SYSTEM V
`RELEASE 4
`
`-the-------­
`
`CoMPLETE REFERENCE
`
`001
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`Facebook/Instagram Ex. 1005
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`UNIX® System V Release 4:
`The Complete Reference
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`002
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`Facebook/Instagram Ex. 1005
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`UNIX® System V Release 4:
`The Complete Reference
`
`Stephen Coffin
`
`Osborne McGraw-Hill
`Berkeley New York St. Louis San Francisco
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`003
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`Osborne McGraw-Hill
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`
`Figures 9-1 and 9-2, copyright© 1989 AT&T.
`
`
`Reprinted with permission of AT&T.
`All rights reserved.
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`This book is printed on recycled paper.
`
`UNIX® System V Release
`4: The Complete
`Reference
`
`© 1990 by McGraw-Hill,
`Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in
`Copyright
`
`
`the United States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright
`Act of 1976, no part of this publication
`
`may be reproduced or distributed
`in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval
`
`of the publisher, with the
`system, without the prior written permission
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`exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and exe­
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`cuted in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publi­
`cation.
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`1234567890 DOC 99876543210
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`ISBN 0-07-881653-X
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`Infonnation has been obtained by Osborne McGraw-Hill from sources believed to be reliable. However,
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`because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, Osborne McGraw-Hill, or others,
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`004
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`
`O N E
`
`T W O
`
`. . .
`Preface
`
`. . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII
`
`T
`A
`Why This Book Is for You . . . . . . . . .
`1
`B
`Introduction
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`
`The Lore and Controversy Surrounding the
`L
`6
`UNIX System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Behind the UNIX System . . 8
`The Philosophy
`E
`The Modern UNIX System-Pro and Con . . 9
`10
`UNIX System History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The SVR4 Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`15
`16
`Networking Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`0
`
`Unification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`16
`
`New Development Environment . . . . . . .
`16
`F
`
`Internationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`17
`17
`X Window System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`17
`Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Virtual File System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`18
`Real-Time Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`18
`c
`
`Improved Configuration and
`Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`
`. 18
`0
`18
`Enhanced Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`19
`N
`19
`
`
`Microcomputer Requirements . . . . . . . . .
`Assembling a UNIX System . . . . . . . . . .
`20
`T
`A Note on BSD and XENIX
`
`Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`21
`E
`Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`23
`N
`Logging In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`24
`
`The X Window System Display . . . . . . . . . . .
`28
`T
`28
`Reading the News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`30
`Listing Your Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Displaying a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`32
`s
`Deleting a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`33
`Reading Your Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`34
`
`Sending Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`. 36
`39
`Who's Logged In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`40
`Changing Your Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Logging Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`42
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`44
`
`Controlling Output to the Terminal . . . . .
`44
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`005
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`T H R E E
`
`F O U R
`
`Introduction to the Shell . . . . . . . . .
`
`. 45
`Commands in the UNIX System . . . . . . . .
`. . 46
`Command Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`46
`Command-Line Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`49
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`51
`
`Environment Variables
`Arguments . . . . . . . .
`54
`Quoting Command-Line
`. .. . . . . 56
`
`PSl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .
`Standard Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`57
`Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`59
`The End-of-File
`Appending Standard Output to a File . . . . . . .
`60
`Standard Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`. . 61
`. . . . . . . . 62
`Pipes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`63
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`64
`Fields and Delimiters
`Return Values from Commands . . . . . . . . . . .
`69
`The Grave Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`70
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`72
`Command Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`72
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`73
`Shell Redirection
`
`The File System . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`75
`75
`
`
`Files and Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`78
`Rules for Naming Files . . . . . . . . . . . .
`.
`79
`
`
`Naming Directories . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
`.
`80
`
`The Working Directory . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
`81
`Moving Around in the Directory Hierarchy . .
`83
`Changing the Directory Hierarchy . . . . . . .
`.
`84
`Your Home Directory . . . .. .. ... . . . . . . .
`.
`86
`
`File-Oriented Commands . .. .. .. . . . . . . . .
`.
`89
`Symbolic Links . . . . .. . .. .... . ... . .. . . .
`91
`
`Options for the ls Command . . . . . . .. . . . .
`.
`. . . . . . ..
`93
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`File Permissions
`93
`
`File Ownership . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
`.
`94
`
`
`Understanding File Permissions . . . . . .
`.
`95
`
`Changing File Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . .
`96
`
`Changing Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`97
`Listing Directory Permissions . .. .. . . .
`98
`
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .
`98
`The X Window System File Manager . . .
`
`006
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`FIVE
`
`100
`basename and dirname . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`100
`Device Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The mesg Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`102
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`103
`Other Devices
`103
`More on Symbolic Links . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Browsing the File System ... .. , . . . . . . 105
`A Note on File System Reorganization
`in
`SVR4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`106
`
`Conventions for Naming Files and
`Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`110
`
`Basic Editing with vi and emacs . . 113
`114
`A Note on Learning to Use the Editors . . . . .
`
`The vi Text Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
`115
`Setting Your Terminal Type . . . . . . . . . .
`116
`the vi Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Starting
`118
`Modes in vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`118
`Switching
`Ending your vi Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`119
`119
`Writing Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Reading Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`122
`122
`Changing Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Redrawing the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`122
`Escaping to the Shell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`123
`Editing in vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`123
`123
`Undoing a Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Entering Input Mode from Command
`Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`124
`
`Input Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
`Moving Around in the Buffer . . . . . . . . . .
`125
`126
`for Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Searching
`
`Changing Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`127
`127
`Deleting Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`128
`Repeating a Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`128
`Cut and Paste Operations . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Cut and Paste Using Line Numbers . . . . 129
`The emacs Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`130
`Concepts of emacs . . . . . . .
`130
`Fundamental
`Starting emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
`the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`134
`Splitting
`
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`SIX
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`Writing the File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`134
`135
`Exiting from emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`135
`Getting Help .
`135
`. . . . . . . .
`Changing the Cursor Position .
`Deleting Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`136
`
`Marks in emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
`Cut and Paste in emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`137
`Text Strings . . . 137
`
`Searching and Replacing
`Escaping to the Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`138
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`139
`A Note on Using the Editors with the X
`Window System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`139
`vi Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`140
`Configuring
`
`Text from Inside vi . . . . . . . . . . 141
`Filtering
`Major Modes in emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
`Minor Modes in emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`143
`File . . . . . . . . .
`143
`The emacs Customization
`Macros in emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`144
`. . 144
`Keyboard Macros. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Regular Expressions and Advanced
`
`Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`14 7
`. . . . .
`148 ·
`Basic Concepts of Regular Expressions
`Matching Any Single Character . . . . . . .
`148
`Matching a Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`148
`Matching a Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`149
`
`Escaping the Special Meaning of Regular
`150
`Expression Operators . . . : . . . . . . . . .
`
`Special Symbols for the Beginning and
`150
`End of a Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Building Complex Regular Expressions . 151
`The Longest Matching String . . . . . . . . .
`152
`152
`The grep Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The fgrep and egrep Commands . . . .
`. . . . . .
`154
`. . 155
`Sea1·ching in vi Using Regular Expressions
`in vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`155
`Substitutions
`Using the Matched Regular Expression
`157
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`in a Substitution
`on a Range of Lines . . . . .
`157
`Substitutions
`
`008
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`158
`. . . . . . . . . . . .
`More on Line Addressing
`
`Context Addressing with Regular
`159
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Expressions
`The sed Stream Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`160
`Complex sed Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
`
`Basic Editing with ed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`163
`Modes in ed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`164
`Turning on Prompts and Help . . . . . . . .
`164
`Reading in Another File . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`165
`Write and Quit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`166
`Working with Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`166
`
`Displaying the Current Line . . . . . . . . . .
`166
`
`Changing the Current Line . . . . . . . . . .
`168
`Input Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`168
`
`Deleting Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`169
`169
`Undoing Mistakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Searching for Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`169
`
`
`Substituting Sections of Text . . . . . . . . .
`170
`. . 171
`Moving and Copying Lines . . . . . . . . .
`Shell Escapes-The Bang Operator . . . . 171
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`172
`ed Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`172
`in emacs 173
`
`Regular Expression Searches
`
`More Useful General-Purpose
`Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`175
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`176
`
`The Environment Revisited
`Using the PATH Variable . . . . . . . . . . . .
`176
`The banner Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`179
`
`Clearing the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`179
`The date Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`180
`180
`The cal Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`The calendar Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`181
`The more, tail, and head Programs . . . . . . . .
`182
`The cmp and diff Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`184
`The dircmp Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`187
`The sort and uniq Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`188
`The cut and paste Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
`The join Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`194
`
`Database Operations for Text Files . . . . . . . .
`195
`
`SEVEN
`
`009
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`
`EIGHT
`
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`198
`The sleep Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`199
`The find Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`200
`The stty Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`205
`
`Shell Programming and More . . . . .
`
`209
`
`Multiline Commands . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .... 210
`
`
`here Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`211
`213
`Storing Shell Commands in Files . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Commenting Shell Scripts . . . . . .
`215
`. . . . . .
`
`The if Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`215
`The test Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`217
`The exit Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`222
`The expr Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`. 222
`The for Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`224
`
`The while Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`226
`The case Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`227
`
`The printf Command and Output from Shell
`Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`228
`230
`
`The .profile and /etc/profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`231
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`A Typical .profile
`The . Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`235
`
`Command-Line Arguments . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . 235
`. . . . . .
`236
`
`$#, $*, and Positional Parameters
`Errors and Error Messages in Using Shell
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`238
`Scripts
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`239
`240
`
`shar-An Instructive Shell Script . . . . . .
`243
`The getopts Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The trap Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`245
`The wait Command . . . . . . . . . . .
`. . . . . .
`246
`Shell Layers and the shl Command . . . . .
`24 7
`
`Virtual Consoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`249
`
`Shell Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`. 250
`Using The CDPATH Variable . . . . . . . . .
`252
`
`Command Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`252
`
`N IN E
`
`Understanding UNIX System
`
`Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`253
`
`010
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`TEN
`
`253
`. . . . .
`The UNIX User's Manual . . . . . . . . .
`254
`The Layout of the User's Manual . . . . . . . . .
`
`Referring to the Manual Section of a
`Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`257
`A Typical Man Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`257
`Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`259
`260
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Description
`261
`Other Parts of the Man Page . . . . . . . . .
`262
`The Permuted Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The On-line man Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`264
`266
`On-line help Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Using Help from the Command Line . . . 270
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`271
`. . . . . . . . .
`272
`
`The Help Directory Structure
`
`
`272 Changing the Help Database . . . . . . . . .
`27 4
`
`Other Sections of the Manual . . . . . . . . .
`
`Command-line Generators . . . . . . . . . . .
`275
`
`Computation and Number
`Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`277
`
`. . . . . . . . 278
`
`A Note on Electronic Spreadsheets
`
`Shell Reprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`278
`
`The de and be Calculators
`279
`The de Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`281
`
`Variables in de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`283
`The be Calculator
`be Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`284
`. . . . . . . . . .
`287
`
`be Statements and Operators
`290
`be Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`292
`The awk Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Basic awk Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`293
`How awk Reads Input Lines . . . . . . . . . .
`294
`
`awk Patterns and Actions . . . . . . . . . . . .
`294
`
`Numeric Operations with awk . . .
`298
`. . . . . .
`Special
`
`
`Patterns for the Beginning and
`300
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`End of Processing
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`301
`awk Statements
`304
`
`Formatting Output with awk . . . . . . . . . .
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`307
`The New awk Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`307
`
`011
`
`Facebook/Instagram Ex. 1005
`
`

`
`ELEVEN
`
`TWELVE
`
`
`The Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`311
`312
`
`Timesharing in the UNIX System . . . . . . . . .
`313
`
`A Note on Priority Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`
`Controlling Process Priority Within the
`314
`
`Timesharing Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`315
`Background
`
`
`Logging Off While Background Processes Are
`316
`Running . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Parents and Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`317
`318
`The ps Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`320
`
`Listing the Activity of Other Users . . . . . . . .
`321
`System Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`325
`
`Diagnosing Problems with Processes . . . . . . .
`326
`
`Killing a Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`327
`Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`328
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`that Respawn . . . . . . . . . . . .
`. 328
`Processes
`Why the First ps Takes Longer . . . . . . .
`330
`330
`Waiting and Defunct Processes . . . . . . . .
`Session Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`331
`/proc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`332
`Real-Time Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`333
`
`UNIX System Administration
`337
`. . . . .
`The Superuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`338
`. . . . . . . . .
`. 339
`
`The Superuser Environment
`The su Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`339
`341
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The su Environment
`
`Switching to Another Login . . . . . . . . . . .
`341
`News and the Message of the Day . 342
`Creating
`. . . . .
`343
`System Mail Sent to the Administrator
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`343
`Solving Unusual Problems
`344
`
`System Administration User Agents . . . . . . . .
`
`Controlling the User Agent . . . . . . . . . . .
`345
`When in Doubt, Take the Default Values . 348
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`349
`Handling Floppy Diskettes
`349
`
`Formatting Floppy Disks . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Making a File System on a Formatted
`350
`Diskette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`012
`
`Facebook/Instagram Ex. 1005
`
`

`
`351
`Mounting a Diskette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`352
`Copying a Floppy Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`352
`Disk Backup and Restore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`354
`
`Restoring Files from Backup . . . . . . . . . .
`354
`Hard Disk Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Displaying
`355
`Setting the Date and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`355
`
`Shutting Down the Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`356
`
`Adding and Removing User Login Ids . . . . . .
`358
`
`Installing Software Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Setting the Machine N arne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`358
`Mail Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`359
`361
`
`Scheduling Automatic Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`361
`Printer Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`362
`
`Installing a Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`363
`Managing an Existing Printer . . . . . . . . .
`364
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Network Services
`Port Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`364
`
`Quick Terminal Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`365
`365
`Port Monitor Management . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Port Service Management . . . . . . . . . . . .
`366
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`367
`368
`The uname Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`369
`More on Terminal Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`370
`
`Starting a Port Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Starting a Service Within a
`Port Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`370
`. . . 372
`
`
`Installing New Terminal Descriptions
`373
`Using Color Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`375
`376
`Using the lp Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`378
`
`Canceling a Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`378
`
`Printing on Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Content-Types and Print Filters . . . . . . . . . .
`379
`380
`
`Additional Print Options and Defaults . . . . . .
`Printer Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`381
`Determining
`381
`
`Command-Line Options for lpstat . . . . . .
`the lp Demon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`383
`lpsched,
`the Scheduler . . . 384
`
`Starting and Stopping
`384
`
`Connecting a Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`THIRTEEN
`
`013
`
`Facebook/Instagram Ex. 1005
`
`

`
`386
`a Printer into the lp System . . . . .
`Installing
`
`Testing Your Printer Configuration . . . . 387
`388
`. . . . . . . . . . . .
`Printer Interface Models
`Configuring the lp Software . . . . . . . . . .
`388
`The Printer Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`389
`Specifying the Printer Content-Type . . . 390
`Print Options and Defaults . . 390
`Additional
`391
`The Default Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`. . . . . . . . . . . .
`392
`Checking the Installation
`Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`392
`Removing a
`Accepting Print Requests . . . . . . . . . . . .
`392
`Enabling the Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`393
`Moving Jobs from One Printer to Another . . 395
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`396
`Printer Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`396
`398
`Using Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Sets and Printwheels . . 401
`Using Character
`
`Using Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
`Server Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`404
`405
`Remote Access to Printing via LAN . . . .
`406
`to Printing via uucp . . . .
`Remote Access
`407
`Structure . . . . . . . . . . .
`The lp Directory
`409
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Printer Drivers
`
`Basic Communications
`. . . . . . . . . . . .
`411
`The news Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`412
`The Message of the Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`414
`The write Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`414
`. . . . . . . . . . . .
`416
`Using write Interactively
`The wall Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`417
`418
`The mail Command Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . .
`A Note on Versions of the Mail Service . 418
`Mail Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`419
`Sending Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`419
`Sending Binary Files in Mail . . . . . . . . .
`420
`420
`Reading Your Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`mail Message Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`422
`Creating Messages with Headers . . . . . .
`422
`
`FOURTEEN
`
`014
`
`Facebook/Instagram Ex. 1005
`
`

`
`FIFTEEN
`
`Displaying a Summary of Mailbox
`
`423
`Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`424
`
`Replying to a Mail Message . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Addressing Mail to Other Users . . . . . . .
`425
`Domain Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`426
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`427
`Forwarding Mail
`
`Automatically Answering Incoming
`429
`Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`430
`The rmail Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`with the cu Command . . 430
`Terminal Emulation
`432
`
`Disconnecting from a cu Session . . . . . . .
`
`cu Command-Line Options . . . . . . . . . . .
`433
`434
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`434 cu Internal Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`
`
`435 ASCII File Transfer with cu . . . . . . . . . .
`
`
`Transferring Binary Files with cu . . . . .
`437
`
`Other Internal cu Commands . . . . . . . . .
`438
`The mailx Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`438
`The ct Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`440
`
`The uucp Data Communications
`Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`441
`442
`The uuto Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`443
`The uupick Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`444
`
`A Note on uucp Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The uucp Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`445
`446
`Logical Path Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Command-Line Options for the uucp
`447
`Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The uux Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`448
`450
`The uustat Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Reporting on Specific Machines . . . . . . .
`451
`a Queued Job . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`. 452
`Deleting
`
`Administration of the uucp Subsystem . . . . .
`452
`453
`
`A Note on Versions of uucp . . . . . . . . . .
`
`uucp Directory Structure . . . . . . . . . . . .
`453
`. . . . . . . . .
`456
`uucp Subsystem Architecture
`
`
`Specifying a Connection Method to a
`Remote System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`457
`
`015
`
`Facebook/Instagram Ex. 1005
`
`

`
`SIXTEEN
`
`The Systems Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`459
`460
`The Devices File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`The Dialers File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
`463
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`463
`Debugging uucp Connections . . . . . . . . .
`468
`The uulog Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Demons . . . . . .
`469
`The uucp Administrative
`470
`. . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Polling Other Machines
`Changing the Data Transfer Protocol . . . 4 71
`Grades of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`4 71
`4 72
`The Devconfig File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Using uucp on TCP!IP Networks . . . . . .
`472
`rje and IBM 3270 Emulation . . . . . . . . .
`474
`
`The Korn and C Shells . . . . . . . . . . . .
`4 75
`an Enhanced Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`477
`Selecting
`477
`The Korn Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`4 78
`Starting the Korn Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`in ksh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`480
`Command History
`vi Mode . . . .
`481
`ksh Command Editing with the
`ksh Command Editing with the emacs Mode . 483
`Aliases in ksh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`484
`The whence Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`487
`The fc Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`487
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`489
`Tilde Substitution
`under ksh . . . . . .
`489
`. . . . .
`Changing Directories
`490
`The set Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`for Shell Programming . . 492
`ksh Enhancements
`493
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Arithmetic Operators
`494
`Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Input and Output . 494
`Improved Prompting,
`
`
`Environment Variable Processing Under
`ksh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`495
`The C Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`496
`Starting the C Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`496
`The csh Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`497
`Setting csh Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`498
`Command History and Editing in csh . . . . . . .
`499
`501
`Hashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`016
`
`Facebook/Instagram Ex. 1005
`
`

`
`502
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`. . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Aliases
`502
`
`I/0 Redirection with csh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`503
`.
`
`Shell Programming with csh . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`506
`.
`
`Identifying a Command with csh . . . . . . . . .
`506
`
`Selecting a Shell to Execute a Shell Script . . .
`507
`.
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Selecting a Login Shell . . . . .. .. ... .. .
`508
`
`509
`.
`
`Filename Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`510
`.
`More on the ksh ENV File . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Setting the Current Directory in your
`511
`.
`PSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`511
`Job Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`.
`513
`
`Coprocesses under ksh
`
`SEVENTEEN
`
`Word Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`515
`The spell Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`516
`
`The troff Document Preparation Package . . . 518
`519
`The troff Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The troff Command Language . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
`
`520
`Basic troff Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`troff Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
`Page Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`521
`528
`
`Font and Character Control . . . . . . . . . .
`Fill Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`529
`532
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`troff Registers
`535
`Macro Packages for troff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The mm Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`536
`Basic Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`536
`. . . . . . .
`538
`Predefined mm Memo Formats
`. . . . . . .
`544
`
`Abstract and "Copy to" Notation
`Headings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`544
`546
`Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`547
`
`
`Footnotes, References, and Table of
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`548
`Contents
`Page Headers and Footers . . . . . . . . . . .
`549
`The man Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`550
`Going Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`550
`The tbl Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`550
`
`017
`
`Facebook/Instagram Ex. 1005
`
`

`
`EIGHTEEN
`
`Formatting Mathematical Equations and
`
`
`
`Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`556
`
`troff Directory Structure . . . . . . . . . . . .
`557
`and Macros in troff . . . . . . .
`557
`Conditionals
`Logos in mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`559
`
`The Writer's Workbench . . . . . . . . . . . .
`559
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`560
`The spell History File
`
`Building a New spell Database . . . . . . . .
`561
`
`Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`563
`Disk Blocks and !nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`564
`File Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`565
`Hard Disk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`565
`Disk Free Space-The df Command . . . . . . . .
`565
`Disk Space Used-The du Command . . . . . . .
`567
`Size of Files and the ulimit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`568
`Never Fill the Hard Disk . . . . . . . . . . . .