United States Patent
`
`[19]
`
`[111
`
`3,333,325
`
`Reinbeck
`[45] June 10, 1975
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`Stephenson ..................... .. 180/65 A
`3/1922
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`4/I928
`Frnellch . . . . . . .
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`9/193]
`5/1950 Nlms . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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`l80/65 A
`9/1965
`R0111 - . . . . . -
`- - - ..
`|80/65 A
`I0/I965
`Papst . . . . . . . . .
`. . . .. I80/65 A
`3/1971
`Domatm ........................... .. 318/230
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`1,4l0,276
`l.6:14.562
`l,8-4.0l4
`2.506.809
`3.205.965
`3.21l.249
`3,568,022
`
`Primary Exam:'ner—David Schonberg
`Assistant Examiner—l)avid M. Mitchell
`Attorney, Agent, or F1rm—Flynn & Fnshauf
`
`{57]
`ABSTRACT
`A d
`l
`'
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`.3.mZR?$°t§e°§§§$in';“3fi‘£2E ‘§r°£2"fe°i?£i;f’§§§.§§§£.'§T
`combustion engine is connected over a slip clutch with
`the shaft of the electric motor,
`to permit selective
`drive of the vehicle gither electrically‘ or
`the inter.
`nal CO1-nbustian engine and’ upon suitab]g intercon.
`nection of the dynamo electric machine, simulteneous
`re—charging of a storage battery when the vehicle is
`not driven by the dynamo electric machine acting as a
`motor‘
`
`7 C"‘i“‘5i 2 D"““’i“g Fig“"°s
`
`[54] MOTOR-DRIVEN VEHICLE WITH HYBRID
`AND
`
`ELECTRICAL DRIVE
`
`[75]
`
`Inventor: Hans Reinbeck, Stuttgart. Germany
`_
`I731 Assigneei Robe" Bosch G-m-b-H»
`Gerlingen-Schiilerhohe, Germany
`
`Fell 20, 1974
`Filedi
`[22]
`[21] App]. No’: 444,121
`
`Related US. Application Data
`[63] Continuation of Ser. No. 256.102. May 23,
`abandoned.
`
`I972,
`
`W Frreieri Awiirriirrr Priority Data
`Jul)‘ 5» 197‘
`Germany -------------------------- -r 333435
`‘
`_
`U.b. LI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`CI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`[58] new 0‘ Search ------- -- mo/65 A~ 55 R3 3 [8/2303
`290/20v 45
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`[56]
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`1,402,250
`
`‘
`References Cited
`UNITED STATES PATENTS
`l/1922
`Pieper ............................. .. I80/65 A
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`PATENTEUJuH10:97s
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`1
`MOTOR-DRIVEN VEHICLE WITH HYBRID
`INTERNAL COMBUSTION AND ELECTRICAL
`DRIVE
`
`This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No.
`256,102, filed May 23, 1972, now abandoned. Cross
`reference to related patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,568,022;
`3,593,161; 3,731,169, May], 1973.
`The present invention relates to a motor vehicle. and
`more particularly to the drive of a motor vehicle which
`includes an internal combustion engine and a dynamo
`electric machine, supplied from a secondary battery.
`Motor vehicles are known in which the drive shaft to
`
`the wheels is driven by an electric motor. Such electric
`motors are driven from a battery which is to be charged
`from a generator. The generator may be driven by an
`internal combustion engine. Sine the internal combus-
`tion engine is loaded only by the generator, the internal
`combustion engine can be operated at a substantially
`constant speed with substantially constant
`loading
`thereon. This permits reducing the emission of noxious
`exhaust to a minimum. Motor vehicles which are so
`
`equipped may also operate over short stretches without
`any use of the internal combustion engine at all, the
`electric motor being driven from the battery alone,
`without re-charging the battery.
`A drive of this type of motor vehicle is comparatively
`expensive since it requires two electric motors, namely
`a drive motor, and a generator to charge the battery.
`It is an object of the present invention to provide a
`hybrid drive for motor vehicles in which the advantages
`of hybrid drive with respect to low noxious exhaust
`emission are retained without increasing the costs of
`the power plant for the vehicle.
`Subject matter of the present invention: Briefly, a dy-
`namo electric machine is operable both in generator
`mode as well as in motor mode, and has a double-ended
`drive shaft connected intermediate between the driven
`wheels of a vehicle and the internal combustion engine,
`to form an intermediate portion of the power drive
`train. The vehicle carries a storage battery, that is, a
`secondary battery, to store power from, and supply
`power to the dynamo electric machine. Means are pro-
`vided to positively connect, or disconnect, without slip,
`the end of the dynamo electric machine directed to-
`wards the driven wheels to place the dynamo electric
`machine in fixed wheel driving connection in the drive
`train. Further connection means are provided to selec-
`tively, and independently from the positive connection
`means gradually connect the other end of the shaft of
`the dynamo electric machine to the internal combus-
`tion engine. to permit connection of the dynamo elec-
`tric machine to the internal combustion engine inde-
`pendent of relative motion or speeds of the shaft of the
`internal combustion engine and the facing end of the
`shaft from the dynamo electric machine. The positive
`connection means typically are a claw clutch. The
`gradual and variable connection means typically are a
`slip clutch. This arrangement permits operation of the
`dynamo electric machine as a variable speed drive and
`avoids the necessity both of a starter motor for the in-
`ternal combustion engine, as well as a gear transmission
`between the internal combustion engine and the driven
`wheels of the vehicle.
`
`A hybrid drive as proposed utilizes a single dynamo
`electric machine selectively as a drive motor for the
`wheels as well as a generator to charge a battery. When
`
`2
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`the slip or first clutch is disengaged. the dynamo elec-
`tric machine acts as a motor to drive the wheels. This
`mode of operation may be used, for example, when the
`vehicle is operating in a densely populated area. Upon
`engaging of the slip clutch, the internal combustion en-
`gine is connected to the rotor shaft of the dynamo elec-
`tric machine and further to the drive wheels of the vehi-
`cle.
`If the internal combustion engine is sufficiently
`powerful, the electrical machine can now function as a
`generator to charge the battery, thus loading the inter-
`nal combustion engine with a load which consumes the
`power necessary to drive the vehicle as well as the
`power to charge the battery. The second mode of oper-
`ation can be selected when the motor vehicle is in rural
`
`environment, or in locations where a greater emission
`of noxious exhaust can be tolerated.
`the
`If necessary, and under emergency conditions,
`internal combustion engine can charge the battery by
`driving the dynamo electric machine when, in accor-
`dance with a feature of the invention. the claw or sec-
`ond clutch between the drive shaft of the dynamo elec-
`tric machine and the driven wheels is disengaged. This
`second or claw clutch is preferably so made that it can
`be operated only when the motor vehicle is stopped.
`The second clutch is then disconnected, and the first
`clutch Connected, so that the internal combustion en-
`gine will drive only the dynamo electric machine. This
`particular form of the invention permits saving of an
`additional starter motor for the internal combustion en-
`
`gine as well. When the second clutch is disengaged, the
`dynamo electric machine can be used as a motor to
`start the internal combustion engine; and, after start-
`ing, the internal combustion engine can be utilized to
`operate the dynamo electric machine as a generator to
`permit later operation of the dynamo electric machine
`as a motor from the stored electric energy.
`The invention will be described by way of example
`with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
`FIG. 1 is a highly schematic diagram of the motor ve-
`hicle drive, all portions of the motor vehicle not neces-
`sary to an understanding of the inventive concept hav-
`ing been omitted; and
`FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram ofa modification of the
`arrangement in accordance with FIG. 1.
`The motor vehicle has a pair of driven wheels 16, be-
`tween which a differential I5 is arranged. Internal com-
`bustion engine 10 has an output shaft 19 connected
`over a first clutch 11 to shaft end 18 of a double-ended
`shaft of the rotor of dynamo electric machine 12. The
`dynamo electric machine 12 is connected to a battery
`17. Rotor shaft end 18' is connected over a claw or sec-
`ond clutch 13 to a universal shaft 14 which connects to
`the differential 15.
`
`The connection between dynamo electric machine
`12 and battery 17 can be broken at points X-)(’ and
`connected, as seen in FIG. 2, over an inverter 25 to bat-
`tery 17. Inverter 25,
`in turn, can be controlled by
`speed, control parameters of the internal combustion
`engine 10, and other parameters as described in the
`foregoing cross-referenced patents U.S. Pat. Nos.
`3,568,022; 3,593,161; 3,731,169.
`Three modes of operation immediately suggest them-
`selves, depending on operation of the clutches and the
`prime movers.
`First mode: Utilized primarily for urban or densely
`settled environments, where minimum emission of nox-
`ious exhaust is important: first clutch ll disconnected.
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`second clutch 13 connected. The two driven wheels 16
`are driven solely from dynamo electric machine 12, op-
`erating as a motor. supplied by power from battery 17.
`Secondary battery 17 will discharge. The range of the
`vehicle depends on the size and capacity of the battery.
`Maximum speed in such operation is determined by the
`power output of the electric machine l2.
`Second mode: Utilized primarily for cross-country
`runs, in sparsely settled environments. where noxious
`exhaust emissions are less of a problem: Both clutches
`11 and 13 are engaged. The main drive of the vehicle
`is derived from internal combustion engine 10. Addi-
`tional power to climb steep hills, or for rapid accelera-
`tion can be obtained by additionally connecting the dy-
`namo electric machine 12 as a motor, and utilizing the
`additional power from the dynamo electric machine
`12. When running downhill, or upon deceleration, and
`braking, the dynamo electric machine 12 can be oper-
`ated as a generator, to re—charge battery 17. In a pre-
`ferred form,
`the internal combustion engine should
`have somewhat greater power capability than that re-
`quired to drive the motor vehicle alone (in the absence
`of dynamo electric machine 12) so that the machine 12
`can absorb power from internal combustion engine 10
`during all runs outside of urban environments to charge
`battery 17. Change-over from battery to generator op-
`eration is described in detail in the above referred-to
`cross-referenced patents.
`The starting sequence proceeds as during operation
`in an urban environment, namely by using only the
`electric machine 12. When a suitable speed has been
`reached, for example 20 miles per hour or more, then
`first clutch 11 is engaged. This starts the internal com-
`bustion engine IO which thereafter can take over all
`driving operations. The dynamo electric machine 12, in
`this instance, can also take over the role of a speed
`transmission, if engagement of the clutch 11 occurs at
`a speed when the internal combustion engine can take
`over direct drive operation of the vehicle.
`Third mode: Utilized to charge the battery when the 40
`vehicle is stationary. if no outside line power supply
`should be available: In the previously described operat-
`ing modes, clutch 13 has been in constant engagement.
`In the third mode of operation, clutch 13 is disengaged
`and first clutch 11 is engaged. In normal operation, par- 45
`ticularly upon longer operation in an urban environ-
`merit, the discharged battery should be re-charged by
`means of a battery charging apparatus connected to
`line power, so that the charging operation does not
`cause noxious exhaust emission and thus air pollution. 50
`In emergency situations, however,the internal combus—
`tion engine 10 is started by the dynamo electric ma-
`chine 12. operating as a motor, so that an additional
`starting motor need not be used. The power to start the 55
`motor is usually still available from the battery, even if
`the battery has been sufficiently discharged so that the
`vehicle can no longer be operated therefrom. The elec-
`trical machine 12 then switches over to become a gen-
`erator to charge battery 17.
`The electrical machine 12 can be a direct current 60
`machine, or a three-phase asynchronous machine, as
`known from other vehicle drives (see the above cross-
`referenced patents).The direct currentmachine can be
`operated directly from battery 17. If a multi-phase 65
`asynchronous machine, such as a three-phase machine
`is utilized, a separate inverter circuit is required. The
`weight and size of three-phase asynchronous machines
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`is less than that of a direct current machine of equal
`power output, so that the additional equipment for the
`inverter may not require more size, weight or cost than
`a similar direct current machine.
`All known control systems for use with direct current
`machines can be used. for example controlled by resis-
`tors, control of the field. or pulse control by means of
`transistors or thyristors. Series or shunt wound or com-
`pound motors can be used.
`The hybrid drive system for motor vehicles provides
`an effective prime mover and drive train. The previ-
`ously utilized generator in customary hybrid drives is
`not necessary. Nevertheless. shorter stretches can be
`covered without any exhaust emission whatsoever. The
`exhaust emission for cross-country runs is smaller than
`with a vehicle which is driven solely by internal com-
`bustion engines, since the internal combustion engine
`can be uniformly loaded. The uniform loading is ef-
`fected to some extent by the dynamo electric machine
`in the drive train which always accepts a portion of the
`power output of the internal combustion engine. If the
`loading in the IC engine from the driven wheels de-
`creases, the portion of power accepted by the dynamo
`electric machine will
`increase. Such essentially con-
`stant load operation is efficient and causes the lowest
`exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines.
`The hybrid drive is not limited to over-the—road vehi-
`cles, but can be utilized with tracked vehicles, railway
`equipment, power boats, sub-marines, or for any other
`mobile installation. When used with power boats, noise
`abatement ordinances can be fulfilled by operating the
`boats electrically near populated areas. In sub-marines,
`the electrical machine will be utilized for submerged
`operation, whereas the internal combustion engine will
`be utilized for surface operation.
`Various changes and modifications may be made
`within the inventive concept.
`I claim:
`
`l‘ Motor driven °°“Y°Ya"°‘? Comprising,
`3“ lmemal ‘?°m_buSt'°" engme (10) ifavmg a power
`output ratmg m excess 01: that req“"ed to Operate
`“I3 0.0m/eyance and having an ‘output shaft (19)
`formmg one end of 3 power “am for ‘he C°"Vey'
`“Ce?
`.
`_
`at least ‘me drwen “’_h°°] “Q? at least ‘me fmve”
`wheel axle an‘? 3 dnve Shaft °°““eCted ‘O _5a'd mile
`(Ma 15) f0m“_“g 0"“ ‘fnd of the P0We_T ¢_1“Ve "'31"?
`*1 d}’Tlam0 elecmc machine (12)0f5Uff1_C|em P0We1'
`‘O Operate‘ the C°“"ey"“‘°e~ Operabi? ‘“ gemrator
`mode 07 "1 motor mode» and havlng 3 d_°“b1e'
`ended Sh3ff(18a_13')~0“e end (18,) bfimg dlrected
`t0‘_*’aTd§ 331d d“Ve Shafi a_“d the Other '3“_d (18)
`bemg dlrecled t“W3T‘35 the ‘memal Combusuon 6"’
`gine shaft (19), said dynamo electric machine
`forming an intermediate portion of the power drive
`train;
`secondary battery means (17) carried on the convey-
`ance to store power from, and supply power to the
`dynamo el€CtriC machine;
`means (13) I0 Selectively and positively either con-
`Itecl, Or diSCOnn€Ct. Without Slip. One end (13) Of
`the dynamo electric machine shaft to the drive
`shaft and hence directly to the wheel only when the
`motor conveyance is stopped to place the dynamo
`electric machine in fixed direct wheel driving con-
`nection in the drive train;
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`4. Conveyance according to claim 1, wherein the dy-
`namo electric machine (I2) is a direct current ma-
`chine.
`
`5. Conveyance according to claim I. wherein the dy-
`namo electric machine (12) is a multi-phase alternating
`current asynchronous machine;
`and an inverter (25) is provided interconnecting the
`battery (I7) and the asynchronous machine.
`6. Conveyance according to claim I. wherein the
`double-ended shaft of the dynamo electric machine,
`the shaft of the internal combustion engine. said selec-
`tive positive connection means and said gradual con-
`nection means, and said drive shaft for the driven
`wheels are co-planar to provide an in-line drive train.
`and to locate the rotor of the dynamo electric machine
`in in-line position within the drive train.
`7. Conveyance according to claim 1, wherein the se-
`lective positive connection means comprises a claw
`clutch (13) disconnectable only if the conveyance is
`stopped and when the dynamo electric machine (12) is
`stopped.
`1k
`=9!
`*
`*
`*
`
`means (ll) to gradually connect the other end (18)
`of the shaft of said dynamo electric machine to said
`internal combustion engine (10). independently of
`relative motion. or speeds of the shaft (l9) of the
`internal combustion engine ( I0) and said other end
`(18) of the shaft of the dynamo electric machine
`(12):
`said gradual connection means (11) being indepen-
`dent of said positive connection means ( 13) to per-
`mit connection of said positive connection means
`and hence positive drive connection from the dy-
`namo electric machine (l2) directly to the wheel
`upon energization of the dynamo electric machine
`(12) and moving of the conveyance with the inter-
`nal combustion engine (l0) stopped, and then
`gradual connection of the internal combustion en-
`gine and hence starting of the internal combustion
`engine during such motion of the vehicle and dur-
`ing operation of the dynamo electric machine.
`2. Conveyance according to claim 1, wherein the se-
`lective positive connection means (13) is a claw clutch.
`3. Conveyance according to claim 1, wherein the
`gradual connection means (11) is a slip clutch.
`
`LII
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