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`NOTICE: Return or renew an Library Maletials! The Minimum Feélor,
`each Lost Book is $50.00. '
`The person charging this Inatcrial is rcsponsiblL?for
`its return 10 the library from which it was Wilh(h‘21wI1
`011' or l)cfore the Latest Date 'sl:1n\p<>d l)clm~.;
`V
`Theft, mutilation, and undeviining of books are reasons (or d§scipll-
`nary action and may result in dismissal irom the University.
`‘ To renew call Telephone Center, 333-Séooté/:
`W
`UNIVERSITY OF !Ll.lNO|S LIBRARY AT URBAN/HZHAMPAIGN
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`1.ll3l——()-14396
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`URBANA/
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`CHAMPAIGN’:
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`‘ENGINEERING;
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`DECEMBER 5-7, I994
`DISNEYLAND HOTEL AND CONVENTION CENTER
`
`ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A.
`
`
`
`Presented bythe V
`I ELECTRIC VEHICLE ASSOCIATION OF THE AMERICAS
` EVAA Board of Directors
`
`
`
`
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`
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`Chairman
`Norman Bryan
`
`Ist Vice Chair
`
`Pacific Gas and Electric Company
`
`‘
`
`I
`
`‘
`.'
`
`~
`
`John R. WaIIace
`
`Ford Motor Company
`
`2nd Vice Chair
`Ray Geddes
`
`Treasurer
`James J. Jackson
`
`Secretary
`Edwin Riddell
`
`Unique Mobility, Inc.
`
`Alupower, Inc.
`
`Electric Power Research Institute
`
`5"
`
`William Adams
`Kenneth Barber
`Robert A. Bell
`Michael Crews
`Robert L. Davis
`GaIe Klappa
`James Mathis
`Thomas D; Morron
`Frank L 5<:I1weiI3oIcI
`William H. Tiedemann
`Diane C). Wittenberg
`
`Electric Vehicle Association of Canada
`United States Departmental: Energy
`Consolidated Edison Company. of New York, Inc.
`Dulce Power Company
`Chrysler Corporation »
`Georgia Power Company
`Collmer Semiconductor, Inc.
`Edison Electric Institute
`General Motors Corporation
`Johnson Controls, Inc.
`Southern California Edison Company
`
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`Chair: John R. Waiiace
`
`I Ford Motor Company
`
`North American Members:
`
`Norman Bryan
`Ray Geddes
`Robert T. Hayden
`James J. Jackson
`Thomas D. Morron
`Edwin Riddell
`Roland Riksser
`Frank L Schweiboid
`David R. Smith
`Wiliiam H. Tiedemann
`Pamela A. Turner
`Diane O. Wittenberg
`
`International Members:
`
`Giampiero Brusaglino
`C.C. Chan
`Francois Fantin
`Masazumi Ishikawa
`Hans Kahlen
`Jian Lai
`Gaston Moggetto
`Henri Payot
`David F. Porter
`Tsuneaki Takami
`
`Pacific Gas and Electric Company
`Unique Mobility, Inc.
`Eiectric Vehicle Association of the Americas
`Aiupower; Inc.
`Edison Electric Institute
`Electric Power Research Institute
`Pacific Gas and Eiectric Company
`Ge-neraI Motors Corporation
`Chrysier Corporation
`Johnson Controls, Inc.
`EVS- I2 Symposium Manager
`Southern Caiifornia Edison Company
`
`Centro Ricerche Fiat
`University of Hong Kong
`AVERE France
`Japan Electric Vehicie Association
`University of Kaiserslautern
`Chinese Eiectric Vehicie Institution
`CITELEC ‘
`AVERE France
`UNIPEDE
`Japan Eiectric Vehicle Association
`
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`EVE‘-12lNTgERt\tATilONAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE
`
`
`
`Chair: Diane O. Wittenberg Southern California’ Edison Company
`
`North American Members:
`Bradiorct Bates
`
`Mary M. Brazeli
`Thomas J. Doughty
`Ray Geddes
`Robert T. Hayden
`Cynthia Hernandez
`Kenneth Koyama
`George McCrae
`Athena Miiier
`Thomas D. Morron
`Edwin Riddeii
`Roland Risser
`David R. Smith
`Lee Steianakos
`
`Pamela A. Turner
`
`Robert Wragg
`
`Ford Motor Company
`Brazell 8: Company
`Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
`Unique Mobility, Inc.
`Electric Vehicle Association of the Americas
`Electric Vehicle Association of the Americas
`
`California Energy Commission
`BC. Hydro
`Electric Vehicle Association of the Americas
`Edison Electric Institute
`Electric Power Research Institute
`
`Pacific Gas and Electric Company
`Chrysler Corporation
`University of South Florida
`EVS-t2 Symposium Manager
`Delco Electronics/GM Hughes Electronics
`
`International Members:
`Noel Bureau
`C.C. Chan
`Cord-Henrich Dustmann
`
`
`
`
`
`PSA Peugeot Citroen
`University of Hong Kong
`AEG~UlM
`
`AVERE France
`
`Japan Electric Vehicle Association
`University at Sydney
`Japan Electric Vehicle Association
`ENEL
`
`AVERE France
`
`Japan Electric Vehicle Association
`CITELEC
`
`
`
`Francois Fantin
`
`A. Fuiisaki
`David F. Gosden
`Masazumi lshikawa
`
`Pietro Menga
`Henri Payot
`Tsuneaki Takami
`Peter Van den Bossche
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`12 MARKETING SUBCOMMlTT'iE"iElH
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`Chair: Edwin Ridcleli
`
`Electric Power Research Institute
`
`Ray Geddes
`Robert T. Hayden
`Howard Hampton
`Cynthia Hernandez
`Athena Miller
`Joanne Rohn
`Melanie J. Savage
`Pamela A. Turner
`
`Unique Mobility, Inc.
`Electric Vehicle Association of the Americas
`Ford Motor Company
`Electric Vehicle Association of the Americas
`Electric Vehicle Association of the Americas
`General Motors Corporation
`Southern California Edison Company
`EVS-72 Symposium Manager
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`TAABLE or CONTENTS - V0
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`2
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`TECHNICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS
`
`Session 3A: Drives
`
`Adaptiye Cégnhol at an EV Drive System to Account
`For Tirnle-Vgfying Battery Parameters
`CarloiKo;'5/l, Unique Mobility, Inc.
`
`Development an EV Drive Train for a Calitornia
`Vehicle
`"1
`Chris Kambouris, Ford Motor Company
`
`Power Trains toi»;EVs, Design tor Flexibility
`Franlc Walker/Westinghouse Electric Corporation
`
`
`
`
`Session 3B: Battery Modeling
`
`
`Thermal Mangzlfietnent tor Hybrid Electric Vehicle
`Valve~Re-gulatecl ,|,eadvAcid Batteries
`
`Frank Fleming‘: Hawker Energy Products, Ltd.
`
`
`
` Battery Management System for Nickel-Cadmium
`
` The Neecl and Reqiiirements ot a Series Hybrid Electric
`
`
`
`Batteries: Concéptaricl Practical Experience
`Friedhelm Schéipe, Aachen University of Technology
`
`Vehicle Battery
`Anders Romare, AB Volvo
`
`
`
`Session 303: Infrastructure
`
`'11,, "‘\\\\
`Electric inlzrastrigctureiior time EV Introduction Program in
`Goteburg
`‘ My
`Hans Ristborg, Vattenfall Utveckling AB
`
`
`
`
`Developmen§t"'ari“d_ Evaluation oi Quick Charging Systems
`at Tokyo Electric Power Company
`Hirokazu Suzirlgi, /lTol<yo Electric Power Company
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS ¢ VOLUMETZ
`
`Making the EV Connection: EV Charging Safety and the
`National Electrical Cocle
`
`Gloria Krein, Hart, McMurphy & Parks
`
`Session 4A: Vehiclesl
`Pertormances (‘St Elelctric Vehicles
`Masahiko Taharaf Nissan Motor Company, Ltd.
`
`Toyota EV-50: An Ettort to Realize Practical EVs
`Kunio Kanamaru, Toyota Motor Corporation
`
`‘Isuzu Ell EV Third Generation
`
`Shouichi Taguchi, Isuzu Motors Ltd.
`
`Session 48: Batteries
`
`Development chhe VRLA Battery tor Low Emission
`Hybrid Vel1ii:le§,‘
`Yasulwicle Nalcayama, Yuasa Corporation
`
`Optimizing lceifacl/Acid Batteries tor Electric Vehicle
`Applicatio\hs\: A/A“Systems Engineering Approach
`Geoffrey Ma}, Hawker Batteries Group
`
`Sealed Alkaline Batteries tor Electric Cars
`Wolfgang Wartlimann, Deutsclie Automobilgesellsccnct
`GmbH
`
`Session 4C: Utility System Impact
`
`Impact at Electric Vehicle Loacl on Residential Transformer
`Ratings
`Kennetlw E. Brown, Salt River Project
`
`‘Paper not available at time of printing.
`
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`A
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`Study ot impacts of Electric Vehicle Charging to Power
`Supply Systems
`Eiii Haycrslti, The Central Electric Power Council
`
`Modeling Electric Vehicle Utility System impact Utilizing
`a Geographic lntormation System
`Richard E. Rice, Southern California Edison Company
`
`TABLE or CONTENTS - VOLUM 2
`
`Session 5A: Hybrid Drives
`
` Propulsion Cor}ti'/ol System for a 22-Foot Electric/Hybrid
`
`\
`Shuttle Bus
`
`Kaushik Raiasihekari ’, AC Delco Systems
`
`Development at 2225
`Hybrid Drive System For a
`
`Low-Floor, Low—Eirn>k/sjens Transit Bus
`R.D. King, General Electric Company
`
`
`A Hybrid Drive Baseidibin a Structure Variable
`Arrangement
`ik
`it "
`J. Mayrltoler, AVL-I.istGmbH
`
`
`
`
` Session 58: Batteries
` Advanced Battery Systems tor Electric Vehicles —- New
`
`impulses tor the Electric Automobile
`E Kruger; VARIA Batterie AG
`
`
`
`
`
`Ovonic Nickel-Metal Hydride Electric Vehicle Batteries:
`From the First 10,000 Miles to the First 10,000 Vehicles
`
`
`
`
`
`Dennis Corrigan, Ovonic Battery Company
`
`From Nickel-Cadmium to Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery:
`A Coherent Strategy tor an Achieved Electric Vehicle
`Jean—Pierre Comu, SAFT
`
` Electric Fuel and the Deutsche Bundespost Postdienst
`
`Jonathan Whartman, Electric Fuel Limited
`
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`II
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`I
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`Session 5C: EV Policies,
`
`T
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`"Calii'ornia's IE/tzpeiiience in Developing incentives tor
`Electric Vehicgles
`Davicl Modisefle, California Electric Transportation
`Coalition
`
`The Caltuels$E\/Klntrastructure Study: The Status ot
`Electric Vehiclesiiin Caliiornia
`Heather Raitt,Z;Calii‘ornia Energy Commission
`
`A Partnershjipiitt Paris for the Development oi the
`Electric Vehicle
`Patrick Lefebvré, Technical Adviser to the Mayor of Paris
`
`‘Electric Veht‘ilcles‘soncl Sustainable Transportation:
`A Vision oi the Fgture
`Daniel Sperlir‘1g,"University of California at Davis
`
`Session 5D: National Electric Vehicle lntrustructure
`
`Working Council
`
`The Origin and Role oi the National Electric Vehicle
`lntrastructure Working Committee
`Roland Rissei; Pacific Gas and Electric Company
`
`Electric Power Research institute lnirastructure Working
`Council - Connector ancl Connecting Stations Committee
`Recommendations on EV Charging Infrastructure
`Craig Toeptei; Ford Motor Company
`
`Session 6A: Components
`
`A High Etticiency Electric Vehicle Drive System with
`Multi-Functional r Battery Charger
`Masami Hirata, Toshiba Corporation
`
`‘Paper not available at time of printing.
`
`VIII
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`ITABLE or CONTENTS
`
`/
`’ri of Permanent Magnet Motor
`
`Phase Advanced C/){5erat'
`I
`Drive System
`Ia
`Jon F. Lutz, Unique Mobility, Inc.
`
`A Versatile AC Machine
`Control
`5
`/7 I
`David E Gosden, University of Sydney
`
`Drive Using Microprocessor
`
`Session 033: Batteries
`
`US. Department of Energy Advanced Battery Systems
`Program: Meeting the Critical Challenge at EV
`Development
`R.A. Sutula, US. Department of Energy
`
`Development of a Solid Lithium Polymer Battery
`Technology
`P. Baudry, Electricité de France
`
`‘The Ecostar/NaS Battery Integration Experience
`Wolfgang Dorrscheicit, ABB Hochenergiebatterie GmbH
`
`Session 6C: Demonstrations
`,-
`
`Consumer Irti/presslgons Before and Atter Driving on
`Electric Vel'IicIe/ i
`D.A. Wassmann, Ford Motor Company
`
`Hybrid Versus AII-Electric: The Test of Performance
`Claude Boivin, Hydro~Québec
`
`America PrEV1ewing the Impact
`e Frank L Schweibolcl, General Motors Corporation
`
`Progress of the Introduction Program For Electric Vehicles
`in Goteborg 7
`Stefan I.iIjemarI<, City of Goteborg Traffic and Transit
`I Authority
`
`I ‘Paper not available at time of printing.
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`CNTENTS - VOLUME 2‘
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`Session 6D: National Electric Vehicieilniiriastructure
`
`Working Council
`
`Utility System Electric Vehicle Loacl Impacts
`Steve Frost, Salt River Project
`
`Loacl Management and Power Quality issues
`John Kennedy, Georgia Power Company
`
`Infrastructure Working Council Healtiw & Safety
`Committee
`
`Jolm Olsen, Detroit Edison Company
`
`Identiiication oi Soiety Concerns For EVs
`Carol Hammel, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
`
`The IWC NEC Subcommittee
`
`David Brown, Baltimore Gas & Electric Company
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`infrastructure Working Council Health and Safety
`Committee; Building Code Subcommittee
`Robert Brown, National Conference of States on Building
`Codes and Standards
`
`Assessment otMeti1ocls tor EV Charging Systems to
`Protect Against Electric Shock
`t
`Gregory Nieminslci, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
`
`
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`TABLE or CONET
`
`VLUM
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`POSTER]DIALOGUE SESSIONS
`
`Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
`(Safety; Components; Simulation)
`
`A Cost Conscious Approach to the Design of an Electric
`Vehicle
`
`C.N. Spentzas, National Technical University of Athens
`
`Comparison of Hybrid and Conventional Bus Simulations
`using Toronto Transit Commission’ Bus Route Information
`_/
`Peter Drozdz, ORTECH
`Computer Simulation oi I-iybrid)/ehlicles with Fuel Cells
`A. Iacobazzi, ENEA",,,,,.N‘
`
`and Batteries
`
`Determination oi/lclybricljh/ehicle Consumptions,
`Emissions, and Fferiormaiices Using 0 Simulation
`Program
`l /
`Francois Badin, 5
`
`Development of the Electric Vehicle "Pivot”
`Shigenari Matsumura, Shikoku Research Institute, Inc.
`
`Electric Vehicles Integrated in Call-A-Car and Public T
`Transportation Systems
`Richard Smokers, ECN
`
`Evaluation at Overall Dynamic Performance at a High-
`Periormance EV, IZA, Based on On-Road Use Monitoring
`Data
`
`Yasuko Baba, University of Tokyo
`
`Fiat’s Conceptualigkpproach to Hybrid Car Design
`Oreste Vittone, Fi£siAuig,»
`
`Prototype at an Innovative Electrical Scooter ior
`Application in Zero-Emission Urban Mobility
`E Caricchi, University of Rome ”La Sapienza"
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`i TABLE OF CONTENTS * VOLUME 2
`
`Results of the Zurich Cur Field Trial
`Philipp Dietrich, ETH Zurich
`
`Saiety Considerotionstor Electric Vehicles
`Peter Van den Bossche, CITELEC
`
`Three Source Hybrid Drives
`Simulation Study of
`Antoni 5zumanowski,\-.W6rsaw University of Technology
`
`The Test Results oi the Diesel-Electric Hybrid Bus on
`
`City Routes
`Tetsuo Koike, Hino Motors, Ltd.
`.............................................................................................................................................................
`
`Electric Vehicle and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Batteries
`(Lead Acid & Nickel-Based; Sodium & Lithium-Based;
`System Components)
`
`A Dynamic Stote—ot-Chiorge Model for Electric Vehicle
`Batteries
`. ii
`5ung~Ku Song, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology
`
`Advances in Electric Bus Batteries
`
`Klaus-Dieter Mertz, CMP Batteries, Ltd.
`
`
`
`Development oi Ni-Zn Buttery tor EVs
`
`Yul<io’Fu]ita, Yuasa Corporation
`
`Munehisa Ilcoma, Matsus/Iita Battery Industrial Company
` Dryiit Electric Vehicle - Enhanced Drytit Traction Block
`
` Litl1ium~Ccirl3on (Lithium-lon) Battery System tor
`
`Development of Sealed-Type Nickel/Metal-Hydride
`Battery For Electric Vehicles
`
`Dieter Hanauer, Accumulotorentabrilc Sonnenschein
`GmbH
`
`Electric Vehicles
`
`
`
`R. Staniewicz, SAFT
`
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 VOLUME 2
`
` New Sodium Batteries with Polymer Electrolytes
`
`Marco M. Doeh‘, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,
`University of California
`
`
`
`On-Board Management System tor EV Batteries — A Fielcl
`Experiment on Dilterent EVs in the EDF Fleet
`Patrick Gagnol, Electricité cle France
`
`
`
`
` Status oi the National Proiect on Lithium Secondary
`Batteries in Japan
`
`Kazuhilco Kurematsu, lithium Battery Energy Storage
`Technology Research Association (LIBES)
`
`an EV
`
`
`
` The Battery Built-in Frame -— A New Frame Structure tor
`
`
`Hiroshi Shimizu, The National Institute for Environmental
`Studies
`....................................................................................................................................................
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Drive Systems and Motors
`(Control; Tests; Components; Climate Contml; Flywheels;
`Fuel Cells)
`
` A Comparison of;/Three Ditterent Motor Types tor Electric
`
` A Novel DC/DC Sliep-Up Converter
`
`Vehicle Application /;
`J. R. Hadji-Minagloii; Institut fur Eleldrische Maschinen
`
`lvor Smith, Loubhl5orough University of Technology
`,7“
`.
`/I
`\
`Design oi New AGE Po/xi/\er Train Using 2 Quadrant
`Chopper as an ln;§ut’Converter
`Sung-Chul Oh, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute
`
`
` ‘Etticiency and Pertqiimalnce of a 4.6 Ton Fuel Cell Van
`M.B. Virii, Loughborlriuglylflniversity of Technology
` Endurance Tests For Electric Vehicle Drives
`Jurgen Weimer, University of Kaiserslautern
`
`‘Paper not available at time of printing.
`
`
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` TABLE OF CONTENTS ' VOLUME 2
`Fully Integrated El¢§!ctrQ;§Velticle Control Unit
`
`Otmar Bitsche, Steyrrfinler-Puch Falirzeugteclmik
`
`
`‘Motor and DriveS
`Vehicles
`
`Machine
`
`a
`
` Operating CltOTUClié;I'lSi'
`
`Performance Optimigatioiytor the Electrical Drive System
`at the Hybrid Ill Passenger Car
`Andrea Vezzini, ETHZ - Swiss Federal Technical Institute
`
`EV Infrastructure
`
`
`
`(Chargers; Utility & System Effects; Energy Efficiency;
`Air Quality 8; Emissions)
`
`Chassis Dynamometer tor Evaluating EVs
`Ken lchi Shimizu, Ministry of International Trade and
`Industry (MIT!)
`
`
`
`
`Data Acquisition ancl Performance Analysis From a
`Network at EVs:
`Including PV Charging
`
`Howard C. Lamb, Clean Energy & Vehicles Research
`
`Center, University at Soutli Florida
`
`
`
` Development ot a Quick Charging Station tor Electric
`Alcira Takano, Japan Storage Battery Company, Ltcl.
` Electric Vehicle Impact Assessment Study
`
`Kevin Morrow, Salt River Project
`
`
`
`‘Paper not available at time of printing.
`
`Vehicles
`
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS 8 VOLUME 2
`
`Electromagnetic impact of the Electric Vehicle
`A. Buonarota, ENEL SpA CRE
`
`Fleet Monitoring tor Electric Utility Vans: Optimizing
`Operational Use and Maintenance
`Bernard Courty, Olclham France SA
`
`Lessons Learned in Acquiring New Regulations tar
`Shipping Advanced Electric Vehicle Batteries
`Gary Henriksen, Argonne National Laboratory
`
`Progress in the Development at Recycling Processes tor
`Electric Vehicle Batteries
`
`Rudolph Jungst, Sandia National Laboratories
`
`Survey on the Drive Systems, Battery Technology,
`Charging and lntrastructure Systems for German Electric
`Vehicles
`
`Dietrich Naunin, Technical University of Berlin
`
`The Results of an Intrastructure Build-Up Plan for
`" [Promoting Electric Vehicles
`Masaharu Nakamura, Osaka City Government
`
`r
`flntroduction, Demonstration and Test
`(Market Factors; Incentives, Mandates & Policy; J
`Training)
`
`‘V
`
`‘Alternate Fueled Vehicle - Development and
`Demonstration: Chesapeake and Cedar Rapids
`gr Consortium Results
`Dallas Usry, Westinghouse Electric Corporation
`
`7 Treating a Positive Image tor Electric Vehicles in
`V Switzerland
`
`Willried Blum, Mobillf
`
`¢urrent Hybrid Electric Vehicle Periormance Based on
`Temporal Data from the World's Largest HEV Fleet
`Keith Wipke, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
`
`‘Paper not cwailable at time of printing.
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 VOLUME 2
`
`
`
`Daily Traveling Distance of Internal Combustion Engine
`Vehicles and Capability at Electric Vehicles to Substitute
`the Vehicles
`
`Hiroshi Hasuike, The Institute of Applied Energy
`
`Dynamometer and Road Testing ot Advanced Electric
`Vehicles and Projections at Future Range Capability
`A.F. Burke, University of California at Davis
`
`G-Van Data Acquisition and Analysis
`Dennis Lanclsberg, The Fleming Group
`
`Major Elements at an Elech*ic Vehicle Technician
`Training Program
`Edward F. DUF6/, York Technical College
`
`
`
`Electric Vans in Canada
`
`Maintenance at Electric Vehicles
`C.A. Bleijs, Electricité cle France
`
`Marketing Under Uncertainty: The Electric Vehicle Case
`with Reference to the French Experience
`Pascal Larbaoui, Centre de Recherche en Economie
`
`Inclustrielle
` Operation ot a Research and Demonstration Fleet at
`William A. Adams, University of Ottawa (ESTCO)
` ‘Possibilities at Training For Economical Driving and
`Micltio Yosltino, Mazda Motor Corporation
`
`
`
`Research and Development oi the Mazda MX-5 EV
`
`Results ot the Austrian Fleet Test with T50 Private B/s
`
`Wolfgang Streiclter, Groz University of Technology
`
`
`
` XVI
`
`The Fleet Testing Program tor Lightweight Electric Vehicles
`Urs Muntwyler, Swiss Federal Office of Energy For the
`Promotion Program ”Ligl1tweight Electric Vehicles”
`
`The Various Measures Taken by the Government to
`Encourage the Use at EVs in the Principality oi Monaco
`Raoul Viora, Ministere cl'Etat cle Monaco
`
`‘Paper not available at time of printing.
`
`
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`Session 3A:
`Drives
`
`Geoit Harding
`International Automotive
`
`Design (IAD)
`
`Craig Cambier
`Unique Mobility; Inc.
`
`Session 38:
`
`Battery Modeling
`
`Ron Sims
`
`Session 4B:
`Batteries
`
`John Williams
`General Motors
`
`Ford Motor Company
`
`Corporation
`
`Mike Mangan
`Chloride Silent Power
`
`Session 3C:
`
`Infrastructure
`
`Francois Fantin
`AVERE
`
`Thomas Doughty
`Los Angeles Department
`of Water 8: Power
`
`Ken Heitner
`
`US. Department of
`Energy
`
`Session 4C:
`
`Utility System Impact
`
`Roland Risser
`Pacific Gas and Electric
`
`Company
`
`David Owen
`PowerGen PLC
`
`SESSION
`
`CHAlRS
`
`VOLUME 2
`
`Session 4A:
`
`Vehicles
`
`C. C. Chan
`
`University of Hong Kong
`
`Session 5A:
`
`Hybrid Drives
`
`Terry Penny
`Midwest Research Institute
`
`David F. Gosden
`
`Allan Gale
`
`University of Sydney
`
`' Ford Motor Company
`
`Session 5B:
`Batteries
`
`Masazumi lshikawa
`
`Japan Electric Vehicle
`Association (JEVA)
`
`Russell Moy
`Ford Motor Company
`
`Session 5C:
`
`EV Policies
`
`Kateri Callahan
`
`Electric Transportation
`Coalition
`
`Mary Brazell
`Brazell 8: Company
`
`Session 5D:
`
`National Electric Vehicle
`
`lnirastructure Working
`Council
`
`Roland Risser
`Pacific Gas and Electric
`
`Company
`
`20 of 40
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`sessaom CHAIRS - VOLUME 2
`
`
`
`Poster]Dialogue Session:
`Drive Systems and Motors
`
`Chris Borroni-Bird
`Chrysler Corporation
`
`Poster/Dialogue Session:
`EV Infrastructure
`_
`R°"" E‘ J°m'e‘°‘°”
`General Motors
`Corporation
`
`Poster/Dialogue Session:
`Introduction’
`Demonstration and Test
`Larry Brandenburg
`Ford Motor Company
`
`Poster/Dialogue Session:
`Electric Vehicles and
`Hybrid Electric Vehicles
`
`Alan Gilbert
`Unique Mobility, Inc.
`
`PosterlDialogue Session:
`Electric Vehicle and
`Hybrid Electric Vehicle
`Bufleries
`
`Ra Hobbs
`
`Ari:zona Public Service
`Company
`
`Session 6A:
`Components
`
`Frank Jamerson
`Jamerson & Associates
`
`Hans Kahlen
`U"':Ver5"7 °f
`K°'Se"l°”'er"
`
`Session 6B:
`Batteries
`
`William Adfjms
`Ele°l"’_5 ‘_/ehwle
`Association of Canada
`Cord_Hemich Dusmann
`AEGULM
`
`Session 6C:
`Demonstrations
`
`
` Gary Purcell
`
`
`
`Electric Power Research
`Institute
`
` Michael Gage
`CALSTART
`
`
`
` Session 6D:
`National Electric Vehicle
`
`
`
`Infrastructure Working
`Council
`
` Roland Risser
`
`Pacific Gas and Electric
`
`Company FORD 1379 A
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`SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS * VOLUME 2
`
`Poster/Dialogue Session:
`
`. . . . . a - . - . . . . . . - . a u . - . - - - . - u . - . . . . . - ¢ - o . - . . . . . . . . . . . - . - - . - - . . . - . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .-
`
`Electric Vehicles and
`Hybrid Electric Vehicles
`(Saiefy; Components; Simulation)
`
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`FIAT CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO HYBRID CARS DESIGN
`
`*7 ypfopéfiédvé
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`the at
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`contrary, the
`would allowf
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`putsflin“ evidi
`The introdul
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`The hybrid
`an electric ti
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`examined. [1
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`originates
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`t For this cot;
`
`
`
`lng. Oreste Vittone ‘
`FIAT AUTO Engineering Department
`C.so Settembrini, 40
`TORINO 10135
`
`lng. Filippo D’Aprile
`Ing. Giovanni Tornatore
`FIAT RESEARCH CENTRE
`Strada Torino, 50
`Orbassano, TORINO 10043
`
`Abstra of
`
`In this paper the different motivations behind the development of hybrid cars are
`examined and various hybrid configurations are illustrated which can satisfy a
`wide range of different and contrasting user needs.
`Specific attention is then given to the definition of guidelines for the
`development
`of a hybrid car where parallel configuration of the propulsion system allows the
`fulfillment of two types of mission:
`
`° short trips in urban areas with zero emissions by only using the electric motor
`driveline;
`' long highway trips with performance close tothat of conventional cars but
`lower emissions.
`
`The corresponding design criteria for 21 Fiat medium size hybrid car are described
`together with the propulsion system, consisting of an AC. electric motor and an
`ICE, that has been implemented and bench tested. A prototype car has also been
`equippedlwith this hybrid system and the driveability demonstrated.
`The management of the two propulsion units: electric motor and ICE is
`performed via an ECU using suitable control logics to optimize, in terms of
`consumptions, emissions and battery energy management, the performance of
`the global system.
`
`Introduction
`
`In the last years the legislation scenario and the attention to the environmental
`issues have changed, also in relation with the inconvenience produced by the
`traffic density in the most congested urban centers; as a consequence the research
`and development effort of the automotive and component manufacturers has
`changed, in order to better cope with the problems which did not allow up to
`now an industrial development of the environmental friendly electrically
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`t
`L
`propelled vehicles.
`The range and performance limits which are tied to the characteristics of the
`batteries presently available or under development (power, energy, weight,
`volume) remain the principal obstacle against the electric traction diffusion, even
`within the assumption of the european oscenariowhich forecasts the
`establishment of areas with circulation reserved to ZEV vehicles.
`A recent study of the MIP Consortium in Milan has put in evidence that only
`10% of the vehicles in circulation in the Milan area could be substituted by
`electric vehicles, provided that they can assure a real range of 85 Km. On the
`contrary, the hybrid vehicles, featuring a range in pure electric of some 40 Km,
`would allow a substitution of approximately 90% of the vehicle park.
`This study, whose results can be extended toother italian and european cities,
`puts in evidence the enormous potential of hybridvehicle.
`The introduction of such a vehicle into the market, could have indeed an
`important impact on the enviromental quality improvement of the more
`congested urban areas and, in general, on the global pollution.
`
`Alternative hybrid vehicle configurations
`
`The hybrid vehicle features a powertrain which integrates a thermal engine with
`an electric motor.
`
`Toward the hybrid vehicle approach, various possible configurations have been
`examined. [1]
`.
`The addition of an independent electric powertrain on the thermal vehicle
`originates the simplest mixed configuration, called ”dual mode”.
`The two powertrains operate in alternative, to meet the requirements of the
`circulation in typical urban areas (electric traction) or those of the extraurban
`missions (thermal engine).
`This configuration allows the following advantages:
`
`- it does not require the integration of two powertrains; as a matter of fact, the
`simplest configuration is related to a conventional front drive ICE to which an
`electric powertrain is added on the rear axle.
`i
`- it offers the possibility to make available a drive system on the two axles in the
`cases of critical mobility.
`
`On the other hand, some constraints exist:
`
`~ critical layout due to the encumbrances on the two traction axles, with
`considerable modifications on structure and mechanics;
`
`«- vehicle performance in the thermal mode penalized by the higher weight clue
`to electric motor, related electronics and batteries; V
`
`- system not optimized in terms of consumption and emissions.
`
`Another possible configuration is the series hybrid, which is constituted by a
`generating unit (thermal engine/electric generator) and by the electric
`powertrain.
`For this configuration, the following advantages are envisageable:
`
`24 of 40
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`
`Researcl
`
`The optir
`with the
`to the dei
`sunimariz
`
`° city
`
`v extraurl
`convent
`
`Thetuncer;
`procedure
`investigatj
`best syneifi
`The cost a
`
`various vs
`vehicle.
`Research a
`corifigurati
`compromig
`same chart
`particular;
`modificatit
`drawn fror
`price of thé
`In order to‘
`technical cl
`
`designedpjl
`The globalf,
`preliminarj
`
`Overall at
`
`The perforr
`L conventioné
`electric and
`the cases of
`Throughout
`the deploys
`specificatioi
`Tab. 2 exhili
`first phase é
`considered 1
`This choiceé
`of the syster
`
`- utilization of the thermal engine within the most favourable working
`conditions in terms of efficiency. This offers the possibility, for a mission
`featuring variable speed and low power, of limiting the emissions of the
`traditional pollutants, to the minimum allowed by the technology;
`‘
`- equal vehicle performance in the elecuic and hybrid modes.
`
`On the other hand, the most important disadvantages of this configuration are:
`
`- the number of installed components (two electrical machines besides the
`thermal engine), which have an impact on the vehicle in terms of weight,
`volume and cost;
`
`- low efficiency over constant speed runs, as a consequence of the energy
`conversions (thermal—electrical—mechanica1).
`
`A further possible configuration is the parallel hybrid.
`This solution, albeit a higher mechanical and system complexity, utilizes the
`combination of the two engines (thermal and electric), adding on the same shaft
`the respective torque and power to achieve the desired performance.
`In this case the advantages of the system can be summarized as follows:
`
`- low installed electric power, related to the urban mission, with consequent
`weight and volume reduction;
`- possibility of a direct conversion of the thermal energy into mechanical, with
`higher global efficiency of the system;
`- addition of the electric power to that of the thermal engine, "with power peaks
`covered by the electric motor.
`
`However, it is necessary to overcome the critical aspects deriving from the
`integration of the two systems, that are:
`
`- mechanical complexity;
`- complexity of the system for control and simultaneous management of the two
`propulsion systems.
`
`As far as the cost aspect is concerned, taking as a reference an electric vehicle of
`the same size, the hybrid vehicle would feature as follows:
`
`- the electric motor is of slightly smaller power;
`-
`the battery can be of lower capacity (roughly one half);
`v a thermal engine of relatively low power is added which is taken from the
`conventional mass production;
`- a mechanical transmission is substituted to that of the electric vehicle; a specific
`mechanical interface is added.
`
`Therefore, in this preliminary development phase, a not unreasonable goal
`would be a substantial equivalence of cost between the parallel hybrid and a put
`electric vehicle of the same size.
`
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` Research and development activity in FIAT
` The optimum choice of the hybrid vehicle configuration is strictly connected
`
`with the mission FIAT R&D activities in the field of electric traction are lined up
`to the development trend in Europe, where the reference mission can be
`summarized as follows:
`
`
`- city centers with mobility restricted to ZEV vehicles
`
`- extraurban and motorway runs with performances comparable to those of
`conventional vehicles.
`
`
`
` The uncertainties of the evolution. of the market and of the introduction
`procedures of the regulations did not prevent activities on large fields of
`investigation, both to assess the different technology options and to identify the
`best synergy of thermal]electric /hybrid vehicle.
`r
`The cost constraint requires a strong attention to the carry over among the
`various vehicles and in particular to the conventional normal production
`l
`
`Research activities have been started on a hybrid vehicle with parallel
`configuration, derived from a conventional medium size car; pursuing the best
`compromise among technical complexity, cost and performance,» keeping the
`same characteristics of roominess, comfort, active and passive safety; in
`particular, design solutions have been followed which limit the required
`modifications on the basic vehicle and optimize theynumber of components
`drawn from the conventional vehicles already in production, keeping the final
`price of the product within acceptable values.
`In order to verify the functionality of the whole system and the potential of the
`technical choices, a demonstrator prototype of the hybrid vehicle has been
`designed, manufactured and tested both at the test bench and on the road.
`The global objectives of the vehicle, the specifications of, the subsystems and the
`preliminary experimental results are discussed in the following paragraphs.
`
`Overall objectives and systems specifications T
`
`The performances of the hybrid vehicle compared, with those of the basic
`conventional vehicle are shown in Tab. 1, with reference to the operating modes
`electric and hybrid; the use of the pure "the-rmal” traction is considered only for
`the cases of some anomalous behaviour of the system.
`Throughout a preliminary investigation with mathematical simulation models,
`the deployment of the overall objectives has been performed into subsystem
`specifications.
`Tab. 2 exhibits the characteristics of the main group of the hybrid system. In this
`first phase of the project, the maintenance free Pb/Gel battery has been
`considered for the energy storage system.
`This choice does not hinder the further use of new batteries for the optimization
`of the system in terms of weight and encumbrances.
`
`
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`