VIRNETX EXHIBIT 2007
`Apple v. VirnetX
`Trial IPR2015-008(cid:25)(cid:26)
`
`

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`21690 '1‘:mE:h Styeet
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`- c<:m£'a-;:t Oafivorne/McGr:1w4§1i,l1 at the above addmss. For infor~:nati0.n on
`plea.
`arm-:51 {ions ar beak distributorg {mtsicia the U,S.25»., please see the Irwernatim-.al
`fiionta tlnformatimx page at the anti 0}“ this book.
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`r“
`Computer IJasktop- Encycfogsedla, Ninth Edition
`(V
`ca.
`3; ggizi @ 2901 by The Mc{3taw~Hi1l Caxnpzmies. All righm reserved. Priniazzé ix“? tilt?
`Status of Ammriczao I3i5étis:p’r as 'pI?arm§%md under tine Capyzight Ad of19?§, ma part
`:3 publication may Em rL=![:n'i3dLIc.t3Cl er éififiimted in any Eam or by any means, fir
`av reci in 21 database or rrrtrieval 5ystem,'wél}mut the ;:>ri<)r tazritfen permissimw ufithe
`publisher, vuitlx Hm ex'<;"eption t%1atihe1;:E:£Sgram lisfings mayBe euiexied, stared, and
`exertuied in 2: Comgzllfeir system, but they may not be xeprcéduced Em lZ)'LIb1§(‘IaflD1't.
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`1
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`1234567890 "DOC DOC 9‘019876§%321
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`309$: 1:2!’:1 0-G7~2‘i93[%?~7 anti C?) p /’ I1 Q-§?»219308-S
`grams of
`I§§°3N U-U7-2‘193{3é»9
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`Pubiisher
`Braucisr: A. Nordin
`
`Vice Fxeaident 8: Assnciafi.-szs Publisher
`Sifiixif Rogers
`Editorial Directuy:
`Roger Smwaré
`Senior Project fiéitmr
`Pamaka Wadi
`P1-oofreadera
`fiinéa Rfledoff, Patzi Medeff
`
`Compuizer Dcziigfiers
`Lauren Evicfiarthy; ’§‘abitha (Sagan
`
`Eliustraturs
`Lyssa Wééd, Miahaei Mueller
`Series iiiasign
`Peter F. i-iancik
`{Sewer Design
`Gmg Scot’:
`Cmter—1'I1usI:m€ian
`]<J‘:m Black
`
`LC Cmmimmbe,
`k%%\EK%lT\\
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`20 {iii
`
`This book was composwci with Corei “J}3NTUl{A””*‘ Pu§1ishur.
`
`lrufasmaticm hm §;?s:(:11ubtui1n.*di‘sy Oshawa? fMr(;raw-H51! {mm mzurczsiaelievcad Iobzz wiiwfie. H(1Wt'V?I”. 1:0-.':sus<'3 :>§'{§":g
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`Page 2 of 9
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`146
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`siient
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`('1) A wo:k:~.ia:iu:\ ox personfl§m‘:r!1pti$er in 21 ciientfwrver
`cflent
`exwircmn\enL See ciierifi/server andjiét ulfmfi.
`{2} One and of rhea sgeatrunm in a }:eqL1m%,a’supp!§.' relatiemhip
`$
`beiwncn prcgramsxfisza X Window and OLE.
`j
`
`An appiicatitm ramming in as workssation or
`cflent application
`
`personal mznputer on a network. See aim OLE.
`client baseti
`Refers to hardware or software fimé mus in she usaras
`macbéms(c1ium3. Contrast with aééawcr based.
`............._.___...____..
`
`A user's worksmtirm rim is attachmi $0 a nehxrork.
`{E38331 machine
`The term can niso f€§E?3’
`to n pcrtabla zsamputer that is ptmggerl into the
`nervmrk. Sea cfiem and ciimatfmvezu
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`srséssw NI’
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`mu {UPIDCJ
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`ciEer3'1‘: pragram Safwmze Elna: runs in the usefe PC or woflsstzxtion.
`Cmmrast with server program; which resides in a server in the network,
`
`
`cllafivfifltvbf An archjlesztuxeln which %1§_:us2r‘sI*Cffl1e cfmznt} 13
`Iheraqawtizxg machima 333:1 um server in tm wpplying mmzilu im, both «if
`whictmm mmxeetmzl ‘W; :3 lmial areaaxakwqzéc {LAN} :1!‘ wtidlz area n{:tWU5‘k
`(W-1934}. Tln'du{;l10\1l the hate “$385 mé-aaxlg 39903, cHe:s%,ascxvm- was
`Emalasfliyuzzwurci :25 wglicaficns v;m'c'm:_ig2‘xu ted Itoxncmfiralimi
`mfiicumpirma and zfiainfrnnnes h:vs%€twor1<:x of izcériimrzal c:u;:1§:_11w$’3.
`In djeniffimmr, zhe c1iant'-gfimgagw me: mar fimarluue fiifiiinciziws, Ivlnc,
`éu-.} and cm pczfmmmine orail d£'4;hr.a npphmiim procmdsxg.Smears range
`in mgmacity fmm l1igh~émi.?°§'.I3 an nminfrrimm. A database smiér mainmim
`fieeciatabaaes and §3 requests{mm firm client-kn" .»>:xm\::t éala {mm M
`"rt: zzpéaie the dniahezmax an sxpplicmimwve: provides mason-.1: imam
`premalng, farlhe ciienm.
`clicnxg/%c:vw§ewIo;:pno:z! s§m£v:2sa
`Eltientjserver Vemua-Ina Wm:
`Became of the 111t,aruet,'.'er.n1s zsaxth
`as“\1‘JtzblJ@sr¢r1" zxmi "-35321;: mxableci‘ have replncaé fl-ké éslinnkiaewmf
`§2u:<.&:wo1:d,, yet _'tl“__;_£€d1i:'En\f sewer zsrcizékrrtxnre is crmcegfituaily E313 same.
`lhers.’ 1'-‘Cs ‘a rg-sgfil clients, mini. §'i€YE am {am fl1()L_iS:I.r1t'.L!; of Ww servers
`llumzghcmt lhe'"{mer:1I:t dehvmfixg Web pages_._Nm:erihu£m, ciimtf
`sewer i$ I‘2’!€I!€i-H)‘ used it) zssfiez: tn “iegaqt,” zx;z¢\—‘i*‘¥’_é_=,ta lzsezseai aystem.
`On me Web, this éficnt mm l%~u:_h:ju\_~wr a.nd.just1fi;:sz iegacy cliént? E
`serve}: can }1eI'fo:m iime or a -101 of p;:'>'cs2e.-sirzg: simple ;ii:;;:;1ay.i:1g of
`;:mp;es, mare p'rme.ssing wilh embedded scrim; Q; €,‘()n5idcI‘ab1I3
`p:'ar:e¢a_a':ng with lava appinls. A n1§r1'i$I€3,'€3E' brazwser plug~iL'-:1; provide an
`saris cf ctiient pruce::é§;ixzg¢
`IE2 sewer aim sf éfxe Web is a Inul|‘§*fiE?F server amhfrecture wfifkx
`irslariinked Web wrvers, applicafim srarvers, databam servers and
`czmézlng servem $22 nppliczzfiafl sermsz
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`ixluwugh QM arc: all-:>ni_-:. mti waters in H312:
`suunarm, Ehésis no: ‘-‘true?’ zsléawauwer,
`because ma server 1:; rgethirng mom than a
`{Emma {flak drlmx and ma" client dams al| "Una"
`gxrucessihgg. Le:-ng2F3)r searches; can Iaoig dawn tam
`ncumrk, bmigzsxasa each cfisrét has ‘L0 reaas :21-2
`eniircn gfiazatmsa. M. LCSOO hy¥m'ner record,
`ea ézitaiaazsa wélh mama récnrds %z‘1c!s
`1OU."4§8 023%: the LAN‘
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`A person respemihle En: pm'§o:msi:\g;
`ctiarirt/svarver analyfi
`zmalyssis and design of a ciiamfsenvez system. A émowlerdge <3? two~ Her and
`tlh mmier cliunlfserver a.rc1“ai3eCfa1resis required‘ See sysisérm §ri<éE:,t:7: and ciitméfszrmct‘.
` -mm-1
`ciicmt/server arctfitecttzres
`Pm zmvirnmnmi. in which {he apgtzlicarinu prmmsing is dividmi beésveen client
`ngwitia saervcrs in at netwozk, in conlmsk 29
`workstaticms nmci servers. It ixnpéies the use uf ~CEes§<t<:p computezs Ema-mcii
`processing wcrything in a large cmztraiézed m3inf"s"a1nF!. See széimffscrvvr.
`
`
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`(3-asraplsiaa‘ fitsiituy Mcyiziapeéia
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`Page 3 of 9
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`
` about each system component,
`An application management suite from BMC that uses agents to report on software activities on all the
`PATROL
`servers within the enterprise. Using the information in ”l<.noWledge modules" (KMS)
`agents detect events, collect information and notify system and network administrators to take corrective action.
`FAX
`(1) (Private Automatic Exchange) An inhouse intercom system.
`A parallel processing environment standard based on Intel's i860 RISC chip,
`12) (Parallel Architecture Extended)
`UNIX System V and Alliant Computer's parallel and 3-D graphics technologies.
`payload
`The data-carrying capacity of some structure. It typically refers to a part of a packet or frame i.n a
`
`communications system that holds the message data in contrast to the headers, which are considered overhead.
`
`
`
`
`See Web payment service.
`payment service
`Software distributed for money. Contrast withfreeware.
`
`payware
`
`FE See Powcrfiuilrler.
`
`PBX
`(Private Branch exchange) An inhouse telephone switching
`system that interconnects telephone extensions to each other, as well as
`to the outside telephone network. It may include functions such as least
`cost routing for outside cells, call forwarding, conference calling and call
`. Modern l’BXs use a.ll~digital methods for switching and may
`accounting
`support both digital terminals and telephones along with analog
`telephones. Sec WPBX.
`
`
`An Early PBX
`This PBX began operation In Bangor. Maine in
`1333. (image courtesy of AT&T.)
`
`Muttlmedla
`Controller
`(sound, uamu)
`
`internal
`Modem
`
`
`
`U0 Ganlrnller
`(hard dlak,
`floppy, serial,
`
`
`
`
`
`CPU
`
`_r"
`
`Expanilon
`Sluts thus)
`Motherboard
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`PC (3) (Printed Circuit) See printed circuit board.
`(2) (Personal Computer) Any laptop or desktop
`computer such as Windows machine or a Macintosh.
`(1) (Personal Computer) A stand-alone laptop or
`desktop computer running Windows (or DOS for earlier
`applications). PC hardware and operating systems are
`primarily governed by Intel and Microsoft respectively.
`The PC is the world's largest computer base.
`PCs are also widely used as clients and servers in a local
`area network (LAN). PC clients predominantly run under
`Windows, but PC servers (X86-based servers) run under
`Windows, Netware or a variation of UNIX such as Linux
`or Unixware. PC servers may use Windows 95/98, but
`Windows NT and 2000 are more likely choices.
`Although there are literally thousands of PC vendors,
`from mom and pop shops to large mail order houses (Dell,
`Gateway, etc.) to the major computer companies (Compaq,
`HP, etc.), and of course IBM, still one of the world’s largest
`PC makers, all PCs use an Intel X86 or compatible CPU.
`After IBM introduced the PC in 1981, the first attempts at
`cloning it were mostly unsuccessful. Except for Cornpacfs first
`PC, from 1982 to 1985, there were a lot of ”almostcornpat‘1ble” PCs. However, as soon as the part of the operating system
`l<nown as the BIOS was successfully cloned and made commercially available, true Compatibles appeared in abundance.
`Before Windows 95, adding another peripheral device to a PC was often an exercise in trial and error. Modifying
`DOS's infamous configuration files (AU”DOEXBC.BAT and CONFIGSYS) caused many a user to give up. Windows 95.
`98 and 2000 added Plug and Play, which means for the most part, you can replace hard disks and display adapters, as
`well as acid a scanner, CD-ROM or other device without difficulty.
`winding its way onto the shelves of retail outlets worldwide. This is a
`The PC has become a commodity item,
`van one fraught with loopholes and inconsistencies.
`testimonial to the power of a computer standard, e
`
`What's Inside a PC?
`
`
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
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`Page 4 of 9
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`persuttal csmputer
`
`‘I51
`
`
`{frazziical fixfraciinn Report Language} 2% §i}l‘G[§I‘E!IY‘;II\1I1§;§a§'E,§§l1Zlge wriéiefi Eisy imary W39 that wmbfmgx sym.1:<
`F811
`from several UNZX wriiities and languagm, immdxzced in $87, Perfi is designed kg hanciie a variety of systestu
`administrmor ff.Ir1c:t*i<:-rm and provides ate-mpmvhensive sfrizsg handilng ftniwtimm. It is w ‘::.ic.=ly used in wriiw: Web raeruxzr
`pt0g1‘aTi1S for such tasks as Llt1lOl1'l:7JiZ.‘%'§Jly updating user ztcmxmis and Iwéxasgsdyep pastings, pruc-ueaxeizxg removal requests,
`3j.’r1:;‘l'x1c(JL1i;*.ii\g tldmbaat-.‘s and g::r‘m=n:i|:xg repurisu Perl has also been azinpizéd m. rre:\-UNIX p§a£Em:n1s..St>e 21150 FURL.
`
`5
`
`
`
`;
`
`3
`
`
`
`;‘
`
`“ ‘
`
`£1} A soft fmxt lhai is keys in the printer’; mamory until the pri.-ma; ia turned off.
`;)@Ff’¥%&%‘i£:n;mfDnf
`(2) Same as inienrczéfazsé,
`
`permanent m-emery
`
`Same as arm-tzsziatiics nuemory.
`
`One passibia <:L1mbinalian of il'<:m3 gut of a larger wt of itmns. For exnmpie, with the set of numbers
`permmzatlonl
`1, I2 and 3, Zhere are six posséifle peznwutarions: Ea zi, '13, 31, 23 and 3%»
`
`fierpén cular rafiordmg
`
`S¢aez;crbim$recuré£ng.
`
`par seat
`
`By wufivskuiioxw. See per mm Iiccmfng.
`
`Sofhvara Iimmixzg based on 11 per um: basis. Fer emmpfie, 21 lfllfiwam Elcense 1-mzansihaz up
`par seat Iieaamirzg
`ts) E00 sgnecifiicaiiyvmsmed users fiave accwea to the pmyam. Per seat iicméireg is administemci 53; providing u.=ser~imm1
`security to {he dérccmry csritaining the program: Ccanizaai with cnncurrerrf Iiécrzsing.
`
`(1) Tu :1 CRT, Em iime :1 plxaespimz riot ra:::1aina§iium§na!t«.~claft<zr wiag energized. K0711;-pfirsisteuce
`pemistenée
`yxczsgyhera reduce flécéznzr, but gerxeraie gixasmlike images that iizxgar on screen far a fraction of 3 second,
`(23 in objeci lecéxnakxgx, the stfsragn of an object on a disk or ofiaer permt.-zmnt storage device‘
`
`{hm éihat exists {tam sesaion to session‘ 1’e1*sisten§<iata is stored If: :3; fi&ta[1&se1*.mn digfi or tape.
`persistent data
`Centscasf with irmsimé aiam.
`'
`
`
`
`perslstenf link swim: link.
`
`zaemistent Ohjfifii An object that ssczniinues icy exist after t‘m;:mgra:n that cremasd it has Wem unlmded. A2:
`obiecfs class arté cutrerif state must be saved fer use in aubsequexar sessions. Tn afajacl technology, persistence means
`staring the object For iarcr nae,
`
`gaersonai agent See ugam.
`
`personal communicator
`
`Six: FDA.
`
`Sytwnymmxs with ”mi<:¥{:»cnn1puter,” "'&es;1<mp c:1:np:m:r," and "iapmp cumpgter,” it ia 1:
`gmscinzii
`zioszxputer {flat mwes um user in the office or harms. A campiete p<>,:'sr.>nal compuéer system with §;:x:§nix:r can Casi as
`iitfie 39 $"1,i3(}G or as much as $8,000 er rnnre. Size is based rm mainory and disk ::apacity.Speed is Exased on the C913
`that rum it and output qmliiy is Exameri on lhs: éype and resoiuéiuu of its mzmléar and primer,
`
`,
`
`The permzml computer world as <i<Jm'1I1€\tt:ri by Ezxfaxasroxva-haw Pm,
`Magsr Suppfiars of Personal Compuixars
`'E’h.22§‘s:2 are éhousands cxfvmxdcars mat maké them, from m£§m';a:.1(i pap shops; to hugv tnszgaazfies smch as_ Ctsmlzaq, HP
`and {EMA The alherxwte personal corngzvuter standard 23 .¥§.ppis:":; Madmmsln, which is zgxaiyi‘ 'mILr.le'-by Appin. r’§.im‘i mu!
`f.".:m1rmdo::u nnre carved out their zmymlive nichau, but Atari reiunxw Ea’) its gczmfisng mats and Commodxzm has since
`closed its dogys.
`
`'I'hei11v;!u5¥:x°y began in 1339?, when ;%.;:1pI'e2, Radio Sixclck aréé €:€?in1fiC.riO:u
`l'§£s.!;{:t’}{ fifwrsonal Commuters
`3’§1€.*
`i11tmcluce»2i file: first off~thn«sine§f :*omp.uters ns:_cé_2msz::zzt:r prt_5ci_uu§a. ’1‘f1c: first machirnzs used H n 84:33 m%rn~op'rnm=:a:::r.
`with a zIm1<_iin1mzc>I‘ f;«1K czsfizmamnry" and f1c)p;’>;;*'<i§:i3.<.!: fur stemiga. The Appie ii; Mari 5053, aztfi Cuirzmizldore 54 Etggmfle
`p_opular'ho:m: coznputexs, and Appira watt mxccmmful ln culznpaixies after ELM V§§iC‘aicspraadahen§ was hifrutlumé.
`Howwer, the busimeas wtsrid was soon ciaminaieci by ‘SE18 Z80 processor and C1’z".~’vl operaéfiug gysiem, usmi by
`
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`Page 5 of 9
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` fiomgstgr Besktup fiscyelogefiia
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`

`
`804
`
`protocol stack
`
`gned
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`VGA
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`protocol stack The hierarchy of protocols used in a communications network. Network architectures desi
`in layers, such as TCP/II’, OS] and SNA, are referred to as stacks. See OSI.
`
`protocol suite
`Same as protocol stack.
`prototyping
`(1) Creating a demo ofa new systan. Prototyping is essential for clarifying inforrnationIEq1J‘l]_‘g]_-ne
`The design of a system (functionalspecs} must be finalized before the system can bebuilt. While analytically-onentergljm
`people may have a clear picture of requirements, others may not.
`Using fourth-generation languages, systems analysts and users can develop the new system together. Databases ca
`be created and manipulated while the user monitors the progress. Once users see tangible output on screen or papgr n
`they can figure out Whats missing or what the next question might be if this were a production system. Ifprototypkig
`is carefully done, the end result canbe a working system.
`Evenif the final system is reprogrammed in other languages for standardization or machine efficiency, prototyping
`has served to provide specifications for a working system rather than a theoretical one.
`(2) Seefunction prototyping.
`provisioned
`Setupforaparticulartypeoftelecommunicationsservice.Seeprovisioning.
`provisioning
`Settingupatelecornmunicationsserviceforaparticularcustomer.Commoncarriersprovision
`circuits by programming their computersto switchcustomer lines into the appropriatenetworks.
`proxy ‘See proxyserver.
`proxy cache
`A facility in aproxy server thatcaches incomingWeb pageson thehard disk. Ifthenextpage
`requested by a browser is already in the proxy cache, the page is retrieved locally instead of from the Internet. With
`proxy caches, the browsers mustbe configured to use the proxy server. See proxy server, reverse proxy cache, transparent
`cache and Web cache.
`'
`
`proxy server Also called a ”proxy” or "application level gateway,” it is an application that breaks the connection
`between sender and receiver. Allinput is forwarded out a different port, closing a straight pathbetweentwo networks
`and preventinga hacker from obtaininginternal addresses and details of a private network.
`Proxyservers are available for commonInternetservices; forexample, anHTTPproxyis usedforWebaccess, and
`an SMTPproxy is used for email. Proxies generally employ network address translation (NAT), which presents one
`organization-wide If‘ address to the Internet. It funnels all user requests to the Internet and fans responses back out to
`the appropriate users. Proxies may also cache Web pages, so that the next request can be obtained locally. Proxies are
`only one tool that can be used to build a firewall. See L/lN,firewall, proxy cache and SOCKS server.
`PR/SM (Processor Resource/Systerns Manager} Hardware circuits and microcode built into IBM Systemf390
`mainframes that support logical partitions (LPARS). LPARs allow the running of multiple system images on a single
`processor complex. Each such image has a full complement of CPUS (dedicated or shared), central storage, expanded
`storage and channels. ESCON and FlCON channels may be shared across images using the MIF feature. Pronounced
`“prism,” PR/SM was derived from VM, the IBM operating system that provides multiple system images in software.
`See LPAR, MI? and VM.
`PRT SC
`See print screen.
`ps
`(1) ('PicoSecond) See space/time.
`(2) (1”S——Personal Services) IBM office automation software for PCs, minis and mainframes, which includes word
`processing, electronic mail and library services.
`(3) (Postscript) See Postscript.
`PS/1 An early IBM home computer series introduced in 1990. The original models featured an integrated monitor
`and ea5y~to—open case, The first PS/1 was a 286 with an ISA bus. See PC.
`
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`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
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`Page 6 of 9
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`994
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`TSEIP
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`. Mm’
`
`(Thin Small Outline Package) A very»thin, plastic, rectangular surface mount chip package with gullvwing
`TSOP
`pins on its two short sides. TSOI-‘s are about a third as thick as S0] chips. See gull-wing lead, SOP, SO] and chip package.
`
`T-span
`
`A 24—charu1el group, which makes up one T1 line, See TI.
`
`(Terminate and Stay Resident) Refers to a program that remains in memory when the user exits it in order
`TSR
`that it be immediately available at the press of a hotkey. TSRs were popular under DOS to quickly pop up a calendar,
`calculator or other utility, because DOS did not have built-in task switching. Standards for writing TSRS were not
`codified early on, and TSRS often conflicted with each other and regular applications. After Windows 3.0, TSRs became
`moot, since any D05 or Windows application could be conveniently task switched in a separate window.
`
`T-gé
`
`See ITU.
`
`(Tree and Tabular Combined Notation} A programming language endorsed by 150 that is used to-write test
`TTCN
`suites for telecommunications systems. TTCN is used for ”black box testing," which means that all interaction to the
`system is via messages, rather than by a user with a mouse. Test suites are built in a hierarchical and modular manner,
`allowing many programmers to be involved in the project. Numerous telecorn vendors use "ITCN for their products, and
`organizations such as the ITU, ATM Forum and ETS], provide TFCN conformancetests for new standards.
`
`TTFN
`
`Digispealg for goodbye (”ta ta for now").
`
`TT font
`
`See TrueType.
`
`(1) (Transistor Transistor Logic} A digital circuit composed of bipolar transistors wired in a certain manner.
`TTL
`'iTL logic has been widely used since the early days of digital circuitry. TTL designations may appear on input or
`' output ports of various devices, which indicates a digital circuit in contrast to an analog circuit.
`(2) (Time To Live) A set maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to propagate through the network before it
`is discarded.
`
`(3) {Through The Lens) Refers to a si.ngle~lens reflex camera that lets the photographer View the scene through the
`same lens that captures the image.
`T...
`T.TUD See T120.
`
`(TeleTYpewriter protocol) A low-speed asynchronous communications protocol with limited or no
`TTY protocol
`error checking. See reletypewriter.
`tube
`Sec CRT and vacuum tube.
`
`A laser that can change its frequency over a given range. in time, tunable lasers are expected to be
`tunable laser
`capable of switching frequencies on a pacl<et—by—paci<et basis.
`'
`
`tuner An electronic part of a radio or TV that locks on to a selected carrier frequency (station, channel) and filters
`out the audio and video signals for amplification and display.
`
`tunneling Transrrfrtting Clara-structured in one protocol format within the format of another protocol. Tmmeling
`allows other types of transmission streams to be carried within the prevailing protocol. See IP tunneling and LZTP.
`
`tuple
`
`In relational database management, a record, or row. See relational database.
`
`A C compiler from Borland used to create a wide variety of commercial products. it is known for its
`Turbo C
`well-designed debugger. Borland's object-oriented versions of C are Turbo C++ and Borland C++.
`The DOS version of this database is written in Turbo C. The Windows version is written in Microsoft C.
`
`A type of channel coding that uses a convolutional code and a type of Viterbi decoder that outputs a
`turbo code
`continuous value rather than a O or 1. See cmrvolutiomzl code and Viterbi decoder.
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
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`Page 7 of 9
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`Cumgaztar Besi-may Encyclupedia
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`Page 8 of 9
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`1089
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