upon the Diameter Ffbisected in E, describe a Circle. Suppose now that any Point Q be the
`Focus of any incident Rays. Draw QE cutting the said Circle in T and t, and therein take tq in such
`proportion to tE as tE or TE hath to TQ. Let tq lie the contrary way from t which TQ doth from T,
`and q shall be the Focus ofthe refracted Rays without any sensible Error, provided the Point Q be not
`so remote from the Axis, nor the Lens so broad as to make any of the Rays tall too obliquely on the
`refracting Surfaces.[A]
`
`[Pg 13]
`
`And by the like Operations may the reflecting or refracting Surfaces be found when the two Foci are
`given, and thereby a Lens be formed, which shall make the Rays flow towards or flom what Place you
`please.[B]
`
`So then the Meaning of this Axiom is, that if Rays tall upon any Plane or Spherical Surface or Lens,
`and before their Incidence flow from or towards any Point Q, they shall after Reflexion or Reflaction
`flow from or towards the Point q found by the foregoing Rules. And if the incident Rays flow from or
`towards several points Q, the reflected or refiacted Rays shall flow from or towards so many other
`Points q found by the same Rules. Whether the reflected and reflacted Rays flow from or towards the
`Point q is easily known by the situation of that Point. For if that Point be on the same side of the
`reflecting or refracting Surface or Lens with the Point Q, and the incident Rays flow fiom the Point Q,
`the reflected flow towards the Point q and the reflacted flom it; and if the incident Rays flow towards
`Q, the reflected flow flom q, and the refracted towards it. And the contrary happens when q is on the
`other side ofthe Surface.
`
`[Pg 14]
`
`AX. VII.
`
`Wherever the Rays which come from all the Points of any Object meet again in so many Points
`after they have been made to converge by Reflection or Refraction,
`there they will make a
`Picture of the Object upon any white Body on which theyfall.
`
`So if PR [in Fig. 3.] represent any Object without Doors, and AB be a Lens placed at a hole in the
`Window-shut of a dark Chamber, whereby the Rays that come from any Point Q of that Object are
`made to converge and meet again in the Point q; and if a Sheet of white Paper be held at q for the
`Light there to fall upon it, the Picture of that Object PR will appear upon the Paper in its proper shape
`and Colours. For as the Light which comes flom the Point Q goes to the Point q, so the Light which
`comes irom other Points P and R of the Object, will go to so many other correspondent Points p and
`r (as is manifest by the sixth Axiom;) so that every Point ofthe Object shall illuminate a correspondent
`Point of the Picture, and thereby make a Picture like the Object in Shape and Colour,
`this only
`excepted, that the Picture shall be inverted. And this is the Reason of that vulgar Experiment of casting
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`The Project Gutenberg eBookof Opticks; by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
`
`the Species of Objects from abroad upon a Wall or Sheet ofwhite Paper in a dark Room
`
`In like manner, when a Man views any Object PQR, [in Fig. 8.] the Light which comes from the
`several Points of the Object is so refracted by the transparent skins and hurnours of the Eye, (that is,
`by the outward coat EFG, called the Tunica Cornea, and by the crystalline humour AB which is
`beyond the Pupil mk) as to converge and meet again in so many Points in the bottom of the Eye, and
`there to paint the Picture of the Object upon that skin (called the Tunica Retina) with which the
`bottom of the Eye is covered. For Anatomists, when they have taken 01f from the bottom of the Eye
`that outward and most thick Coat called the Dura Mater, can then see through the thinner Coats, the
`Pictures of Objects lively painted thereon And these Pictures, propagated by Motion along the F1bres
`of the Optick Nerves into the Brain, are the cause of Vision. For accordingly as these Pictures are
`perfect or imperfect, the Object is seen perfectly or imperfectly. If the Eye be tinged with any colour
`(as in the Disease of the Jaundice) so as to tinge the Pictures in the bottom of the Eye with that
`Colour, then all Objects appear tinged with the same Colour. If the Humours of the Eye by old Age
`decay, so as by shrinking to make the Cornea and Coat of the Crystalline Humour grow flatter than
`before, the Light will not be refracted enough, and for want of a suificient Refraction will not converge
`to the bottom of the Eye but to some place beyond it, and by consequence paint in the bottom of the
`Eye a confused Picture, and according to the Indistinctness of this Picture the Object will appear
`confiised. This is the reason ofthe decay of sight in old Men, and shews why their Sight is mended by
`Spectacles. For those Convex glasses supply the defect ofplumpness in the Eye, and by increasing the
`Refraction make the Rays converge sooner, so as to convene distinctly at the bottom of the Eye if the
`Glass have a due degree of convexity, And the contrary happens in short- sighted Men whose Eyes are
`too plump. For the Refiaction being now too great, the Rays converge and convene in the Eyes before
`they come at the bottom; and therefore the Picture made in the bottom and the Vision caused thereby
`will not be distinct, unless the Object be brought so near the Eye as that the place where the
`converging Rays convene may be removed to the bottom, or that the plumpness of the Eye be taken
`ofi“ and the Refiacfions diminished by a Concave- glass of a due degree of Concavity, or lastly that by
`Age the Eye grow flatter till it come to a due Figure: For short-sighted Men see remote Objects best in
`Old Age, and therefore they are accounted to have the most lasting Eyes.
`
`
`
`AX. VIII.
`
`An Object seen by Reflexion or Refraction, appears in that place from whence the Rays after
`their last Reflexion or Refraction diverge in falling on the Spectator's Eye.
`
`[Pg 16]
`
`[Pg 17]
`
`[Pg 18]
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`
`
`
`m
`
`If the Object A [in FIG. 9.] be seen by Reflexion of a Looking—glass mn, it shall appear, not in its
`proper place A, but behind the Glass at a, from whence any Rays AB, AC, AD, which flow from one
`and the same Point ofthe Object, do after their Reflexion made in the Points B, C, D, diverge in going
`from the Glass to E, F, G, where they are incident on the Spectator's Eyes. For these Rays do make
`the same Picture in the bottom of the Eyes as if they had come from the Object really placed at a
`without the Interposition ofthe Looking- glass; and all Vision is made according to the place and shape
`ofthat Picture.
`
`[Pg 19]
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`In like manner the Object D [in FIG. 2.] seen through a Prism, appears not in its proper place D, but is
`thence translated to some other place d situated in the last refracted Ray FG drawn backward fiom F
`to d.
`
`
`
`Fig. 10.
`
`And so the Object Q [in FIG. 10.] seen through the Lens AB, appears at the place q fi‘om whence the
`Rays diverge in passing fiom the Lens to the Eye. Now it is to be noted, that the Image of the Object
`at q is so much bigger or lesser than the Object it selfat Q, as the distance of the Image at (1 from the
`Lens AB is bigger or less than the distance of the Object at Q from the same Lens. And if the Object
`be seen through two or more such Convex or Concave- glasses, every Glass shall make a new Image,
`and the Object shall appear in the place of the bigness of the last Image. Which consideration unfolds
`the Theory of Microscopes and Telescopes. For that Theory consists in almost nothing else than the
`describing such Glasses as shall make the last Irmge of any Object as distinct and large and luminous
`as it can conveniently be made.
`
`http://www.g utenberg .org/files/33504/33504w N33504w h.htm
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`11/156
`
`Petitioner Ciena Corp. et 21].
`Petitioner Ciena Corp. et al.
`Exhibit 1046-11
`Exhibit 1046-11
`
`

`

`8/4/201 4
`
`The Project Gutenberg eBookof Opticks:, by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
`
`I have now given in Axioms and their Explications the sum of what hath hitherto been treated of in
`Opticks. For what hath been generally agreed on I content my self to assume under the notion of
`Principles, in order to what I have farther to write. And this may suflice for an Introduction to Readers
`of quick Wit and good Understanding not yet versed in Opticks: Although those who are already
`acquainted with this Science, and have handled Glasses, will more readily apprehend what followeth.
`
`[Pg 20]
`
`FOOTNOTES:
`
`[A]
`
`In our Author's Lectiones Optima, Part I. Sect. IV. Prop 29, 30, there is an elegant
`Method of determining these Foci; not only in spherical Surfaces, but likewise in any
`other curved Figure whatever: And in Prop. 32, 33, the same thing is done for any
`Ray lying out of the Axis.
`
`[B]
`
`Ibid. Prop. 34.
`
`-
`
`I
`
`-
`
`I
`
`PR 0POSITIONS.
`
`PROP. 1. TI-IEOR. 1.
`
`Lights which differ in Colour, differ also in Degrees ofRefrangibility.
`
`The PROOF by Experiments.
`
`l. I took a black oblong stilf Paper terminated by Parallel Sides, and With a Perpendicular
`Exper.
`right Line drawn cross from one Side to the other, distinguished it into two equal Parts. One of these
`parts I painted with a red colour and the other with a blue. The Paper was very black, and the Colours
`intense and thickly laid on, that the Phaenomenon might be more conspicuous. This Paper I view’d
`through a Prism of solid Glass, whose two Sides through which the Light passed to the Eye were plane
`and well polished, and contained an Angle of about sixty degrees; which Angle I call the retracting
`Angle ofthe Prism And whilst I view'd it, I held it and the Prism before a Window in such manner that
`the Sides of the Paper were parallel to the Prism, and both those Sides and the Prism were parallel to
`the Horizon, and the cross Line was also parallel to it: and that the Light which fell from the Window
`upon the Paper made an Angle with the Paper, equal to that Angle which was made with the same
`Paper by the Light reflected from it to the Eye. Beyond the Prism was the Wall ofthe Chamber under
`the Window covered over with black Cloth, and the Cloth was involved in Darkness that no Light
`might be reflected from thence, which in passing by the Edges of the Paper to the Eye, might mingle
`itself with the Light of the Paper, and obscure the thenomenon thereof These things being thus
`ordered, I found that if the refracting Angle of the Prism be turned upwards, so that the Paper may
`seem to be lifted upwards by the Refraction, its blue halfwill be lifted higher by the Refraction than its
`red half But if the refracting Angle of the Prism be turned downward, so that the Paper may seem to
`be carried lower by the Refiaction, its blue halfwill be carried something lower thereby than its red
`half. Wherefore in both Cases the Light which comes from the blue halfofthe Paper through the Prism
`to the Eye, does in like Circumstances suffer a greater Refraction than the Light which comes irom the
`red half and by consequence is more refianglble.
`
`[Pg 21]
`
`Illustration. In the eleventh Figure, MN represents the Window, and DE the Paper terminated with
`parallel Sides DJ and HE, and by the transverse Line FG distinguished into two halfs, the one DG of
`an intensely blue Colour, the other FE of an intensely red. And BACcab represents the Prism whose
`retracting Planes ABba and ACca meet in the Edge of the retracting Angle Act. This Edge Aa being
`http://www.g utenberg .org/files/33504/33504w N33504w h.htm
`
`[Pg 22]
`
`12/156
`
`Petitioner Ciena Corp. et 21].
`Petitioner Ciena Corp. et al.
`Exhibit 1046-12
`Exhibit 1046-12
`
`

`

`8/4/2014
`
`The Project Gutenberg eBookof Opticks; by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
`
`upward, is parallel both to the Horizon, and to the Parallel-Edges of the Paper DJ and HE, and the
`transverse Line FG is perpendicular to the Plane of the Window. And de represents the Image of the
`Paper seen by Refiaction upwards in such manner, that the blue half DG is carried higher to dg than
`the red half FE is to fe, and therefore suffers a greater Refiraction. If the Edge of the refiacting Angle
`be turned downward, the Image ofthe Paper willbe refiacted downward; suppose to 83, and the blue
`halfwill be refracted lower to 87 than the red halfis to 7138.
`
`[Pg 23]
`
`M
`
`
`
`Fig. 11.
`
`Exper. 2. About the aforesaid Paper, whose two halfs were painted over with red and blue, and
`which was sfifi like thin Pasteboard, I lapped several times a slender Thred of very black Silk, in such
`manner that the several parts of the Thred might appear upon the Colours like so many black Lines
`drawn over them, or like long and slender dark Shadows cast upon them I might have drawn black
`Lines with a Pen, but the Threds were smaller and better defined. This Paper thus coloured and lined I
`set against a Wall perpendicularly to the Horizon, so that one of the Colours might stand to the Right
`Hand, and the other to the Left. Close before the Paper, at the Confine ofthe Colours below, I placed
`a Candle to ilhmiinate the Paper strongly: For the Experiment was tried in the Night. The Flame of the
`Candle reached up to the lower edge of the Paper, or a very little higher. Then at the distance of six
`Feet, and one or two Inches from the Paper upon the Floor I erected a Glass Lens four Inches and a
`quarter broad, which might collect the Rays coming fiom the several Points of the Paper, and make
`them converge towards so many other Points at the same distance of six Feet, and one or two Inches
`on the other side ofthe Lens, and so form the Image ofthe coloured Paper upon a white Paper placed
`there, after the same manner that a Lens at a Hole in a Window casts the Images of Objects abroad
`upon a Sheet ofwhite Paper in a dark Room The aforesaid white Paper, erected perpendicular to the
`Horizon, and to the Rays which fell upon it fiom the Lens, I moved sometimes towards the Lens,
`sometimes fiom it, to find the Places where the Images ofthe blue and red Parts ofthe coloured Paper
`appeared most distinct. Those Places I easily knew by the Images of the black Lines which I had
`
`[Pg 24]
`
`http://www.g utenberg .org/files/33504/33504w N33504w h.htm
`
`131156
`
`Petitioner Ciena Corp. et 21].
`Petitioner Ciena Corp. et al.
`Exhibit 1046-13
`Exhibit 1046-13
`
`

`

`8/4/2014
`
`The Project Gutenberg eBookof Opticks; by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
`
`made by winding the Silk about the Paper. For the Images of those fine and slender Lines (which by
`reason oftheir Blackness were like Shadows on the Colours) were confused and scarce visflole, unless
`when the Colours on either side of each Line were terminated most distinctly, Noting therefore, as
`diligently as I could, the Places where the Images of the red and blue halls of the coloured Paper
`appeared most distinct, I f