`
`______________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`______________
`
`
`
`FORD MOTOR COMPANY
`Petitioner,
`
`v.
`
`PAICE LLC & ABELL FOUNDATION, INC.
`Patent Owners.
`
`______________
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,104,347 to Severinsky et al.
`IPR Case No. IPR2015-00795
`
`
`
`DECLARATION OF DR. GREGORY W. DAVIS IN SUPPORT OF
`PETITIONER’S REPLY TO PATENT OWNER’S RESPONSE
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 1 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`Table of Contents
`
`Updated Exhibit List .................................................................................................. 3
`
`I.
`
`Ibaraki ’882 discloses a torque based line ....................................................... 7
`
`II.
`
`Ibaraki ’882 discloses an engine MTO ..........................................................10
`
`III. Claims 3 and 4 are obvious over Ibaraki ’882 in view of Koide, Frank,
`and the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art ............................17
`
`IV. Claim 16 is obvious over Ibaraki ’882 in view of Koide, Kawakatsu
`’429, and the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art ...................18
`
`V.
`
`Claim 20 is obvious over Ibaraki ’882 in view of Koide, Vittone, and
`the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art ...................................20
`
`
` A person of ordinary skill in the art would have understood that A.
`Vittone’s ‘steady state management’ of the thermal engine
`teaches that the rate of change of torque output of the engine is
`limited ..................................................................................................20
`
`B.
`
`
`Rationale to combine Ibaraki ’882 and Koide with Vittone ...............24
`
`1.
`
`
`Paice’s narrow interpretation of Ibaraki ’882 and Vittone
`is incorrect .................................................................................24
`
`VI. Claim 19 is obvious in view of Ibaraki ’882 and Koide with
`Yamaguchi and the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art ........26
`
`VII. Claim 22 is obvious over Ibaraki ’882 in view of Koide, Ibaraki ’626,
`and the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art ............................27
`
`VIII. Claim 14 is obvious over Ibaraki ’882 in view of Koide, Lateur, and
`the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art ...................................27
`
`A.
`
`
`Rationale to combine ...........................................................................28
`
`IX. Conclusion .....................................................................................................29
`
`
`
`Page 2 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Exhibit
`No.
`1301
`1302
`1303
`1304
`1305
`1306
`
`1307
`1308
`1309
`
`1310
`
`1311
`1312
`
`1313
`1314
`
`1315
`
`1316
`
`1317
`1318
`1319
`
`1320
`
`1321
`1322
`1323
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`Updated Exhibit List
`
`Description
`US Patent 7,104,347
`Ford Letter to Paice
`US Patent 5,789,882
`US Patent 5,623,104
`US Patent 4,335,429
`Automotive
`Handbook (Jurgen)
`US Patent 5,823,280
`Declaration of Gregory Davis
`US Application 60-100095
`
`Electronics
`
`Date
`Sept. 12, 2006
`Sept. 2014
`Aug. 4, 1998
`Apr. 22, 1997
`Jun. 15, 1982
`
`
`Oct. 20, 1998
`
`Filed Sept. 11,
`1998
`n/a
`
`Excerpt of USPN 7,104,347 File
`History
`July 3, 2007
`U.S. Patent No. 7,237,634
`7,237,634 File History (certified) n/a
`
`Identifier
`’347 Patent
`
`Ibaraki ’882
`Suga ’104
`Kawakatsu ’429
`Jurgen
`
`Lateur ‘280
`Davis Dec.
`’095 Provisional
`
`’347 File History
`
`’634 Patent
`’634 Patent File
`History
`Toyota Litigation
`Hyundai
`Litigation
`
`
`Toyota Litigations
`Hyundai Litigation
`
`PTAB Decisions & Preliminary
`Response in 2014-00571
`Bosch Automotive Handbook
`(1996)
`US Patent 5,934,395
`US Patent 6,116,363
`Engineering Fundamentals of the
`Internal Combustion Engine
`Fiat Conceptual Approach
`Hybrid Cars Design (Vittone)
`US Patent 5,865,263
`US Patent 6,003,626
`Innovations
`in Design: 1993
`Ford Hybrid Electric Vehicle
`Challenge
`
`to
`
`2005
`2013-2014
`
`
`
`Oct. 1996
`
`Bosch Handbook
`
`Aug. 10, 1999 Koide
`Sept. 12, 2000
`Frank
`1997
`Pulkrabek
`
`Dec. 5-7, 1994 Vittone
`
`Feb. 2, 1999
`Dec. 21, 1999
`Feb. 1994
`
`Yamaguchi
`Ibaraki ’626
`
`
`Page 3 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`Description
`1996 & 1997 Future Car
`Challenge
`to Automotive
`Introduction
`Powertrain (Davis)
`History of Hybrid Electric
`Vehicle (Wakefield-1998)
`SAE 760121 (Unnewehr-1976)
`SAE 920447 (Burke-1992)
`Vehicle Tester for HEV (Duoba-
`1997)
`DOE Report to Congress (1994) April 1995
`
`Date
`Feb. 1997 &
`Feb. 1998
`
`
`1998
`
`Feb. 1, 1976
`Feb. 1, 1992
`Aug. 1, 1997
`
`Identifier
`
`
`Davis Textbook
`
`Wakefield
`
`Unnewehr
`Burke 1992
`Duoba 1997
`
`SAE SP-1331 (1998)
`SAE SP-1156 (1996)
`Microprocessor Design for HEV
`(Bumby-1988)
`DOE HEV Assessment (1979)
`
`Feb. 1998
`Feb. 1996
`Sept. 1, 1988
`
`
`
`
`Exhibit
`No.
`1324
`
`1325
`
`1326
`
`1327
`1328
`1329
`
`1330
`
`1331
`1332
`1333
`
`1334
`
`1994 Report to
`Congress
`SAE SP-1331
`SAE SP-1156
`Bumby/Masding
`1988
`Sept. 30, 1979 HEV Assessment
`1979
`EPA HEV Final
`Study
`IEEE Ehsani 1996
`
`1335
`
`EPA HEV Final Study (1971)
`
`1336
`
`1337
`
`1338
`
`1339
`1340
`
`1341
`1342
`1343
`
`1344
`1345
`1346
`
`Propulsion System for Design
`for EV (Ehsani-1996)
`Propulsion System Design for
`HEV (Ehsani-1997)
`Critical Issues in Quantifying
`HEV Emissions (An 1998)
`WO 9323263A1 (Field)
`Toyota Prius (Yamaguchi-1998)
`
`US Patent 6,209,672
`SAE SP-1089 (Anderson-1995)
`1973 Development
`of
`the
`Federal Urban Driving Schedule
`(SAE 730553)
`Gregory Davis Resume
`Gregory Davis Data
`US Patent 4,407,132
`
`June 1, 1971
`
`June 18, 2005
`
`Feb. 1997
`
`IEEE Ehsani 1997
`
`Aug. 11, 1998 An 1998
`
`Nov. 25, 1998
`Jan. 1998
`
`April 3, 2001
`Feb. 1995
`1973
`
`9323263
`Toyota Prius
`Yamaguchi 1998
`’672 Patent
`SAE SP-1089
`SAE 1973
`
`
`
`Oct. 4, 1983
`
`
`
`Kawakatsu ’132
`
`Page 4 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Exhibit
`No.
`1347
`
`1348
`
`1349
`
`1350
`
`1351
`
`1352
`
`1353
`
`1354
`
`1355
`
`1356
`
`1357
`
`1358
`
`1359
`
`1360
`
`1361
`
`1362
`
`1363
`
`1364
`
`Description
`Final Decision, IPR2014-00904,
`Paper 41
`Final Decision, IPR2014-00571,
`Paper 44
`Final Decision, IPR2014-01416,
`Paper 26
`Deposition Transcript of Neil
`Hannemann for IPR2014-01416
`Final Decision, IPR2014-00884,
`Paper 38
`Final Decision, IPR2014-00875,
`Paper 38
`Final Decision, IPR2014-01415,
`Paper 30
`Deposition Transcript of Neil
`Hannemann for IPR2014-00570
`Deposition Transcript of Neil
`Hannemann for IPR2014-00875
`Exhibit 2 from deposition of Neil
`Hannemann for IPR2014-00875
`Patent Owner’s
`Response,
`IPR2014-00884, Paper 19
`Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric
`and Fuel Cell Vehicles
`Bosch Handbook
`
`Deposition Transcript of Neil
`Hannemann for IPR2014-00884
`Deposition Transcript of Neil
`Hannemann for IPR2014-00787
`Exhibit 12
`from Deposition
`Transcript of Neil Hannemann
`(IPR2014-00884)
`Response,
`Patent Owner’s
`IPR2014-01416, Paper 17
`Deposition Transcript of Neil
`Hannemann for IPR2014-00571
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`10,
`
`Date
`December
`2015
`September 28,
`2015
`March 10, 2016
`
`Sept. 4, 2015
`
`10,
`
`December
`2015
`November 23,
`2015
`March 10, 2016
`
`Identifier
`’904 Decision
`
`’571 Decision
`
`’1416 Decision
`
`Hannemann ’1416
`Dep.
`’884 Decision
`
`’875 Decision
`
`’1415 Decision
`
`April 8, 2015
`
`Hannemann ’570
`Dep.
`April 30, 2015 Hannemann ’875
`Dep.
`’875 Dep. Exhibit
`
`April 30, 2015
`
`March 10, 2015
`
`’884 POR
`
`2005
`
`Ehsani
`
`1976
`
`Bosch Handbook
`1976
`April 30, 2015 Hannemann ’884
`Dep.
`April 27, 2016 Hannemann ’787
`Dep.
`’884 Dep. Exhibit
`
`April 30, 2015
`
`June 17, 2015
`
`’1416 POR
`
`April 7, 2015
`
`Hannemann ‘571
`Dep.
`
`Page 5 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Exhibit
`No.
`1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`Description
`Reply Declaration
`Gregory Davis
`
`of Dr.
`
`Date
`
`
`Identifier
`Davis Reply
`
`
`
`Page 6 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`I, Gregory Davis, hereby declare as follows:
`
`1.
`
`I previously submitted a declaration on February 23, 2015 at the
`
`request of Ford Motor Company in the matter of Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent
`
`No. 7,104,347 (“the ’347 Patent”) to Severinsky et al.
`
`2.
`
`I provide this supplemental declaration in response to arguments
`
`presented by the Patent Owner.
`
`I.
`
`Ibaraki ’882 discloses a torque based line
`
`3.
`
`I understand that Paice argues that boundary line B in Figure 11 of
`
`Ibaraki ‘882 is a “power curve.” (see e.g., Ex. 2306, Hannemann Decl. at ¶52.) But
`
`I disagree as the curved portion Mr. Hannemann relies upon is only a segment of
`
`the entire “boundary line B.”
`
`4. When looking at the entire “boundary line B” I understand it to be the
`
`“vehicle drive torque” (as the y-axis states) at all “vehicle speeds.”
`
`5.
`
`For instance, “boundary line B” includes (1) a hyperbolic curved
`
`portion that I have highlighted in red; and (2) a flat (constant) portion which I have
`
`highlighted in blue.
`
`Page 7 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`Ex. 1303, Ibaraki ’882 at Fig. 11 (annotated)
`
`
`
`6.
`
`This is important as it appears that Mr. Hannemann (and Paice) are
`
`solely relying on the hyperbolic curved portion to argue that “boundary line B” is a
`
`line of constant power.
`
`7.
`
`But I do not believe this to be an accurate statement as demonstrated
`
`by Ex. 1358.1 Specifically, Ex. 1358 confirms that a person having ordinary skill
`
`in the art would understand the below graph to be the ideal characteristics of what
`
`an engine (or electric motor) would output at the drive wheels.
`
`
`1 Ex. 1358 (Ehsani) is a true and accurate copy of excerpts from a textbook titled
`
`“Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles Fundamentals, Theory,
`
`and Design” that was published by CRC Press in 2005 and authored by Mehrdad
`
`Ehsani et al.
`
`Page 8 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`Ex. 1358, Ehsani at 37, Fig. 2.10
`
`
`
`8.
`
`As shown two curves are illustrated. The first curve labeled “torque”
`
`includes a flat portion at low vehicle speeds and then a segment where the “torque
`
`varies with speed hyperbolically.” (Ex. 1358, Ehsani at 37.) This hyperbolically
`
`varying portion would be a torque line indicating a constant power value.
`
`9.
`
`In fact, the above graph illustrates this fact by also including a power
`
`output line. As is shown, when the “torque varies with speed hyperbolically” the
`
`power line is constant (flat).
`
`10. Likewise, as shown by Fig. 2.10, when the torque is constant (flat) the
`
`power line increases rapidly up to its constant (flat) value. This graph simply
`
`further illustrates the well-known relationships between torque and power with
`
`respect to speed.
`
`Page 9 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`
`11. But simply because a hyperbolically varying torque line might be
`
`understood as representing a constant power curve, does not mean the line is a
`
`power curve.
`
`12. Again, Fig. 11 is expressly labeled in terms of “vehicle drive torque”
`
`and “vehicle speed.” This alone should confirm that “boundary line B” is a torque
`
`line.
`
`13. Further, Ex. 1358 illustrates a person having ordinary skill would
`
`understand that the torque at the wheels is constant (flat) at low vehicle speeds, and
`
`then the “torque varies with speed hyperbolically.”
`
`14. A person having ordinary skill would therefore have understood the
`
`entire portion of boundary line B as being a “vehicle drive torque” line (as the
`
`graph expressly is labeled) which is constant (flat) at low “vehicle speeds,” and
`
`then which “varies with speed hyperbolically.”
`
`II.
`
`Ibaraki ’882 discloses an engine MTO
`
`15.
`
`It is my understanding that Paice argues boundary line C is not at or
`
`near an engine’s MTO, and therefore boundary line B is not substantially less than
`
`the engine’s MTO. But, Ibaraki ‘882 discloses a multigear “transmission 116” as
`
`located between the engine and the drive wheels.
`
`16.
`
`It is also my understanding that Paice has relied on Ex. 1358 (Ehsani
`
`textbook) to demonstrate the typical engine MTO curve.
`
`Page 10 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`
`17. Ex. 1358 explains
`
`that
`
`it was known
`
`to use a “multigear
`
`transmission... to modify” the “torque-speed profile” (engine MTO curve) shown
`
`in Figure 2.11. (Ex. 1358, Ehsani at 38.) Ex. 1358 further states that how a
`
`transmission modifies the “torque-speed profile” is shown in “Figure 2.13.” (Ex.
`
`1358, Ehsani at 39.)
`
`18.
`
`It is my understanding however, that Paice did not include the portion
`
`of the textbook including Figure 2.13. I have acquired a copy of this textbook and
`
`included chapter 2 in its entirety. (Ex. 1358, Ehsani.)
`
`19. Shown below is “Figure 2.13” (Ex. 1358, Ehsani at 39) that illustrates
`
`that each gear in the transmission has a different gear ratio that modifies the single
`
`torque vs speed curve of the engine to map to various torque vs speed curves for
`
`the vehicle.2 For instance, in first (1st) gear, the engine provides the greatest torque
`
`to the wheels at a low vehicle speed. On the other hand, in fourth (4th) gear the
`
`engine torque provided at the wheels has a relatively flat curve and can only
`
`
`2 One of ordinary skill in the art recognizes that Tractive Effort at the wheel (kN)
`
`(shown on the y-axis of Fig. 2.13) is simply the Tractive Torque at the wheel (kN-
`
`m) divided by the rolling radius of the wheel. (See Ex. 1316, Bosch Handbook at
`
`6-7.)
`
`Page 11 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`provide a low torque but can do so up to a much higher vehicle speed. (Ex. 1358,
`
`Ehsani at 39.)
`
`
`
`20. The above figure illustrates what was commonly known to a person
`
`having ordinary skill. For instance, a person driving a manual-transmission vehicle
`
`would have understood that 1st gear cannot be used to drive vehicles at higher
`
`speeds (e.g., driving on the freeway). Likewise, a person driving a manual-
`
`transmission vehicle in 1998 would have also understood that higher gears cannot
`
`be used when attempting to climb a very steep hill or tow a heavy load at low
`
`speed. This is because higher gears (e.g., 4th gear) cannot produce the torque
`
`necessary to meet these vehicle demands. Therefore, lower gears (and lower
`
`vehicle speeds) are used to operate the vehicle under these situations.
`
`Page 12 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`21.
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`It was also well-known to a person having ordinary skill that
`
`transmissions were used not only to improve the performance of an engine, but
`
`also to improve the efficiency. For instance, Ex. 1358 describes that the gear ratios
`
`of a transmission are “selected in such a way that the engine can operate in the
`
`same speed range for all the gears. This approach would benefit the fuel economy
`
`and performance of the vehicle.” (Ex. 1358, Ehsani at 40.)
`
`22. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that Figure 2.13
`
`(Ex. 1358, Ehsani at 39.) illustrates the engine’s MTO at each gear, as provided at
`
`the wheels of the vehicle. As annotated below, the engine’s MTO (as modified by
`
`each gear of the transmission) is limited by a hyperbolic curve.
`
`Ex. 1358, Ehsani at Fig. 2.11 and 2.13
`
`23. As is further illustrated below, Figure 2.13 (Ex. 1358, Ehsani at 39)
`
`
`
`includes a dashed line (highlighted in yellow) that is the upper bound of each
`
`Page 13 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`individual MTO curve that has been modified by the transmission and provided at
`
`the drive wheels. This upper bound represents the maximum power that could be
`
`provided to the drive wheels by the engine at any vehicle speed. In other words,
`
`the dashed line represents the maximum torque output of the engine that can be
`
`provided to the wheels at any given vehicle speed.
`
`
`
`Ex. 1358, Ehsani at 39, Fig. 2.13 (annotated)
`
`24.
`
`It was further known by a person having ordinary skill that if an
`
`“infinitely variable transmission” was used, the hyperbolic curve highlighted above
`
`in yellow could be attained over a range of gear ratios. (Ex. 1359, Bosch Handbook
`
`1976 at 3.) In other words, the dashed line would be the engine’s MTO as seen at
`
`the vehicle wheels when using an infinitely variable transmission. This concept is
`
`Page 14 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`illustrated somewhat by the 4 gear transmission shown in Figure 2.13. Specifically,
`
`it can be seen that each gear follows the hyperbolic curves for at least a portion.
`
`With the infinitely variable transmission, there would not be any “steps” or gaps
`
`between gears; thus the engine MTO at the wheels of the vehicle would follow the
`
`hyperbolic curve highlighted in yellow.
`
`25. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that boundary
`
`line C in Fig. 11 of Ibaraki ‘882 represents the upper bound of the engine’s MTO
`
`as seen at the output of the “transmission 116” (i.e., at the drive wheels) in any
`
`gear represented on a graph of vehicle torque versus speed, as described by Dr.
`
`Ehsani in Ex. 1358. A comparison is shown below.
`
`Ehsani (Ex. 1358)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Ibaraki ‘882 (Ex. 1303)
`
`26. While Ex. 1358 is not prior art, illustrating the transmission output for
`
`each gear of the engine’s MTO was well-known as shown and described in the
`
`
`
`Page 15 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`Bosch Handbook in 1976. (Ex. 1359.3) Ex. 13594 also explains that it was well
`
`known that without a transmission, the engine could “provide only little
`
`acceleration and exhibit unsatisfactory climbing ability.” (Ex. 1359, Bosch
`
`Handbook 1976 at 3.) This is shown below by the dashed line labeled “direct
`
`drive.” In other words, with a direct drive gear ratio the engine’s MTO is not
`
`modified and will be far below the hyperbolic “ideal tractive force hyperbola”
`
`curve illustrated below at most vehicle speeds.
`
`
`3 Just as before with Ehsani, one of ordinary skill in the art recognizes that the
`
`Tractive force at the wheel (shown on the y-axis of Ex. 1359 at 3) is simply the
`
`Tractive Torque at the wheel divided by the rolling radius of the wheel. (See Ex.
`
`1316, Bosch Handbook at 6-7; see also Ex. 1359, Bosch Handbook 1976 at 3;
`
`explaining that “M = F*r,” where M = torque, F = force, r = radius.)
`
`4 Ex. 1359 (Bosch Handbook 1976) is a true and accurate copy of excerpts from
`
`the 1976 Bosch Automotive Handbook that was published by Robert Bosch GmbH
`
`in 1976.
`
`Page 16 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Ex. 1359, Bosch Handbook 1976 at 3
`
`27. The direct drive illustration just further demonstrates that a person
`
`having ordinary skill would have understood that the hyperbolic “boundary line C”
`
`curve is at or possibly below the engine’s MTO at all points. The “direct drive”
`
`curve shows that without a transmission, the MTO of the engine at the wheels is
`
`below the engine MTO curve at the wheels for each gear ratio of the transmission
`
`that follows the hyperbolic “ideal tractive force” curve.
`
`III. Claims 3 and 4 are obvious over Ibaraki ’882 in view of Koide, Frank,
`and the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art
`
`28.
`
`See ¶¶281-338 of my first declaration. (Ex. 1308, Davis Dec.)
`
`Page 17 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`IV. Claim 16 is obvious over Ibaraki ’882 in view of Koide, Kawakatsu ’429,
`and the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art
`
`29.
`
`I explained the reasons to combine Ibaraki ’882 and Koide with
`
`Kawakatsu ’429 in ¶¶345-346 of my first declaration. (Ex. 1308, Davis Dec.)
`
`30. A person of ordinary skill in the art would have been further
`
`motivated to combine the base architecture and control strategy of Ibaraki ’882
`
`with Kawakatsu’s known motor sizing technique (relatively large motor and small
`
`engine) to design a zero-emission vehicle (ZEV). In September 1990 the California
`
`Air Resource Board (CARB) enacted the Clear Air Act, which required that 52%
`
`of all vehicles sold in California be either low-emission vehicles (LEV’s)—48%,
`
`ultralow-emission vehicles (ULEV’s)—2%, or zero-emission vehicles (ZEV’s)—
`
`2%, by 1998. (Ex. 1337, IEEE Ehsani 1997 at 1.) Ehsani also notes that other
`
`states and nations were considering similar requirements. Id. For example, Vittone
`
`describes trends in Europe to include “city centers with mobility restricted to ZEV
`
`vehicles.” (Ex. 1320, Vittone at 24.) Electric vehicles were often classified as such
`
`“ZEVs.” (Ex. 1337, IEEE Ehsani 1997 at 1.) However, a HEV that was capable of
`
`operating entirely in electric-mode (i.e., the APU is not used) was referred to as
`
`“ZEV-operation-capable.” (Ex. 1338, An at 8.)
`
`31. An further explains that HEVs have various operational strategies,
`
`including: charge-sustaining, charge-depleting and zero emission vehicle (ZEV)
`
`Page 18 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`capability. (Ex. 1338, An at 8.) An also discloses that the sizing of the electric
`
`motor determines whether or not the HEV is capable of ZEV Operation. (Id.)
`
`32. Therefore a person of ordinary skill in the art, who wanted to design a
`
`HEV to target such a ZEV classification, would have sized the motor so that the
`
`vehicle was capable of operating entirely in electric-mode.
`
`33. As I explained in my first declaration, a person having ordinary skill
`
`in the art would have understood that the combination of Kawakatsu’s large motor
`
`with Ibaraki ’882’s base architecture and control strategy allows for use of a
`
`smaller engine in the hybrid vehicle – a smaller engine, which will use less fuel
`
`and emit less exhaust fumes. A person of ordinary skill in the art would have
`
`known that increasing the motor and decreasing engine in a HEV would have
`
`resulted in packaging modifications and potentially changing the battery capacity.
`
`Further, such ZEV operation capability would require a battery that was large
`
`enough to provide the desired ZEV range without needing a recharge.
`
`34. Further, since Ibaraki ’882 discloses a control strategy with
`
`boundaries B and C that are based on the limits of the efficient operating range of
`
`the engine (Ex. 1303, Ibaraki ’882 at 20:49-21:20), a person of ordinary skill in the
`
`art would have known to change these boundaries if a different engine was selected
`
`to best use the efficient operating range of the new engine. And a person having
`
`ordinary skill in the art would have been capable and knowledgeable to make such
`
`Page 19 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`a software change to incorporate new boundaries based on the large motor and
`
`small engine disclosed by Kawakatsu. (See e.g., Ex. 1305, Kawakatsu ‘429, Fig.
`
`2.) Figure 11 of Ibaraki ’882, including boundaries B and C, is reproduced below:
`
`Ex. 1303, Ibaraki ’882, Fig. 11
`
`
`
`
`V. Claim 20 is obvious over Ibaraki ’882 in view of Koide, Vittone, and the
`knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art
`
` A person of ordinary skill in the art would have understood that
`A.
`Vittone’s ‘steady state management’ of the thermal engine teaches
`that the rate of change of torque output of the engine is limited
`
`35.
`
`It is my understanding that Paice has argued Ford provided no support
`
`that Figure 8 discloses limiting a rate of change of torque output of the engine
`
`during transient phases. (Ex. 2306, Hannemann Declaration at ¶¶89-91, 101.)
`
`36. A person of ordinary skill in the art would have understood that the
`
`change in engine output torque, as illustrated in Figure 8 of Vittone, is limited
`
`Page 20 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`during the transient phases, i.e., between (t1-t3) and (t4-t6), because the engine
`
`output torque (green) lags the driveability torque requirement (yellow) in these
`
`phases.
`
`Ex. 1320, Vittone, Figure 8 (annotated)
`
`
`
`37. With reference to Figure 8 above, the vehicle is subjected to a first
`
`transient input when, between t1 and t2, the DRIVEABILITY TORQUE
`
`REQUIREMENT increases at a constant rate. This is illustrated by the slope of the
`
`DRIVEABILITY TORQUE REQUIREMENTS curve (i.e., the rate of change of
`
`road load) between time t1 and t2 that is labeled as Rapid acceleration1. The steady
`
`state management of the engine in response to Rapid acceleration1 is illustrated by
`
`the slope of the ENGINE TORQUE curve (i.e., the “rate of change of torque
`
`produced by said engine”) between t1 and t3.
`
`Page 21 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`
`38. The vehicle is then subjected to a second transient input when,
`
`between t4 and t5, the DRIVEABILITY TORQUE REQUIREMENT increases at a
`
`constant rate. This is illustrated by the slope of the DRIVEABILITY TORQUE
`
`REQUIREMENTS curve (i.e., the rate of change of “road load”) between time t4
`
`and t5, which I have labeled as Rapid acceleration2. The steady state management
`
`of the engine in response to Rapid acceleration2 is also illustrated by the slope of
`
`the ENGINE TORQUE curve (i.e., the “rate of change of torque produced by said
`
`engine”) between t4 and t6.
`
`39. As shown above in the annotated Figure 8 of Vittone, Rapid
`
`acceleration1 is greater that Rapid acceleration2. This means that the rate of
`
`change of “road load” is greater during the first transient phase than during the
`
`second transient phase. However, the slope of the ENGINE TORQUE curve (i.e.,
`
`the “rate of change of torque produced by said engine”) is approximately equal
`
`during both transient phases. Further, due to the “steady state management” of the
`
`engine during the transient phases, the slope of the ENGINE TORQUE curve is
`
`limited to a common rate of change that is less than Rapid acceleration1 or Rapid
`
`acceleration1. This common rate of change of the engine output torque during
`
`different transient conditions illustrates Vittone’s ‘steady state’ management of the
`
`engine during transient phases.
`
`Page 22 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`
`40. Figure 7 of the ’347 Patent includes a similar graph illustrating the
`
`engine output torque during transient conditions. During a deposition, Mr.
`
`Hannemann described Figure 7 of the related ’388 Patent, which is the same as
`
`Figure 7 of the ’347 Patent, and circled regions (shown in red below) where the
`
`rate of change of engine output torque is limited to a threshold value. (Ex. 1355,
`
`Hannemann ‘875 Dep., 18:4-19:18.)
`
`
`
`Ex. 1355, Hannemann ’875 Dep., Ex. 2 at 2 (annotated in original)
`
`41. Mr. Hannemann explained that he knew where the rate of change of
`
`engine output torque is limited because the engine output torque lags the road load
`
`at those portions of the graph, and that “[i]f the engine torque output is not limited,
`
`Page 23 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`I would assume that it would follow the road load.” (Ex. 1355, Hannemann ‘875
`
`Dep. at 18:18-19:4.)
`
`42. As confirmed by Mr. Hannemann, a person of ordinary skill in the art
`
`could tell by visual inspection of a graph including an engine output torque curve
`
`and a “road load” (i.e., the torque required for propulsion of the vehicle) curve,
`
`that the engine output torque is limited during transient phases in which the engine
`
`output torque lags the torque required for propulsion of the vehicle.
`
`43. Thus, Vittone’s Figure 8 discloses “wherein the rate of change of
`
`torque produced by said engine is limited,” as required by claim 20.
`
` Rationale to combine Ibaraki ’882 and Koide with Vittone
`B.
`
`44.
`
`I described the rationale to combine Ibaraki ’882 and Koide with
`
`Vittone in ¶¶354-365 of my first declaration. (Ex. 1308, Davis Dec.)
`
`
`1.
`
`Paice’s narrow interpretation of Ibaraki ’882 and Vittone is
`incorrect
`
`45.
`
`It is my understanding that Paice is arguing a person of ordinary skill
`
`in the art would not have combined Ibaraki ’882 and Vittone because Ibaraki ’882
`
`and Vittone are directed to very different hybrid control strategies; and Vittone
`
`would not have worked with the engine control strategies of Ibaraki ’882. (Ex.
`
`2306, Hannemann Declaration, at ¶¶104-107.) Further, I understand Paice argues
`
`the Vittone discloses that the driver uses a switch to select between the electric and
`
`hybrid modes. (Ex. 2306, Hannemann Declaration, at ¶106.)
`
`Page 24 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`
`
`46. As explained in my first declaration, Ibaraki ’882 teaches operating
`
`the engine based on “RL”, i.e., the “torque required to propel the vehicle” – not
`
`based solely on power. (Ex. 1308, Davis Dec at ¶¶237-248.)
`
`47. Paice’s characterization of Vittone’s control strategy as requiring the
`
`driver to select the mode is misleading. Vittone describes development trends in
`
`Europe as including “city centers with mobility restricted to [zero emission
`
`vehicles] ZEV vehicles.” (Ex. 1320, Vittone at 24.) Accordingly, one of the
`
`goals/missions of the hybrid development project described in Vittone is a parallel
`
`hybrid vehicle capable of “short trips in urban areas with zero emissions by only
`
`using the electric motor driveline.” (Ex. 1320, Vittone at 21.) Vittone discloses an
`
`electric/hybrid selector switch (Fig. 5) that allows the driver to select electric
`
`mode, so that the vehicle is restricted to ZEV operation. When the switch is set to
`
`hybrid mode, however, “the electronic control unit (ECU) manages the powertrain
`
`on the basis of the inputs of the accelerator and brake pedals” and “torque splitting
`
`between the two drivelines occurs automatically”:
`
`Management strategies of the hybrid powertrain
`
`With reference to the configuration scheme shown in Fig. 5, the
`
`electronic control unit (ECU) manages the powertrain on the basis of
`
`the inputs of the accelerator and brake pedals, discriminating between
`
`the two modes, electric and hybrid, which are selected by the driver
`
`by means of a switch, also while the vehicle is running.
`
`Page 25 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docket No. FPGP0101IPR5
`
`
`
`To assure a good driveability of the vehicle:
`
`* * *
`
`- the torque splitting between the two drivelines occurs automatically.
`
`Therefore the driveability is totally similar to that of a conventional
`
`vehicle with manual gearbox.
`
`(Ex. 1320, Vittone at 26-27, emphasis added.)
`
`48. A person of ordinary skill in the art would have understood that
`
`Vittone’s disclosure that the ECU “manages the powertrain on the basis of the
`
`inputs of the accelerator and brake pedals” means that the ECU, not the driver,
`
`selects the operating modes (power sharing) within the hybrid mode (i.e., using
`
`just the engine, just the motor, or both the engine and the motor simultaneously).
`
`VI. Claim 19 is obvious in view of Ibaraki ’882 and Koide with Yamaguchi
`and the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art
`
`49.
`
`I described the rationale to combine Ibaraki ’882 and Koide with
`
`Yamaguchi in ¶¶388-390 of my first declaration. (Ex. 1308, Davis Dec.)
`
`50. A person of ordinary skill in the art would have known that modifying
`
`the base-control strategy in Ibaraki ’882 to implement Yamaguchi’s control
`
`strategy to rotate the engine before starting would have been a simple software
`
`modification without having to modify the hybrid vehicle architecture disclosed by
`
`Ibaraki ’882. And a person having ordinary skill in the art would have been
`
`capable and knowledgeable to make such a software change.
`
`Page 26 of 29
`
`
`
`FORD 1365
`
`
`
`
`
`Case No.: IPR2015-00795
`Attorney Docke