`
`United States Patent
`
`1191
`
`1111
`
`3,888,325
`
`Reinbeck
`[451 June 10, 1975
`
`
`I54] MOTOR-DRIVEN VEHICLE WITH HYBRID
`INTERNAL COMBUSTION AND
`ELECTRICAL DRIVE
`
`[75]
`
`Inventor: Hans Reinbeck, Stuttgart. Germany
`,
`1731 ASSIgnee: Robe" Bosch (Limb-flu
`Gerlingen-Schillerhohe. Germany
`
`Feb. 20, 1974
`Filed:
`[22]
`[21] Appl. No.2 444,121
`
`Related US. Application Data
`[63] Continuation of Ser. No. 256,102. May 23,
`abandoned.
`
`l972.
`
`[301
`
`.
`_
`.
`_
`.
`Foreign Application Priority Data
`JU')‘ 6» 1971
`Germany ---------------------------- 3133435
`‘
`‘
`1.1.5. (.I. ................................. 180/65 A; 290/45
`[52]
`lift. CI. .............................................. B60k 1/00
`[51]
`[581 new Of Search --------- l80/65 A~ 65 R? 318/230;
`290/20. 45
`
`[56]
`
`1,402,250
`
`References Cited
`UNITED STATES PATENTS
`1/1922
`Pieper ............................... 180/65 A
`
`1,410,276
`1.664.562
`1,824,014
`2.5061309
`3.205.965
`3.21l,249
`3,568,022
`
`Stephenson ....................... 180/65 A
`3/1922
`JCHSCIH .............
`180/65 A
`4/1928
`Frnellch....
`9/1931
`180/65 A
`5/1950 Nlms .........
`180/65 A
`9/1965
`Roth .....
`|80l65 A
`10/1965
`Papst ........
`ISO/65 A
`3/1971
`Domaun ............................ 318/230
`
`
`
`Primary Examiner—David Schonberg
`Assistant Examiner—David M. Mitchell
`Attorney. Agent. or Firm—Flynn & Frlshauf
`
`{57]
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A dynamo electric machine is connected, over a claw
`clutch, to the driving wheels of the vehicle; an internal
`combustion engine is connected over a slip clutch with
`the shaft of the electric motor,
`to permit selective
`drive of the vehicle either electrically. or by the inter-
`nal combustign engine and, upon suitable intercon.
`nection of the dynamo electric machine, simulteneous
`re—charging of a storage battery when the vehicle is
`not driven by the dynamo electric machine acting as a
`motor.
`
`.
`.
`_
`7 C'a'ms' 2 Dram“ F'gures
`
`
`
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`PATENTEUJUH 10 1975
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`3,888,325
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`1
`MOTOR-DRIVEN VEHICLE WITH HYBRID
`INTERNAL COMBUSTION AND ELECTRICAL
`DRIVE
`
`This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No.
`256,102, filed May 23. 1972. now abandoned. Cross
`reference to related patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,568,022;
`3,593,161; 3,731,169. May]. 1973.
`The present invention relates to a motor vehicle. and
`more particularly to the drive of a motor vehicle which
`includes an internal combustion engine and a dynamo
`electric machine, supplied from a secondary battery.
`Motor vehicles are known in which the drive shaft to
`
`the wheels is driven by an electric motor. Such electric
`motors are driven from a battery which is to be charged
`from a generator. The generator may be driven by an
`internal combustion engine. Sine the internal combus-
`tion engine is loaded only by the generator, the internal
`combustion engine can be operated at a substantially
`constant speed with substantially constant
`loading
`thereon. This permits reducing the emission of noxious
`exhaust to a minimum. Motor vehicles which are so
`
`equipped may also operate over short stretches without
`any use of the internal combustion engine at all. the
`electric motor being driven from the battery alone.
`without re-charging the battery.
`A drive of this type of motor vehicle is comparatively
`expensive since it requires two electric motors, namely
`a drive motor, and a generator to charge the battery.
`It is an object of the present invention to provide a
`hybrid drive for motor vehicles in which the advantages
`of hybrid drive with respect to low noxious exhaust
`emission are retained without increasing the costs of
`the power plant for the vehicle.
`Subject matter of the present invention: Briefly, a dy-
`namo electric machine is operable both in generator
`mode as well as in motor mode. and has a double-ended
`drive shaft connected intermediate between the driven
`wheels of a vehicle and the internal combustion engine,
`to form an intermediate portion of the power drive
`train. The vehicle carries a storage battery. that is, a
`secondary battery. to store power from, and supply
`power to the dynamo electric machine. Means are pro—
`vided to positively connect, or disconnect, without slip,
`the end of the dynamo electric machine directed to-
`wards the driven wheels to place the dynamo electric
`machine in fixed wheel driving connection in the drive
`train. Further connection means are provided to selec-
`tively, and independently from the positive connection
`means gradually connect the other end of the shaft of
`the dynamo electric machine to the internal combus-
`tion engine. to permit connection of the dynamo elec-
`tric machine to the internal combustion engine inde-
`pendent of relative motion or speeds of the shaft of the
`internal combustion engine and the facing end of the
`shaft from the dynamo electric machine. The positive
`connection means typically are a claw clutch. The
`gradual and variable connection means typically are a
`slip clutch. This arrangement permits operation of the
`dynamo electric machine as a variable speed drive and
`avoids the necessity both of a starter motor for the in-
`ternal combustion engine, as well as a gear transmission
`between the internal combustion engine and the driven
`wheels of the vehicle.
`
`A hybrid drive as proposed utilizes a single dynamo
`electric machine selectively as a drive motor for the
`wheels as well as a generator to charge a battery. When
`
`2
`
`the slip or first clutch is disengaged. the dynamo elec-
`tric machine acts as a motor to drive the wheels. This
`mode of operation may be used. for example, when the
`vehicle is operating in a densely populated area. Upon
`engaging of the slip clutch, the internal combustion en-
`gine is connected to the rotor shaft of the dynamo elec‘
`tric machine and further to the drive wheels of the vehi-
`cle.
`If the internal combustion engine is sufficiently
`powerful. the electrical machine can now function as a
`generator to charge the battery, thus loading the inter-
`nal combustion engine with a load which consumes the
`power necessary to drive the vehicle as well as the
`power to charge the battery. The second mode of oper-
`ation can be selected when the motor vehicle is in rural
`
`environment, or in locations where a greater emission
`of noxious exhaust can be tolerated.
`the
`If necessary, and under emergency conditions,
`internal combustion engine can charge the battery by
`driving the dynamo electric machine when. in accor-
`dance with a feature of the invention. the claw or sec-
`ond clutch between the drive shaft of the dynamo elec-
`tric machine and the driven wheels is disengaged. This
`second or Claw clutch is preferably so made that it can
`be operated only when the motor vehicle is stopped.
`The second clutch is then disconnected, and the first
`clutch connected. so that the internal combustion en—
`gine will drive only the dynamo electric machine. This
`particular form of the invention permits saving of an
`additional starter motor for the internal combustion en-
`
`gine as well. When the second clutch is disengaged, the
`dynamo electric machine can be used as a motor to
`start the internal combustion engine; and, after start-
`ing, the internal combustion engine can be utilized to
`operate the dynamo electric machine as a generator to
`permit later operation of the dynamo electric machine
`as a motor from the stored electric energy.
`The invention will be described by way of example
`with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
`FIG. 1 is a highly schematic diagram of the motor ve-
`hicle drive, all portions of the motor vehicle not neces-
`sary to an understanding of the inventive concept hav-
`ing been omitted; and
`FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram ofa modification of the
`arrangement in accordance with FIG. I.
`The motor vehicle has a pair of driven wheels 16, be-
`tween which a differential 15 is arranged. Internal com-
`bustion engine 10 has an output shaft 19 connected
`over a first clutch 11 to shaft end 18 of a double—ended
`shaft of the rotor of dynamo electric machine 12. The
`dynamo electric machine 12 is connected to a battery
`17. Rotor shaft end 18' is connected over a claw or sec-
`ond clutch 13 to a universal shaft 14 which connects to
`the differential 15.
`
`The connection between dynamo electric machine
`12 and battery I7 can be broken at points X-X’ and
`connected, as seen in FIG. 2, over an inverter 25 to bat—
`tery l7. Inverter 25,
`in turn, can be controlled by
`speed, control parameters of the internal combustion
`engine IO, and other parameters as described in the
`foregoing cross-referenced patents U.S. Pat. Nos.
`3,568,022; 3,593,161; 3,73l,169.
`Three modes of operation immediately suggest them-
`selves, depending on operation of the clutches and the
`prime movers.
`First mode: Utilized primarily for urban or densely
`settled environments. where minimum emission of nox-
`ious exhaust is important: first clutch ll disconnected.
`
`5
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`10
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`15
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`20
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`25
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`30
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`35
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`40
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`45
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`50
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`55
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`60
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`65
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`3
`second clutch 13 connected, The two driven wheels 16
`are driven solely from dynamo electric machine 12, op-
`erating as a motor. supplied by power from battery 17.
`Secondary battery 17 will discharge. The range of the
`vehicle depends on the size and capacity of the battery.
`Maximum speed in such operation is determined by the
`power output of the electric machine 12.
`Second mode: Utilized primarily for cross-country
`runs, in sparsely settled environments. where noxious
`exhaust emissions are less of a problem: Both clutches
`11 and 13 are engaged. The main drive of the vehicle
`is derived from internal combustion engine 10. Addi—
`tional power to climb steep hills, or for rapid accelera—
`tion can be obtained by additionally connecting the dy<
`namo electric machine 12 as a motor, and utilizing the
`additional power from the dynamo electric machine
`12. When running downhill, or upon deceleration, and
`braking, the dynamo electric machine 12 can be oper—
`ated as a generator, to re—charge battery 17. In a pre—
`ferred form,
`the internal combustion engine should
`have somewhat greater power capability than that re—
`quired to drive the motor vehicle alone (in the absence
`of dynamo electric machine 12) so that the machine 12
`can absorb power from internal combustion engine 10
`during all runs outside of urban environments to charge
`battery 17. Change—over from battery to generator op—
`eration is described in detail in the above referred-to
`cross—referenced patents.
`The starting sequence proceeds as during operation
`in an urban environment, namely by using only the
`electric machine 12. When a suitable speed has been
`reached, for example 20 miles per hour or more, then
`first clutch 11 is engaged. This starts the internal com—
`bustion engine 10 which thereafter can take over all
`driving operations. The dynamo electric machine 12, in
`this instance. can also take over the role of a speed
`transmission, if engagement of the clutch 11 occurs at
`a speed when the internal combustion engine can take
`over direct drive operation of the vehicle.
`Third mode: Utilized to charge the battery when the
`vehicle is stationary. if no outside line power supply
`should be available: In the previously described operat-
`ing modes, clutch 13 has been in constant engagement.
`In the third mode of operation, clutch 13 is disengaged
`and first clutch 11 is engaged. In normal operation, par-
`ticularly upon longer operation in an urban environ—
`ment, the discharged battery should be re-charged by
`means of a battery charging apparatus connected to
`line power, so that the charging operation does not
`cause noxious exhaust emission and thus air pollution.
`In emergency situations, however, the internal combus—
`tion engine 10 is started by the dynamo electric ma-
`chine 12, operating as a motor, so that an additional
`starting motor need not be used. The power to start the
`motor is usually still available from the battery, even if
`the battery has been sufficiently discharged so that the
`vehicle can no longer be operated therefrom. The elec-
`trical machine 12 then switches over to become a gen—
`erator to charge battery 17.
`The electrical machine 12 can be a direct current
`machine, or a three—phase asynchronous machine, as
`known from other vehicle drives (see the above cross-
`referenced patents). The direct current machine can be
`operated directly from battery 17. If a multi-phase
`asynchronous machine, such as a three—phase machine
`is utilized, a separate inverter circuit is required. The
`Weight and size of three—phase asynchronous machines
`
`ll)
`
`15
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`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`4O
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`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`4
`is less than that of a direct current machine of equal
`power output. so that the additional equipment for the
`inverter may not require more size, weight or cost than
`a similar direct current machine.
`All known control systems for use with direct current
`machines can be used, for example controlled by resis-
`tors, control of the field, or pulse control by means of
`transistors or thyristors. Series or shunt wound or com-
`pound motors can be used.
`The hybrid drive system for motor vehicles provides
`an effective prime mover and drive train. The previ-
`ously utilized generator in customary hybrid drives is
`not necessary. Nevertheless. shorter stretches can be
`covered without any exhaust emission whatsoever, The
`exhaust emission for cross-country runs is smaller than
`with a vehicle which is driven solely by internal com-
`bustion engines, since the internal combustion engine
`can be uniformly loaded. The uniform loading is ef—
`fected to some extent by the dynamo electric machine
`in the drive train which always accepts a portion of the
`power output of the internal combustion engine. If the
`loading in the 1C engine from the driven wheels de-
`creases, the portion of power accepted by the dynamo
`electric machine will
`increase. Such essentially con-
`stant load operation is efficient and causes the lowest
`exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines,
`The hybrid drive is not limited to over~the—road vehi~
`cles, but can be utilized with tracked vehicles, railway
`equipment, power boats, sub—marines, or for any other
`mobile installation. When used with power boats, noise
`abatement ordinances can be fulfilled by operating the
`boats electrically near populated areas. In sub—marines,
`the electrical machine will be utilized for submerged
`operation, whereas the internal combustion engine will
`be utilized for surface operation.
`Various changes and modifications may be made
`within the inventive concept.
`I claim:
`1. Motor driven conveyance comprising
`an internal combustion engine (10) having a power
`output rating in excess of that required to operate
`the conveyance and having an output shaft (19)
`forming one end of a power train for the convey-
`ance;
`at least one driven wheel (16); at least one driven
`wheel axle and a drive shaft connected to said axle
`(14, 15) forming one end of the power drive train;
`a dynamo electric machine (12) of sufficient power
`to operate the conveyance, operable in generator
`mode or in motor mode, and having a double-
`ended shaft (18, 18'), one end (18') being directed
`towards said drive shaft and the other end (18)
`being directed towards the internal combustion en—
`gine shaft (19), said dynamo electric machine
`forming an intermediate portion of the power drive
`train;
`secondary battery means ( 17) carried on the convey-
`ance to store power from, and supply power to the
`dynamo electric machine;
`means (13) to selectively and positively either con-
`nect, or disconnect, without slip, one end (18) of
`the dynamo electric machine shaft to the drive
`shaft and hence directly to the wheel only when the
`motor conveyance is stopped to place the dynamo
`electric machine in fixed direct wheel driving con—
`nection in the drive train;
`
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`4. Conveyance according to claim 1, wherein the dy—
`namo electric machine (12) is a direct current ma-
`chine.
`
`5. Conveyance according to claim 1. wherein the dy—
`namo electric machine ( 12) is a multi—phase alternating
`current asynchronous machine;
`and an inverter (25) is provided interconnecting the
`battery (17) and the asynchronous machine.
`6. Conveyance according to claim 1. wherein the
`double-ended shaft of the dynamo electric machine,
`the shaft of the internal combustion engine. said selec-
`tive positive connection means and said gradual con—
`nection means, and said drive shaft for the driven
`wheels are co—planar to provide an in-line drive train.
`and to locate the rotor of the dynamo electric machine
`in in-line position within the drive train.
`7. Conveyance according to claim 1. wherein the se-
`lective positive connection means comprises a claw
`clutch (13) disconneetable only if the conveyance is
`stopped and when the dynamo electric machine (12) is
`stopped.
`*****
`
`means (11) to gradually connect the other end (18)
`of the shaft of said dynamo electric machine to said
`internal combustion engine (10). independently of
`relative motion, or speeds of the shaft (19) of the
`internal combustion engine ( 10) and said other end
`(18) of the shaft of the dynamo electric machine
`(12);
`said gradual connection means (11) being indepen-
`dent of said positive connection means ( 13) to per-
`mit connection of said positive connection means
`and hence positive drive connection from the dy—
`namo electric machine (12) directly to the wheel
`upon energization of the dynamo electric machine
`(12) and moving of the conveyance with the inter-
`nal combustion engine (10) stopped, and then
`gradual connection of the internal combustion en-
`gine and hence starting of the internal combustion
`engine during such motion of the vehicle and dur-
`ing operation of the dynamo electric machine.
`2. Conveyance according to claim 1, wherein the se-
`lective positive connection means (13) is a claw clutch.
`3. Conveyance according to claim 1, wherein the
`gradual connection means (11) is a slip clutch.
`
`LII
`
`ll)
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`15
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`20
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`25
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`30
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`35
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`4s
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