Fibre Optics
`Principles and Practices
`
`Abdul AJ .. Azzalll!i
`
`~CRC Press
`~ Taylor & Francis Group
`Boca Raton london New York
`CRC Press is an imprint of the
`Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
`
`LUMENTUM HOLDINGS, INC.
`Exhibit 1041, Page 1
`IPR2015-00731
`
`

`
`This material was previously published in Photonics: Principles and Practices© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
`
`CRC Press
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`© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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`LUMENTUM HOLDINGS, INC.
`Exhibit 1041, Page 2
`IPR2015-00731
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`Table of Contents
`
`Chapter l
`Fibre Optic Cables ..................................................................................................... I
`1. I
`Introduction ............................................................................................................................... I
`1.2 The Evolution of Fibre Optic Cables ....................................................................................... I
`1.3 Fibre Optic Cables .................................................................................................................... 5
`1.4 Plastic Fibre Cables .................................................................................................................. 6
`1.5 Light Propagation in Fibre Optic Cables ................................................................................. 7
`1.6 Refractive-Index Profile ........................................................................................................... 8
`1.7 Types of Fibre Optic Cables .................................................................................................... 8
`1.7.1 Single-Mode Step-Index Fibre Cable .......................................................................... 9
`1.7.2 Multimode Step-Index Fibre Cable (Multimode Fibre Cable) .................................. 9
`1.7.3 Multimode Graded-Index Fibre (Graded-Index Fibre Cable) .................................. 10
`1.8 Polarization Maintaining Fibre Cables ................................................................................... ! 0
`1.9 Specialty Fibre Cables ............................................................................................................ II
`1.10 Fibre Cable Fabrication Techniques ...................................................................................... 11
`1.1 0.1 Double Crucible Method .......................................................................................... 12
`1.10.2 Chemical Vapour Deposition Processes .................................................................. 13
`1.10.3 Outside Vapour Deposition ...................................................................................... 14
`1.10.4 Vapour Axial Deposition .......................................................................................... 14
`1.10.5 Modified Chemical Vapour Deposition .................................................................... 15
`I. I 0.6 Plasma Chemical Vapour Deposition ...................................................................... 16
`1.11 Fibre Drawing ......................................................................................................................... l7
`1.12 Numerical Aperturc ................................................................................................................ l7
`1.13 Modes in a Fibre Optic Cable ................................................................................................ 19
`1.14 Light Source Coupling to a Fibre Cable ................................................................................ 20
`1.15 Launching Light Conditions into Fibre Cables ..................................................................... 22
`1.16 Fibre Tube Assembly ............................................................................................................. 23
`1.17 Fibre Optic Cables versus Copper Cables ............................................................................. 23
`1.18 Applications of Fibre Optic Cables ........................................................................................ 25
`1.19 Experimental Work ................................................................................................................. 26
`1.19. 1 Case (a): Fibre Cable Inspection and Hand I ing ........................................................ 26
`1.19.2 Case (b): Fibre Cable Ends Preparation .................................................................... 26
`1.19.3 Case (c): NA and Acceptance Angles Calculation .................................................. 26
`1.19.4 Case (d): Fibre Cable Power Output Intensity .......................................................... 27
`1.19 .5 Technique And Apparatus ........................................................................................ 27
`1.19.6 Procedure .................................................................................................................. 29
`1.19.7 Safety Procedure ........................................................................................................ 29
`1.19.8 Apparatus Set-Up ...................................................................................................... 29
`1.19.8.1 Case (a): Fibre Cable lnspection and Handling ...................................... 29
`1.1 9.8.2 Case (b): Fibre Cable Ends Preparation .................................................. 31
`l.l9.8.3 Case (c): NA and Acceptance Angles Calculation .................................. 34
`l.l9.8.4 Case (d) Fibre Cable Power Output Intensity .......................................... 35
`1. 19.9 Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 37
`1.19.9.1 Case (a): Fibre Cable Inspection and Handling ...................................... 37
`1.19.9.2 Case (b): Fibre Cable Ends Preparation .................................................. 37
`1. 19.9.3 Case (c): NA and Acceptance Angles Calculation .................................. 37
`1.19.9.4 Case (d): Fibre Cable Power Output Intensity ........................................ 37
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`1.19.1 0 Calculations and Analysis ...................................................................................... 38
`1.19.10.1 Case (a): Fibre Cable Inspection and Handling .................................. 38
`1.19.1 0.2 Case (b): Fibre Cable Ends Preparation .............................................. 38
`l.l9.10.3 Case (c): NA and Acceptance Angles Calculation .............................. 38
`L 19.10.4 Case (d): Fibre Cable Power Output Intensity .................................... 38
`1.19.11 Results and Discussions .......................................................................................... 38
`1.19.11.1 Case (a): Fibre Cable Inspection and Handling .................................. 38
`1.1 9.11.2 Case (b): Fibre Cable Ends Preparation .............................................. 38
`1.19.11.3 Case (c): NA and Acceptance Angles Calculation .............................. 39
`1.19.11.4 Case (d): Fibre Cable Power Output Intensity .................................... 39
`1.19.12 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 39
`1.19.13 Suggestions for Future Lab Work .......................................................................... 39
`1.20 List of References .................................................................................................................. .39
`1 .21 Appendjx ................................................................................................................................. 39
`Further Reading ............................................................................................................................... 39
`
`Chapter 2
`Advanced Fibre Optic Cables ................................................................................. 41
`2.1
`Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 41
`2.2 Advanced Types of Fibre Optic Cables ................................................................................. 41
`2.2.1 Dual-Core Fibre for High-Power Laser .................................................................... 42
`2.2.2 Fibre Bragg Gratings ................................................................................................ 42
`2.2.2.1 Manufacturing Method ............................................................................. 43
`2.2.3 Chirped Fibre Bragg Gratings .................................................................................. 44
`2.2.3.1 Manufacturing Method .............................................................................. 45
`2.2.4 Blazed Fibre Bragg Gratings .................................................................................... 46
`2.2.5 Nonzero-Dispersion Fibre-Optic Cables .................................................................. 46
`2.2.6 Photonic Crystal Fibre Cables .................................................................................. 46
`2.2.7 Microstructure Fibre Cables ...................................................................................... 49
`2.2.8 Polymer Holey-Fibre Cables .................................................................................... 49
`2.2.9
`Image Fibre Cables .................................................................................................... 50
`2.2.1 0 Liquid Crystal Photonic Bandgap Fibre Cables ...................................................... 51
`2.2. I I Lensed and Tapered Fibre Cables ............................................................................ 51
`2.2.1 l.l Advantages of Lensing Technology ........................................................ 52
`2.2.11.2 Manufacturing Technologies .................................................................... 53
`2.2. 12 Bend-Insensitive Fibre Cables .................................................................................. 54
`2.2.13 Nanoribbon Fibre Optic Cables ................................................................................ 55
`2.3 Applications of Advanced Fibre Cables .............................. , ................................................. 55
`2.4 Experimental Work ................................................................................................................. 57
`2.4.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 57
`2.4.2 Suggestions for Future Lab Work ............................................................................ 57
`2.5 List of References ................................................................................................................... 57
`2.6 Appendix ................................................................................................................................. 57
`Further Reading ..................... , ......................................................................................................... 57
`
`Chapter 3
`Light Attenuation in Optical Components .............................................................. 59
`Introduction .............................................................................. , .............................................. 59
`3.1
`3.2 Light Losses in an Optical Material. ...................................................................................... 59
`3.2.1 Absorption .................................................................................................................. 60
`3.2.2 Dispersion .................................................................................................................. 60
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`LUMENTUM HOLDINGS, INC.
`Exhibit 1041, Page 4
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`3.2.3 Scattering .................................................................................................................. 60
`3.2.4 Light Loss in ParaUel Optical Surfaces .................................................................... 61
`3.2.5 Light Loss in an Epoxy Layer .................................................................................. 61
`3.2.6 Bending and Micro-Bending .................................................................................... 62
`3.3 Attenuation Calculations ........................................................................................................ 63
`3.4 Experimental Work ................................................................................................................. 65
`3.4. I Technique and Apparatus .......................................................................................... 65
`3.4.2 Procedure .................................................................................................................. 66
`3.4.3 Safety Procedure ........................................................................................................ 66
`3.4.4 Apparatus Setup ........................................................................................................ 66
`3.4.4.1 Laser Light Power Loss through One to Five
`Microscope Slides ...................................................................................... 66
`3.4.4.2 Laser Light Power Loss through a Single Slide Inclined
`at Different Angles .................................................................................... 67
`3.4.4.3 Laser Light Power Loss through an Epoxy Layer Between
`Two Slides .................................................................................................. 68
`3.4.4.4 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre Optic Cable .............................. 70
`3.4.4.5 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Due
`to Micro-Bending ...................................................................................... 71
`3.4.4.6 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Coupled
`to a Grin Lens at the Input and/or Output ................................................ 72
`3.4.5 Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 73
`3.4.5.1 Laser Light Power Loss through One to Five
`Microscope Slides ...................................................................................... 73
`3.4.5.2 Laser Light Power Loss through a Single Slide Inclined at
`Different Angles ........................................................................................ 73
`3.4.5.3 Laser Light Power Loss through an Epoxy Layer between
`Two Slides .................................................................................................. 74
`3.4.5.4 Laser Light Power Loss tlu·ough a Fibre-Optic Cable .............................. 74
`3.4.5.5 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Due
`to Micro-Bending ...................................................................................... 74
`3.4.5.6 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Coupled
`to a Grin Lens at the Input and/or Output ................................................ 75
`3.4.6 Calculations and Analysis ........................................................................................ 75
`3.4.6.1 Laser Light Power Loss through One to Five
`Microscope Slides ...................................................................................... 75
`3.4.6.2 Laser Light Power Loss through a Single Slide Inclined
`at Different Angles .................................................................................... 75
`3.4.6.3 Laser Light Power Loss through an Epoxy Layer between
`Two Slides ........................ , ......................................................................... 75
`3.4.6.4 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable .............................. 76
`3.4.6.5 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Due to
`Micro-Bending ............................................................................................ 76
`3.4.6.6 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Coupled
`to a Grin Lens at the Input and/or Output ................................................ 76
`3.4.7 Results and Discussions ............................................................................................ 76
`3.4.7.1 Laser Light Power Loss through One to Five
`Microscope Slides ...................................................................................... 76
`3.4.7.2 Laser Light Power Loss through a Single Slide Inclined at
`Different Angles .......................................................................................... 76
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`LUMENTUM HOLDINGS, INC.
`Exhibit 1041, Page 5
`IPR2015-00731
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`3.4.7.3 Laser Light Power Loss through an Epoxy Layer
`Between Two Slides .................................................................................. 76
`3.4.7.4 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable .............................. 77
`3.4.7.5 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Due to
`Micro-Bending ............................................................................................ 77
`3.4.7.6 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Coupled
`to a Grin Lens at the Input and/or Output. ................................................. 77
`3.4.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 77
`3.4.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work ............................................................................ 77
`3.5 List of References ................................................................................................................... 77
`3.6 Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 77
`Further Reading ............................................................................................................................... 77
`
`Chapter 4
`Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Installations ............................................................. 79
`4.1 Introductjon ............................................................................................................................... 79
`4.2 Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications ............................................................................ 80
`4.2.1
`Indoor Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications .................................................. 80
`4.2.2 Outdoor Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications ................................................ 81
`4.2.3
`Indoor/Outdoor Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications .................................... 82
`4.2.4 Other Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications .................................................... 83
`4.3 Fibre-Optic Cable Installation Methods ................................................................................. 83
`4.3.1
`Indoor Fibre-Optic Cable Installation ...................................................................... 83
`4.3.2 Cable Installation in Tray and Duct Systems .......................................................... 84
`4.3.3 Conduit Installation .................................................................................................. 85
`4.3.4 Pulling Fibre-Optic Cable Installation ...................................................................... 85
`4.3.5 Fibre-Optic Cables Direct Burial Installation .......................................................... 86
`4.3.6 Fibre-Optic Cable Aerial Installation ........................................................................ 87
`4.3.7 Air-Blown Fibre Cable Installation .......................................................................... 87
`4.3.8 Other Fibre Cable Installation Methods .................................................................... 87
`4.4 Standard Hardware for Fibre-Optic Cables ........................................................................... 88
`4.4.1 Fibre Splice Closures ................................................................................................ 88
`4.4.2 Rack with Panels ...................................................................................................... 89
`4.4.3 Connector Housings .................................................................................................. 89
`4.4.4 Patch Panels .............................................................................................................. 90
`4.4.5 Splice Housings ........................................................................................................ 90
`4.4.6 Wall Outlets .............................................................................................................. 90
`4.4.7 Fibre-Optic Testing Equipment ................................................................................ 91
`4.5 Fibre-Optic Cable Test Requirements .................................................................................... 91
`4.6 Experimental Work ................................................................................................................. 91
`4.6. I Technique and Apparatus .......................................................................................... 92
`4.6.2 Procedure .................................................................................................................. 92
`4.6.3 Safety Procedure ........................................................................................................ 92
`4.6.4 Apparatus Setup ........................................................................................................ 93
`4.6.4.1 Fibre-Optic Cable Installation .................................................................... 93
`4.6.5 Data CoUeclion .......................................................................................................... 93
`4.6.6 Calculations and Analysis ........................................................................................ 93
`4.6.7 Results and Discussions ............................................................................................ 93
`4.6.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 93
`4.6.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work .............................................................................. 94
`4.7 List of References ................................................................................................................... 94
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`LUMENTUM HOLDINGS, INC.
`Exhibit 1041, Page 6
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`4.8 Appendix ................................................................................................................................. 94
`Further Reading ............................................................................................................................... 94
`
`Chapter 5
`Fibre-Optic Connectors ........................................................................................... 95
`5.1
`lntroduction ............................................................................................................................. 95
`5.2 Applications of Connectors and Splices ................................................................................ 95
`5.3 Requirements of Connectors and Splices .............................................................................. 96
`5.4 Fibre Connectors ..................................................................................................................... 96
`5.5 Mechanical Considerations ..................................................................................................... 98
`5.5. I Durability .................................................................................................................. 99
`5.5.2 Environmental Considerations .................................................................................. 99
`5.5.3 Co1npatibility ............................................................................................................ 99
`5.6 Fibre-Optic Connector Types ................................................................................................. 99
`5.7 Adapters for Different Fibre-Optic Connector Types .......................................................... lOO
`5.8 Fibre-Optic Connector Structures ........................................................................................ 1 00
`5.9 Fibre-Optic Connector Assembly Techniques ..................................................................... 10 I
`5.9.1 Common Fibre Connector Assembly ...................................................................... 101
`5.9.2 Hot-Melt Connector ................................................................................................ 101
`5.9.3 Epoxyless Connector .............................................................................................. 101
`5.9.4 Automated Polishing .............................................................................................. 102
`5.9.5 Fluid Jet Polishing .................................................................................................. I 02
`5.9.6 Fibre-Optic Connector Cleaning ............................................................................ 102
`5.9.7 Connector Testing .................................................................................................... 102
`5.10 Fibre Splicing ....................................................................................................................... 104
`5. J 0.1 Mechanical Splicing ................................................................................................ 104
`5.10.l.l Key-Lock Mechanical Fibre-Optic Splices ............................................ 106
`5.1 0.1.2 Table-Type Mechanical Fibre-Optic Splices ........................................ 106
`5.11 Fusion Splices ....................................................................................................................... l07
`5.11.1 Splice Testing .......................................................................................................... I 07
`5.12 Connectors versus Splices .................................................................................................... ! 07
`5.13 Experimental Work ............................................................................................................... l08
`5.13.1 Technique and Apparatus ........................................................................................ 108
`5.13.2 Procedure ................................................................................................................ 109
`5.13.3 Safety Procedw·e ...................................................................................................... 109
`5.13.4 Apparatus Setup ...................................................................................................... 109
`5.13.4.1 Case (a): Building FSMA Connectors .................................................. 109
`5.13.4.2 Case (b): Testing ConnectiOJl Loss in Two Connectors ........................ Ill
`5.13.4.3 Case {c): Testing Connection Loss in a Mechanical Splice .................. 112
`5.13.4.4 Case (d): Testing Connection Loss in a Fusion Splice ........................ 114
`5.13.5 Data Collection ........................................................................................................ 114
`5.13.5.1 Case (a): Building a Connector. ............................................................. 1 14
`5.13.5.2 Case (b): Testing Connection Loss in Two Connectors ........................ 114
`5.13.5.3 Case (c): Testing Connection Loss in a Mechanical Splice .................. 115
`5.13.5.4 Case (d): Testing Connection Loss in a Fusion Splice ........................ 115
`5.13.6 Calculations and Analysis ...................................................................................... 115
`5. 13.6. I Case (a): Building a Connector. ............................................................. 115
`5.13.6.2 Case (b): Testing Connection Loss in Two Connectors ........................ I 15
`5.13.6.3 Case (c): Testing Connection Loss in a Mechanical Splice .................. 115
`5.13.6.4 Case (d): Testing Connection Loss in a Fusion Splice ........................ 115
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`LUMENTUM HOLDINGS, INC.
`Exhibit 1041, Page 7
`IPR2015-00731
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`5.13.7 Results and Discussions .......................................................................................... 115
`5.13.7.1 Case (a): Building a Connector .............................................................. 115
`5.13.7.2 Case (b): Testing Connection Loss in Two Connectors ........................ 116
`5.13.7.3 Case (c): Testing Connection Loss in a Mechanical Splice .................. 116
`5.13.7.4 Case (d): Testing Connection Loss in a Fusion Splice .......................... 116
`5.13.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 116
`5.13.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work .......................................................................... 116
`5.14 List of References ................................................................................................................. ] 16
`5.15 Appendix ............................................................................................................................... I 16
`Further Reading ............................................................................................................................. 116
`
`Chapter 6
`Passive Fibre Optic Devices .................................................................................. 119
`6.1
`Introduction ........................................................................................................................... I 19
`6.2 2X2 Couplers ....................................................................................................................... ! J 9
`6.3 3 dB Couplers ....................................................................................................................... 121
`6.4 Y-Couplers ...........................................................................................................................