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`l. Optics
`1'. Title
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`336
`UCISI
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`ISBN Manning-1 hardcover
`ISBN 0-08-025481‘6 fleximwr
`
`Primer! in Urea: Britain by A, {Wanton d‘ ('u. M“ Etch!
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`
`

`

`PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
`
`Tim idea. of writing this bank was a result of frequent enquiries about the possibility
`ofpuhlishing in the English language a book on optics written by one of us‘ more than
`twenty-five years ago. A preliminary survey of the literature showed that numerous
`researches on almost ever}.r suspect of optics have been can-led out in the intervening
`years. so that the book no longer gives a. comprehensive and balanced. picture of the
`field. In consequence it was felt that a translation was hardly appropriate;
`instead
`a substantially new book was prepared. which we are now pill-ting before the reader.
`In planning this book it soon became apparent that even if only the most important
`developments which took place since the publication of Oplil: were incorporated, the
`book would become impracticahly large.
`It was. therefore. deemed necessary to
`restrict its scope to a narrower field. 092:? itself did not treat the whole of optics.
`The optim of moving media. optics of X-rays and y rays, the theory of spectra and the
`full connection between optics and atomic physics were not. diacuued: nor did the
`old book consider the effects of light on our visual sense OrganF-the eye. These
`subjects can be treated more appropriately in connection with other fields such as
`relativity. quantum mechanics, atomic and nuclear phynirn, and physiology. In this
`book not only are these subjects excluded. but also the clamiml molecular optics which
`was the subject-matter of almost half of the German book. Thus our discussion is
`restricted to those optical phenomena which may be treated in terms of Mum's
`phanomenological theory. This include] all situations in which the atomistic structure
`of matter plays no decisive part. The connection with atomic physics, quantum
`meallanics. and physiology is indicated only by short referenws wherever mammary.
`The fact that, even after this limitation, the book is much larger than Optilr, gives
`some indication about the extent of the researches that have been carried out in
`classical optics in recent times.
`We have aimed at. giving. within the framework just outlined. a will}? com-
`plete picture of our present knowledge. We have attempted to present the theory in
`such a way that practically all the results Can be traced back to the basic equations of
`Muwcu's electmmag-notic theory. from which our whole consideration starts.
`In Chapter I the main properties of the electromagnetic field are discussed and the
`efl'ect of matter on the propagation of the electromagnetic disturbance is described
`fumally. in terms of the usual material constants. A more physical approach to the
`question of influence of mother is developed in Chapter II: it is shown that in the
`presence of an external incident field. each volume element of s. material medium
`may he accumcd to give rise to a. secondary {scattered} wavelet and that the mini-lini-
`tion of these wavelets leads to the observable, macmscopic field. This approach is of
`considerable physical significance and its power is illustrated in a later chapter
`[Chapter if”) in connection with the difirnclion of light by ultrasonic waves. first
`treoled in this way by A. B. Brown and W. J. NOBLE; Chapter XII was contributed
`by Prof. Briana himself.
`A considerable part of Chapter ‘III is devoted to showing how geometrical optics
`follow-'5 from Mixw HLL's wave them-‘3:r us a limiting case of short wavelengths.
`In
`addition to discussing the main properties of rays and wove-fronts.
`the vector-is]
`“ Max BURN. 0pm: (Berlin. Springer. 193:“. v
`
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`Exhibit 1005, Page 2
`
`

`

`vi
`
`Hence 10 mi: FIRST znrrlos
`
`aspects of the problem {propagation of the directions of the field vectors) are also
`considered. A detailed discussion of the foundations of geometrical optics seamed to
`as desirable in View of the important developments made in recent years in the related
`field of microwave optics (optics of short radio waves). These developments were
`often stimulated by the close analogy between the two fields and have provided
`new experimental techniques for testing the predictions of the theory. We found it
`convenient
`to separate the mathematical apparatus of geometrical optima-Aha
`calculus nl'variatiuns—fmm the main text; an appendix on this subject (Appendix I}
`is based in the main part on unpublished lectures given by D. HILnrm‘r at GOttingen-
`University in the early years of this century. The following appendix {Appendix II],
`contributed by Prof. D. Canon. shows the close formal snulogy that exists between
`geometrical optim, classical mechanics, and electron optics, when these subjects are
`presented in the language of the calculus of variations.
`We make no apology for basing our treatment of geometrical theory of imaging
`(Chapter 1V] on HAMLLTON's classical methods of characteristic functions. Though
`these methods have found little favour in connection with the design of optical instm~
`merits. tiissr represent nevertheless an essential tool for presenting in a unified manner
`the many diverse mpeuts of the subject, It is, of course, possible to derive some of the
`results more simplyr from ad line assumptions; but, however valuable such an approach
`may be for the solution of individual problems, it cannot have more than illustrative
`value in a book concerned with a systematic development of a theory from a few
`simple postulates.
`The defect of optical images {the influence of aberrations] may be studied either
`by geometrical optics (appropriate when the aberrations are large), or by difiractiun
`theory (when the},r are sufficiently small). Since one usIJI/zillg.r proceeds from quite
`dificrent starting points in the two methods of treatments, a comparison of results
`has in the past not always been easy. We have attempted to develop a more unified
`treatment, based 0n the concept of the deformation ol‘wsve-fronte. In the geometrical
`analysis of aberrations (Chapter V) we have found it possthe and advantageous to
`follow, after a. slight modification of his eikonal, the old method of K. Scawsnzsmlmn.
`The chapter on difl'raction theory of aberrations (Chapter IX) gives an account of
`tho NrJnonn‘ZEnHIKE theory and also includes an introductory section on the
`imaging of extended objects, in coherent and in incoherent illumination, booed on the
`techniques of Funnlsn transforms.
`Chapter VI, contributed by Dr. P. A. Wsmx, gives a brief description of the
`main image—forming optical system.
`Its purpose is to provide .1. framework {or
`those parts of the book which deal with the theory of image formation.
`Chapter VII is concerned with the slemean of the theory of interference and with
`interfcromcters. Some of the theoretical sections have their nucleus in the entre-
`3pondir1g sections of Oplik, but the chapter has been completely rewritten by Dr.
`W. L, WILODCK, who has also chmide-rably broadened its scope.
`Chapter VIII is mainlyr concerned with the FnasxaL-Kraoimorr dil‘l'mction theory
`and with some of its applications. In addition to the usual topics, the chapter includes
`a detailed discuss-ion ofthe central problem of optical image formation—the analysis
`of the three-dimensional light distribution near the geometrical focus. An account is
`“19“ given of a less familiar alternative approach to diffraction, based on the notion
`”f the bmlfldflfl’ difiraction wave of T. Yo UND.
`_ The Chapman: so Far referred to are mainly mmuemed with perfectly monochromatic
`[and therefor“ nompletely coherent) light, produced by point sources. Chapter X
`deals mth the mom realistic case of light produced by sources of finite extension and
`
`JDS UNIPHASE CORPORATION
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`Exhibit 1005, Page 3
`Exhibit 1005, Page 3
`
`

`

`nurses. to roe slosr nnrrlou
`
`vii
`
`covering n finite frflquoncy range. This is the subject of partial coherence, when:
`considerable prrgress has been made in recent years. In fact, a systematic theory of
`interference and. Llifi'rnctiol'l with partially coherent light has now been developed.
`This chapter also includes an account of the closely related subject of partial polariza-
`tion, from'thc standpoint. of :2th theory.
`Chapter XI deals with rigorous diffraction theory, e field that has witnessed a
`tremendous development over the period of the last twenty years,”I stimulated largely
`by :uivances in the ultra-shortwave radio techniques. This chapter was contributed
`by Dr. P. C. Cosmo“? who also prepared Appendix III, which deals with the
`mathematical methods of steepest descent and stationary phase.
`The last two chapters. Optics of Metals [Chapter XIII) and Optics of Crystals
`(Chapter XIV] are based largely on the conesponding chapters of Optik. but were
`revised and extended with the help of Prof. A. M. Tame, and Dr. A. R. STOKES
`respectively. These two subjects are. perhaps discussed in-less detail than might
`seem appropriate. However, the optics of metals can only he treated adequately
`with the help of quantum mechanics of electrons. which is outside the scope of this
`book.
`In crystal optics the centre of interest has gradually shifted from visible
`radiation to X-rsys, and the progress made in recent years has been of a technical
`rather than theoretical nature.
`Though we have aimed at pmduciug a book which in its methods of presentation
`and gcneral approach would be similar to one. it will be evident that the present
`hook is neither a translation of Optik, nor entirely a compilation of known data. As
`regards our own share in its production. the elder co-euthor (M. B.) has contributed
`that material from 011M: which has been used as a basis for some of the chapters in
`the present treatise, and has taken an active part in the general planning of the
`hook and in numerous discussions concerning dis'imtahle points, presentation. etc.
`Most of the compiling, writing, and checking of the text was done by the younger
`co-author (E. W.).
`Naturally we have tried to use systematic notation throughout the book. But in a
`book that covers such a Wide field, the number of letters in available alphabets is far
`too limited We have, therefore, not always been able to use the most elegant notation
`but we hope that We have succeeded, at least, in avoiding the use in any one section
`of the same symbol For difl‘smnt quantities.
`In general we use vector notation as customary in Great Britain. After much
`reflection we rejectEd the use of the nablu. operator alone and employed. 1180 the
`customary “div". “grad", and "curl”. Also. we did not adopt the modem electro-
`technical units, as their main advantage lies in connection with purely electromagnetic
`measurements, and these play a negligible part in our discussions; moreover. we
`hope, that. if ever a mend volume (51'9ka Atomic Optics] and perhaps a. third
`volume {Quantum Optics} is written. the C,G,S. system, as used in Theoretical Physics‘
`will have rctumed to favour. Although, in this system of cunts, the magnetic per—
`meability In of most suhstanca differs ineppreciahly from unity at optical frequencies.
`we have retained it. in some of the equations. This has the advantage of greater
`symmetry and makes it possible to derive "dual” results by making use of the
`symmetry properties ofMaxxmLL's Equations For time periodic fields we have used.
`in complex representation, the factor exp (— in») throughout-
`Wc have not attempted the tnsk of referring to all the relevant publications. The
`
`.I. Isomvuxr. Rm. ngr. Phys. {Londom Physmai
`'_'1'hn impart-ant Nviuw nrticlfi by C.
`Sammy). 17 [IUD-n, 35. remain more than 500 popular published in the period lull) 195i.
`
`JDS UNIPHASE CORPORATION
`JDS UNIPHASE CORPORATION
`Exhibit 1005, Page 4
`Exhibit 1005, Page 4
`
`

`

`viii
`
`snssscs To run near kor’rIoH
`
`references that are given, and which, we hope. include the most important papers. are
`to help the reader to gain some orientation in the literature:
`s.u omission of any
`particular reference should not be interpreted so due to our lack ofregsrd for its merit.
`In conclusion it is s pleasure to thank many friends and colleagues for advice and
`help. In the first place we wish to record our gratitude to Professor D. Gums for useful
`advice and assistance in the early stages of this project, as well as for providing
`a. draft ouncsrning his ingenious method of reconstructed wove-fronts [§ 8.10). We
`are also greatly indebted to Dr. F. 3.1131115, who prepared a draft, which is the bank-
`bonc of § 1.6, on the propagation of electromagnetic waves through stratified media,
`a field to which he himself has made as substantial contribution. We have also
`benefited by advice on this subject from Dr. B. H. BILLIHGEI.
`We um muuh indebted to Dr. H. H. Harms, Dr. R. A. Slovenian, Dr. W. T.
`erono and Dr. G. Wanna for critical comments and valuable advice, and to
`them and also to Dr. G. Buss . Dr. H. J. J. Bunnies. Dr. N. Como, Dr. F. D. Ilium.
`Mr. A. NISEE'I‘, Dr. M. Ross and Mr. R. 1L Sour-re for scrutinizing various sections
`oftho manuscript. We are obliged to Polaroid Corporation {or information concerning
`dichroic materials. Dr. F. D. Kenn helped with proof-reading and Dr. P. Roman and
`Mrs. M. Pooounsm with the preparation of the author index.
`The main part of the writing was done at the Universities of Edinburgh and
`Manoliester. The last stsges were completed whilst one of the authors (E. W.) was
`a. guest at the Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University. We are
`grstuful to Profeowr M. KLINE, Head of its Division of Electromagnetic Research,
`for his helpful interest and for placing at our disposal some of the technical facilities
`of the Institute.
`We gratefully acknowledge the loan of original photographs by Professor M. meqon
`and Dr. M. Caesar (Figs. 7.4, 7.26, 7.23, 7.60. 14.24, 14.26). Professor H. LIPSON
`and his oer-workers at the Manchester College of Soienoe and Technology (Figs. 8.10,
`3.12, 8.15), Dr. 0. W. leunos (Figs. 8.34, 8.35), and Professor F'. Krishna: and
`Dr. K. NIL-snore (Figs. 9.4. 9.5, 9.8. 9.10, 9.11). Figure 7.66 is reproduced by courtesy
`of the Director of the Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories. The blocks of
`Fig. 7.42 were kindly loaned by Messrs. Hilger and Watts, Ltd... and those of Figs.
`1.6-1 and 7.65 by Dr. K. W. Molasses.
`Financial assistance was provided by .‘lleesrs. Industrial Distributors Ltd. London,
`[Ind we wish. to acknowledge the generosity of the late Sir ERHES‘I‘ OPPKHHEIMER,
`its former head.
`Finally, it is a pleasure to thank our publisth and in particular Mr. E. J. BUCKLEY.
`Mr. D. M. Lows and also Dr. P. Rosanna, who as a. former Director of Pergomon
`Press was closely associated with this project in its curly stages, for the great care
`they have taken in the production of the book. It is a. pleasure to pay tribute also
`to the printers, Pitmsn Press of Bath, for the exoellenoe of their printing.
`
`Bad Puma»! and MMW
`January 1959
`
`Mix BORN
`Erin. Worn:
`
`JDS UNIPHASE CORPORATION
`JDS UNIPHASE CORPORATION
`Exhibit 1005, Page 5
`Exhibit 1005, Page 5
`
`

`

`PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
`ADVANTAGE has been taken in the prnpomtion of a. new edition of this work to make. a
`number of corrections of errors and misprints, to make a few minor additions and to
`include some new references.
`Since this appearance of the first edition almost. oxnctly three years ago. the first
`optical mascrs (lasers) have been developed. By means of these doctors very intense
`and highly coherent light beams may.r be produced. Whilst it is evident that option]
`[IMP-TS will prove of unnaidurahie value not oniy for option but also for other sciences
`and for technology. no account of them is given in this new edition. For the. basic
`principles of Inner action have roots outside the domain of classical electromagnetic
`Miser},r on which calmidcrotions of this book are based. We have. however. included
`a few references to recent. researches in which light. generated by optical maaera Was
`ntiiizcd or which have been stimulated by the potentialities of these new optical
`devices.
`We wish to Mknflwledgc our gratitudn h} a number nf readers whn drew uur
`attention to cmm and misiprinta. We any also obliged to Dr. B. Kcnoz'stxI and
`Mr. C. L. MEll‘l‘A for assistance with the. revisions.
`End Pyrmonl and Main
`Number HE!
`
`3.13.
`E.\\'.
`
`PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION
`
`Tms edition differs from its immediate predecessor chiefly in that. it contains
`corrections of a small number aim-rots and misprints.
`Rnnhukr
`S‘Wmf 1985
`
`E.\\'.
`
`.r m at
`
`Ft.
`
`ix
`
`JDS UNIPHASE CORPORATION
`JDS UNIPHASE CORPORATION
`Exhibit 1005, Page 6
`Exhibit 1005, Page 6
`
`

`

`'
`
`-
`
`_
`
`C 0 N T E N T S
`
`HISTORiCAL INTRODUCTION
`1. BASIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
`1.1. The Electromagnetic Field
`1.1.1. Maxwell's equations
`1.1.2. Materialcquatiom
`1.1.3. Boundary cunditiona at a suite-cc of discontinuity
`1.1.-1. The energy law of the electromagnetic field
`1.2. The Wave Equation and the Velocity of Light
`1.3. Scalar Wave!
`1.3.1. Plane wavoe
`1.3.2. SphericaI waves
`1.3.3. Harmonie waves. The phase velocity
`Lil-i. Wave packets. The group velouity
`1.4. Vector Waves
`1.4.1. The general electromagnetic plane wave
`1.4.2. The hamenic electromagnetic plane wave
`[3.] Elliptic polarization
`(1)) Linear and. circular polarization
`(0] Characterization of the state of polarisation by Stokes
`parameters
`1.4.3. Harmonie vector waves of arbitrary form
`1.5. Reflection and. Refraction of a Plane Wave
`1.5.1, The laws of reflection and refraction
`1.5.2. Fresnel formulae
`1.5.3. The reflectivity and trammiasivity; pfllnrization on reflection
`and refraction
`1.5.4. Total reflection
`1.6. WaVe Prepngatinn in n. Stratified Medium. Theory of Dielectric F11m5
`1.6.1, The basic differential equations
`1.6.2. The characteristic matrix of a stratified medium
`(a) A homogeneous dielectric film
`(b) A stratified medium as a. pile of thin homogeneous films
`1.6.3. The reflection and transmission cocdficienta
`1.6.4. A homogeneous dielectric film
`1.6.5. Periodically stratified media
`II. ELECTROMGWIC POTENTIAB AND POLARIZATION
`2.1. The Electmtlynarnic Potentials in the Vacuum
`2.1.1. The vector and scalar potentials
`2.1.2. Retarded potentials
`
`non
`
`m
`l
`1
`1
`2
`4
`'i‘
`10
`1'1
`“
`15
`16
`is
`23
`23
`2‘4.
`25
`2!]
`
`30
`3'2
`36
`36
`38
`
`41
`4?
`51
`52
`55
`5?
`58
`59
`51
`66
`Tl
`72
`72
`7.1
`
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`
`

`

`CONTENT-8
`
`2.2.
`
`213.
`
`'
`
`. 2.4.
`
`Polarization and Magnetization
`2.2.1. The potentials in terms of polarization and magnetization
`2.2.2. Hort: would)”
`2.2.3. The field of a. linear electric dipole
`The Lorentz-Lorenz Formula, and Elementary Dispersion Them-j,f
`2.3.1. The dielectric and magnetic susceptibilities
`2.3.2. The eflective field
`the Lorentz-1.0mm formula
`2.3.3. The mom polarizebility:
`2.3.4. Elementary theory of dispersion
`Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Treated by Integral Equation-i
`2.4.1. The basic integral equation
`2.4.2. The Ewald-anen extinction theorem and a rigorous derivation
`of the himntz—Lorenx formula
`2.45. Rafi-notion and reflection of a plane wave. treated with the help
`of the Equd—eren extinction theorem
`
`3.2.
`
`III. FOUNDATIONS OF GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
`3.1.
`Approximation for Very Short Wavelengths
`3.1.1. Derivation of the eikonal equation
`3.1.2. The light rays and the intensity law of geometrical optics
`3.1.3. Propagation of the amplitude vectors
`3.1.4. Generalizations and the limits of validity of geomtrieal optics
`General Properties of Rays
`3.2.1. The differential equation of light. rays
`3.2.2. The laws of refraction and reflectiun
`3.2.3. Ray congruence-e and their focal properties
`Other Basic Theorems of Geometrical Optics
`3.3.1. Lagrange‘a integral invariant
`3.3.2. The principle of Format
`3.3.3. The theorem of Maine and Dupin and some related theorems
`
`3.3.
`
`IV. GEUMETRICAL THEORY UI“ OPTICAL IMAGING
`4.1.
`The (filamcteristic Functions of Hamilton
`4.1.1. The point characteristic
`4.1.2. The mixed characteristic
`4.1.3. The angle characteristic
`4.1.4. Approximate form of the angle characteristic of a refracting
`aurface of revolution
`4.1.5. Approximate form of the angle characteristic of a, reflecting
`surface of revolution
`
`4.2.
`
`Parfect Imaging
`4.2.1. General theorems
`4.2.2. Maxwell‘s "fish-eye"
`4.2.3. Stigmatie imaging of surfaces
`
`JDS UNIPHASE CORPORATION
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`Exhibit 1005, Page 8
`Exhibit 1005, Page 8
`
`not
`'16
`'16
`79
`81
`5-1:
`
`8?
`
`98 '
`99
`
`100
`
`104
`
`109
`109
`110
`113
`117
`119
`121
`121
`124
`126
`12?
`127
`128
`130
`
`133
`133
`133
`135
`13';
`
`133
`
`141
`143
`143
`14?
`149
`
`

`

`CONTENTS!
`
`4.3.
`
`l’mjcctivo Transformation {Collineflion} with Axial Symmetry
`4.3.1. General formulae
`4.3.2. The telescopic muse
`1.3.3. Classification of projective transformations
`4.3.1. Comliilmtiun of projectivo transformations
`4.1. Gaussian Optics
`4.4.1, Refracting surfm of Devolution
`4.4.2. Reflecting surfzme of revolution
`4.4.3. The thick. lens
`4.1.4. The thin lens
`4.4.5. The gennral centred system
`4.5. Stigmatiu Imaging with Wide-anglo Ponnils
`4.5.1. This sine condition
`1.5.2. The Herschel condition
`
`-
`
`-
`
`"
`
`4.6. Astigmatio Pencils of Ray:
`4.6.1. Focal properties of a. thin pencil
`4.6.2. Refraction of a. thin pencil
`4.7. Chromatic Aberration. Dispersion by a. Prism '
`4.7.1. Chromatic aberration
`4.7.2. Diapcmion by a prism
`4.3. lemmetry and Aperturcs
`4.8.1. Basic concepts of photometry
`4.8.2. Stops and. pupils
`4.8.3. Brightness and illumimtion of images
`4.9. Ray Tracing
`4.9.1. Oblique meridional rays
`4.9.2. Parami‘al rays
`4.9.3. Skew rays
`4.10, Ilsaign of Asphorio Surfaces
`4.10.1. Attainment of axial soigmat-ism
`4.3.0.2. Attainment of apianatism
`V- GEOME’I‘RICAL THEORY OF ABERRATIUNS
`
`5.]. Wave and Ray Abemtions: the Aborration Function
`5.2. The Perwlmtion Eikonol of Schwarzachild
`
`X111
`PHI
`150
`151
`15-1
`1541
`15:3
`15?
`157
`160
`161
`163
`1’54
`166
`167
`169
`
`163
`169
`171
`17-1
`17-1
`17'?
`181.
`181
`186
`138
`190
`191
`193
`19-1.
`197
`197
`200
`1103
`
`203
`207
`
`1'11
`5.3. The Primary {Bonk-J) Aberration-1
`315
`5.1. Addition Theorem for the Primary Aberration:
`5.5. The Primary Aberration Coefficients of a General Centred Lung System 220
`5.5.1. The Scidcl formulae in tor-ms of two puroxiol rays
`:39.
`
`‘ ".
`he Seidul torn-[ulna in terms of one [Iarnxial my
`224
`.
`i’otzvui‘a lhcorem
`225
`
`iii. Example: The I’Iiml‘y Aberration: of El. Thin Lona
`326
`5.7. The Cluflmatio Aberration of a General Centred Len: System
`230
`
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`Exhibit 1005, Page 9
`Exhibit 1005, Page 9
`
`

`

`xiv
`
`oonrnn'rn
`
`iMAGE-II‘ORMING lNSTItUMENTS
`V1.
`6.1. The Eye
`6.2. The Camera.
`
`6.3. The Rafi-acting Telescope
`6.4. The Reflecting Telescope
`6.5. Instrumenta of Illumination
`
`6.0. The Microscope
`
`the
`
`VII. ELEMENTS OF THE THEORY OF INTERFERENCE AND
`INTERFEROMETERS
`7.1. Introduction
`7.2. Interference of Two Monochromatic Waves
`7.3. TwoAbeam Interference: Division of Wane-front
`73.1. Young’s experiment
`7.3.2. F‘reenel’u min-tire and similar arrangements
`7.3.3. Fringes with quasi-monochromatic and white light
`7.3.4. Use of slit sources; visibility of fringes
`7.3.5. Appliontion to the meaauroment. of optical path diflcmncu:
`Rayleigh interfcrurncter
`7.3.6. Application to the meaaummentnl'angulnrdimansions ofeourcee :
`the Michelson stellar interferometer
`7.4. Standing Waves
`7.5. Two-beam Interference: Division of Amplitude
`7.5.1. Fringe: with a. plane parallel plate
`7.5.2. Fringca with thin films;
`the Finns“ interferometer
`7.5.3.
`localization of fringes
`7.5.4. The Mioholtiun inteflhromcter
`7.5.5. The Twymau—Green and related interferometers
`7.5.6. Fringes with two identical plates;
`the Jamin interferometer
`and interference microscopes
`7.5.7. The Mawh—Zehndcr
`interferometer;
`shearing interferometer
`7.5.8. The coherencc length; the application of twoAheam interference
`to the study of the fine structure of spectral lines
`7.6. Multiple-beam Intafl'crenoe
`7.6.1. Multiple—beam fringes with a. plane parallel plate
`7.6.2. The Fabry —Perot interferometer
`7.5.3. The application of the I‘ehry—I’eml. interferometer to the study
`of the fine structure of 511901.121] lines
`7.5.4. The application 01' the Fabry-—Perut interferometer In tin: com-
`parisnn of wavelengths
`7.6.5. The hummer—Gularcke interferometer
`7.66. Interference filters
`7.0.7. Multiple-beam fringes with thin films
`
`the Bates wave-front
`
`Pfll
`233
`233
`'235
`239
`
`-
`
`250
`251
`
`256
`257
`257
`260
`260
`261
`264
`265
`
`263
`
`271
`277
`23]
`281
`285
`291
`3100
`302
`
`308
`
`312
`
`316
`323
`323
`3%
`
`333
`
`338
`3-11
`347
`351
`
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`Exhibit 1005, Page 10
`Exhibit 1005, Page 10
`
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`T63. Multiple-beam fringes with two plane parallel plates
`to} Fringos with. monochromatic and qunaiAmDnWllromstiu light
`(bl Fringe: of superposition
`I 7.7. The Cflmpnrison of Wavelengths with {.113 stander-r1 Metre
`VIII. ELEMENTS OF THE THEORY OF DIFFRACI‘ION
`8.1. Litroduction
`
`8.2. The Huygens—Fresnel Principle
`8.3. Kirchhofi's Diffraction Them-3r
`8.3.1. The inbeg'ml theorem of Kirchhufl
`8.3.2. Kirchhofi's diffraction theory
`3.3.3. Frannhofsr and. Fresnei difirsution
`
`8.4. Transition to n. Scalar Theory
`8.4.1. The image field due to a. monochromatic: oscillator
`8.-t.2. The total image field.
`8.5. Frmmhofer Diflraotion st Apertures of Various Forms
`8.5.1. The rectangular aperture and the slit
`8.5.2. The circular aperture
`8.5.3. Other forms of aperture
`8.6. qunhofor Difimcfion in Optical Instruments
`8.6.]. Diffraction gratings
`(a) The Principle of the dil’fmtion grating
`(1)) Types of grating
`(0} Grating spootrogrsphs
`3.6.2. Resolving power of image-forming system
`8.6.3. Image formation in the microscope
`(a) Incoherent ifluminatitm
`{bl Coherent illumination—Abbo's theory
`(0) Coherent illumirmtion—Zomike’s phase contrast method. of
`observation
`
`5.7. Fresno] Difl'raction at a Straight Edgo
`8.7.1. The difiraction integral
`3.7.2. Freanei‘s integrals
`3.7.3. Fresnel diffraction at a straight edge
`8.8. The Three-(Unwnsionsl Light Distribution near Focus
`8.8.1. Evaluation of the diifi'sction integral
`in terms of Lemme]
`functions
`8.8.2. The distribution of intensity
`(:1) Intensity in the geometrical focal plane
`(1)) Intensity along the axis
`{11) Intensity along the boundary of the geometrical shadow
`5.8.3. The integrated intensity
`8.3.4. The phase liehaviuur
`8.5]. The Boundary DifiraCtion Wave
`
`XV
`ll“-
`35“
`360
`354
`367
`
`70
`370
`370
`375
`375
`378
`332
`38?
`331'
`390
`392
`393
`395
`398
`fill
`4:01
`401
`407
`4152
`41-1-
`418
`418
`419
`
`42-1-
`4-28
`428
`430
`£33
`
`435
`4.39
`«1411
`H1
`4-H
`4-43
`
`449
`
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`Exhibit 1005, Page 11
`Exhibit 1005, Page 11
`
`

`

`xvi
`
`corral-1's
`
`SJO. Gebor‘a Method. of Imaging by lteoonstructed Wave-fronts
`(Holography)
`8.10.1. Producing the paeitiva hologram
`8.10.2. The recomtruction
`
`Hi. THE DIFFRACI'ION THEORY OF ABERRATIONS
`
`9.1. The Difiraction Integral in the Preoenuo of Abel-rations
`9.1.1. The difiractiun integral.
`9.1.2. The displzmemenl: theorem. Change of reference Sphere
`9.1.3. A relation between the intensity and the average deformation
`of wavovfwnts
`
`9.2. Expansion of the Aberration Function
`9.2.1. The circle polynomials of Zemike
`9.2.2, Expansion of the aberration function
`9.3. Tolerance Conditions for Primary Aberration;
`
`9.4-. The bill'mction Pattern aWociated with a Single Aberration
`9.4.1, Primary spherical aberration
`9.4.2. Primary coma.
`9.4.3. Primary astigmatism
`
`9.5. Imaging of Extended. Objects
`9.5.l. Coherent illumination
`9.5.2. Inwhorfint illumination
`
`X. INTERFERENGE AND DIFFRACIION WITH PARTIALLY
`CUHERENT LIGHT
`
`10.1. Introduction
`
`:1 Complex Representation of R531 Polychl'omatic Fields
`10.2.
`10.3. The CorrelationFunctions of Light. Beams
`10.3.]. Interference of two pittiaily coherent beams. The mutual
`coherenrae function and the complex degree of coherence
`10.3.2. Spectral rofmeaentatimi of mutual coherence
`
`[0.4, Tnterfurunoe and Diflmctiun with Quasi-monochromatic Light
`10.4.1. Interference with qua—si-monoohmmatio light. The mutual
`intensity
`10.4.2. Coleulutitm of mutual intensity and degree of coherence for
`light
`from an extended incoherent quasi-manunhrnmatiu
`aource
`{:11 The. Von Uittert Zal'nikn theorem
`(b) Hopkina’ formula
`10.1.3.
`.Jm example
`[0.4.4. Propagation of mutual intoneiiy
`
`Fle-
`
`453
`453
`455
`
`4-59
`
`4.60
`4.62
`462
`433
`
`464
`434
`466
`463
`
`4'13
`4'15
`477
`4‘29
`
`4110
`431
`4534
`
`491
`
`491
`
`494
`4'39
`
`499
`503
`
`W5
`
`505
`
`508
`503
`512
`5l3
`516
`
`JDS UNIPHASE CORPORATION
`JDS UNIPHASE CORPORATION
`Exhibit 1005, Page 12
`Exhibit 1005, Page 12
`
`

`

`DOHTBNT!
`
`xvii
`Plfll
`51.3
`
`.
`
`532
`53.;
`
`10.5. Some Applimtiona
`10.5.1. The dogma of coherence in the image of an oxtonded. incoherent
`518
`quasi-monochromatie source
`522 -.
`10.5.2. The influence of the condenser on resolution in nmiérosoopo
`52:]
`(a) Critical illumination
`_
`52-1
`'
`{b} KfihIor's illumination
`10.5.3. Imaging with pm‘tiaillgir coherent. quasi-monochromatic illumi-
`626
`nation
`.
`(n) Transmission of mutual intensity through an optiunl system 526
`(1)) Images of transillumineted objects
`523
`Illfi. Some Theorems Relating to Mutual Coherence
`532
`10.6.1. Calculation of mutual coherence for light from an incoherent
`source
`1.0.5.9]. Propagation of mutual cohorenoe
`10.7. Rigorous Theory of Partial Coherence
`10.7.1. Wave equations for mutual whatenoe
`10.7.2. Rigorous formulation of
`the propagation law for mutual
`coherence
`10.7.3. The coherence time and the ofiective Spectral width
`10.8. Polarization Properties of Quasi-monnnhromatic Light
`10.8.1. The coherency matrix 01:: quasi-monochromatic plane wave
`le) Completely unpolarized light [Natural light]
`(b) Completely polarized light
`10.8.2. Some equivalent reprwentations. The degree of polarization of
`a light wave
`1.0.8.3. T113 Stokes parameters of a. quasi-monochromatic plane wave
`
`535
`
`7
`540
`54-!
`5-1-1-
`54:5
`549
`
`550
`55-1
`
`X1. RIGORDUS DIFFRAC'I‘ION THEORY
`11.1. IntmducLiun
`11,2. Boundary Conditions nnd Surface Currents
`
`[1.3. Diffraction by a. Plane Screen: EieI-trumagnotic Form of Unbinct‘s
`Principle
`
`11.5.
`
`11.4. Two-dimensional Diffraction 113' (l Plane Screen
`11.1.1. The ocular nature of turn-dimensional cleotrmungnolic fields
`ll.—L‘2. An angular spectrum of plane waves
`-
`11.4.3. Formulation in terms [If dual integral equations
`'I‘wu-Ilirnonsionnl Dil’frnction of a Plane Wave by a Bulfiplanu
`11-5-1. Solution Hi the dual integral equations for Hpnlurimliou
`11.5.3. E‘gflt‘ssion of the solution in terms of Fresnel integrals
`11.5.3. The nature of the solution
`11.5.4. The Solution for vafllflr‘l'bfllinll
`11.5.3.
`i‘iulnu numerical r-nlculntiuns
`11.5.5. L'ulnpnriwn \l'llll approximule theory and will: experimt‘nlni
`results
`
`555
`556
`557
`
`559
`
`560
`560
`551.
`55-1
`56:3
`555
`5E7
`57“
`57-1
`53-3
`
`577
`
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`Exhibit 1005, Page 13
`Exhibit 1005, Page 13
`
`

`

`xviii
`
`a a N! 2 111's
`
`11.6. Three-dimemioml Diffraction of a. Plane Wave by a. Half-plane
`11,7. Difimution of a. Lacal‘L-wzl Source by a. Half-plane
`11.7.1. A line-current parallel to the difirapting edge
`11.7.2. A dipole
`11.8. Other Problems
`11.3.1. Two pnraJJeI half-planes
`11.8.2. An infinite stack of parallel. staggered hnlf~planeas
`[1.3.3. A strip
`'
`11.3.4. Further problems
`1L9. Uniqueness of Solution
`
`XII. DIFFRACI‘ION OF LIGHT BY ULTRASONIC WAVES
`
`12.1. Qualitative Description of the Phenomenon and Summary of
`Theories Based on