`
`Pong
`
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`For other uses, see Pong (disambiguation).
`
`Pong (marketed as PONG) is one of the
`earliest arcade video games and the very first
`sports arcade video game. It is a tennis sports
`game featuring simple twodimensional
`graphics. While other arcade video games such
`as Computer Space came before it, Pong was
`one of the first video games to reach
`mainstream popularity. The aim is to defeat an
`opponent in a simulated tabletennis game by
`earning a higher score. The game was
`originally manufactured by Atari Incorporated
`(Atari), which released it in 1972. Allan
`Alcorn created Pong as a training exercise
`assigned to him by Atari cofounder Nolan
`Bushnell. Bushnell based the idea on an
`electronic pingpong game included in the
`Magnavox Odyssey, which later resulted in a
`lawsuit against Atari. Surprised by the quality
`of Alcorn's work, Bushnell and Atari co
`founder Ted Dabney decided to manufacture
`the game.
`
`Pong quickly became a success and is the first
`commercially successful arcade video game
`machine, which helped to establish the video
`game industry along with the first home
`console, the Magnavox Odyssey. Soon after its
`release, several companies began producing
`games that copied Pong 's gameplay, and
`eventually released new types of games. As a
`result, Atari encouraged its staff to produce
`more innovative games. The company released
`
`Pong
`
`An upright cabinet of Pong signed by
`Pong creator Allan Alcorn.
`Developer(s) Atari Inc.
`Publisher(s)
`Atari Inc.
`Designer(s)
`Allan Alcorn
`Series
`Pong
`Platform(s)
`Arcade
`Release date(s) November 29, 1972[1]
`Genre(s)
`Sports
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&printable=yes
`
`1/15
`
`
`
`10/31/2015
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`several sequels that built upon the original's
`Cabinet
`gameplay by adding new features. During the
`CPU
`1975 Christmas season, Atari released a home
`Sound
`version of Pong exclusively through Sears
`retail stores. It was also a commercial success
`Display
`and led to numerous copies. The game has
`been remade on numerous home and portable
`platforms following its release. Pong has been
`referenced and parodied in multiple television
`shows and video games, and has been a part of
`several video game and cultural exhibitions.
`
`Upright
`Discrete
`Monaural (Mono)
`Vertical orientation,
`blackandwhite
`raster display,
`standard resolution
`
`Contents
`
`1 Gameplay
`2 Development and history
`2.1 Home version
`2.2 Lawsuit from Magnavox
`3 Impact and legacy
`3.1 Sequels and remakes
`3.2 In popular culture
`4 See also
`5 References
`6 Further reading
`7 External links
`
`Gameplay
`
`Pong is a twodimensional sports game that simulates table tennis. The player controls
`an ingame paddle by moving it vertically across the left side of the screen, and can
`compete against either a computercontrolled opponent or another player controlling a
`second paddle on the opposing side. Players use the paddles to hit a ball back and
`forth. The aim is for each player to reach eleven points before the opponent; points are
`earned when one fails to return the ball to the other.[2][3][4]
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&printable=yes
`
`2/15
`
`
`
`10/31/2015
`
`Development and history
`
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`See also: Origin of Atari Inc.
`
`The two paddles return the
`ball back and forth. The score
`is kept by the numbers (0 and
`1) at the top of the screen.
`
`Pong was the first game developed by Atari Inc. (incorporated in June 1972 by Nolan
`Bushnell and Ted Dabney).[5][6] After producing Computer Space, Bushnell decided
`to form a company to
`produce more games
`by licensing ideas to
`other companies. The
`first contract was
`with Bally
`Manufacturing
`Corporation for a
`driving game.[4][7]
`Soon after the
`founding, Bushnell
`hired Allan Alcorn
`because of his
`experience with
`electrical engineering and computer science; Bushnell
`and Dabney also had previously worked with him at
`Ampex. Prior to working at Atari, Alcorn had no
`experience with video games.[8] To acclimate Alcorn to creating games, Bushnell
`gave him a project secretly meant to be a warmup exercise.[8][9] Bushnell told Alcorn
`that he had a contract with General Electric for a product, and asked Alcorn to create a
`simple game with one moving spot, two paddles, and digits for score keeping.[8] In
`2011, Bushnell stated that the game was inspired by previous versions of electronic
`tennis he had played before; Bushnell played a version on a PDP1 computer in 1964
`while attending college.[10] However, Alcorn has claimed it was in direct response to
`Bushnell's viewing of the Magnavox Odyssey's Tennis game.[8] In May 1972,
`Bushnell had visited the Magnavox Profit Caravan in Burlingame, California where
`he played the Magnavox Odyssey demonstration, specifically the table tennis
`game.[11][12] Though he thought the game lacked quality, seeing it prompted Bushnell
`to assign the project to Alcorn.[10]
`
`Atari engineer Allan Alcorn
`designed and built Pong as a
`training exercise.
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&printable=yes
`
`3/15
`
`
`
`10/31/2015
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`Alcorn first examined Bushnell's schematics for Computer Space, but found them to
`be illegible. He went on to create his own designs based on his knowledge of
`transistor–transistor logic and Bushnell's game. Feeling the basic game was too
`boring, Alcorn added features to give the game more appeal. He divided the paddle
`into eight segments to change the ball's angle of return. For example, the center
`segments return the ball a 90° angle in relation to the paddle, while the outer segments
`return the ball at smaller angles. He also made the ball accelerate the longer it
`remained in play; missing the ball reset the speed.[4] Another feature was that the in
`game paddles were unable to reach the top of screen. This was caused by a simple
`circuit that had an inherent defect. Instead of dedicating time to fixing the defect,
`Alcorn decided it gave the game more difficulty and helped limit the time the game
`could be played; he imagined two skilled players being able to play forever
`otherwise.[8]
`
`Three months into development, Bushnell told Alcorn he wanted the game to feature
`realistic sound effects and a roaring crowd.[8][13] Dabney wanted the game to "boo"
`and "hiss" when a player lost a round. Alcorn had limited space available for the
`necessary electronics and was unaware of how to create such sounds with digital
`circuits. After inspecting the sync generator, he discovered that it could generate
`different tones and used those for the game's sound effects.[4][8] To construct the
`prototype, Alcorn purchased a $75 Hitachi blackandwhite television set from a local
`store, placed it into a 4foot (1.2 m) wooden cabinet, and soldered the wires into
`boards to create the necessary circuitry. The prototype impressed Bushnell and
`Dabney so much that they felt it could be a profitable product and decided to test its
`marketability.[4]
`
`In August 1972, Bushnell and Alcorn installed the Pong prototype at a local bar,
`Andy Capp's Tavern. They selected the bar because of their good working relation
`with the bar's manager, Bill Gattis;[14] Atari supplied pinball machines to Gattis.[6]
`Bushnell and Alcorn placed the prototype on one of the tables near the other
`entertainment machines: a jukebox, pinball machines, and Computer Space. The game
`was well received the first night and its popularity continued to grow over the next
`one and a half weeks. Bushnell then went on a business trip to Chicago to demonstrate
`Pong to executives at Bally and Midway Manufacturing;[14] he intended to use Pong
`to fulfill his contract with Bally, rather than the driving game.[4][5] A few days later,
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&printable=yes
`
`4/15
`
`
`
`10/31/2015
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`the prototype began exhibiting technical issues and Gattis contacted Alcorn to fix it.
`Upon inspecting the machine, Alcorn discovered that the problem was the coin
`mechanism was overflowing with quarters.[14]
`
`After hearing about the game's success, Bushnell decided there would be more profit
`for Atari to manufacture the game rather than license it, but the interest of Bally and
`Midway had already been piqued.[5][14] Bushnell decided to inform each of the two
`groups that the other was uninterested—Bushnell told the Bally executives that the
`Midway executives did not want it and vice versa—to preserve the relationships for
`future dealings. Upon hearing Bushnell's comment, the two groups declined his
`offer.[14] Bushnell had difficulty finding financial backing for Pong; banks viewed it
`as a variant of pinball, which at the time the general public associated with the Mafia.
`Atari eventually obtained a line of credit from Wells Fargo that it used to expand its
`facilities to house an assembly line.[15] The company announced Pong on 29
`November 1972.[16] Management sought assembly workers at the local
`unemployment office, but was unable to keep up with demand. The first arcade
`cabinets produced were assembled very slowly, about ten machines a day, many of
`which failed quality testing. Atari eventually streamlined the process and began
`producing the game in greater quantities.[15] By 1973, they began shipping Pong to
`other countries with the aid of foreign partners.[17]
`Home version
`
`After the success of Pong, Bushnell pushed his
`employees to create new products.[5][18] In 1974,
`Atari engineer Harold Lee proposed a home version
`of Pong that would connect to a television: Home
`Pong. The system began development under the
`codename Darlene, named after an attractive female
`employee at Atari. Alcorn worked with Lee to
`develop the designs and prototype, and based them on
`the same digital technology used in their arcade
`games. The two worked in shifts to save time and
`money; Lee worked on the design's logic during the
`day, while Alcorn debugged the designs in the
`evenings. After the designs were approved, fellow Atari engineer Bob Brown assisted
`
`Atari's Home Pong console,
`released through Sears in
`1975
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&printable=yes
`
`5/15
`
`
`
`10/31/2015
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`Alcorn and Lee in building a prototype. The prototype consisted of a device attached
`to a wooden pedestal containing over a hundred wires, which would eventually be
`replaced with a single chip designed by Alcorn and Lee; the chip had yet to be tested
`and built before the prototype was constructed. The chip was finished in the latter half
`of 1974, and was, at the time, the highest performing chip used in a consumer
`product.[18]
`
`Bushnell and Gene Lipkin, Atari's vicepresident of sales, approached toy and
`electronic retailers to sell Home Pong, but were rejected. Retailers felt the product
`was too expensive and would not interest consumers.[19] Atari contacted the Sears
`Sporting Goods department after noticing a Magnavox Odyssey advertisement in the
`sporting goods section of its catalog. Atari staff discussed the game with a
`representative, Tom Quinn, who expressed enthusiasm and offered the company an
`exclusive deal. Believing they could find more favorable terms elsewhere, Atari's
`executives declined and continued to pursue toy retailers. In January 1975, Atari staff
`set up a Home Pong booth at a toy trade fair in New York City, but was unsuccessful
`in soliciting orders due to the fact that they did not know that they needed a private
`showing.[18][19]
`
`While at the show, they met Quinn again, and, a few days later, set up a meeting with
`him to obtain a sales order. In order to gain approval from the Sporting Goods
`department, Quinn suggested Atari demonstrate the game to executives in Chicago.
`Alcorn and Lipkin traveled to the Sears Tower and, despite a technical complication
`in connection with an antenna on top of the building which broadcast on the same
`channel as the game, obtained approval. Bushnell told Quinn he could produce
`75,000 units in time for the Christmas season; however, Quinn requested double the
`amount. Though Bushnell knew Atari lacked the capacity to manufacture
`150,000 units, he agreed.[18] Atari acquired a new factory through funding obtained
`by venture capitalist Don Valentine. Supervised by Jimm Tubb, the factory fulfilled
`the Sears order.[20] The first units manufactured were branded with Sears' "Tele
`Games" name. Atari later released a version under its own brand in 1976.[21]
`Lawsuit from Magnavox
`
`The success of Pong attracted the attention of Ralph Baer, the inventor of the
`Magnavox Odyssey, and his employer, Sanders Associates. Sanders had an agreement
`with Magnavox to handle the Odyssey's sublicensing, which included dealing with
`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&printable=yes
`
`6/15
`
`
`
`10/31/2015
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`infringement on its exclusive rights. However,
`Magnavox had not pursued legal action against Atari
`and numerous other companies that released Pong
`clones.[22] Sanders continued to apply pressure, and
`in April 1974 Magnavox filed suit against Atari, Bally
`Midway, Allied Leisure and Chicago Dynamics.[23]
`Magnavox argued that Atari had infringed on Baer's
`patents and his concept of electronic pingpong based
`on detailed records Sanders kept of the Odyssey's
`design process dating back to 1966. Other documents
`included depositions from witnesses and a signed guest book that demonstrated
`Bushnell had played the Odyssey's table tennis game prior to releasing Pong.[22][24] In
`response to claims that he saw the Odyssey, Bushnell later stated that, "The fact is that
`I absolutely did see the Odyssey game and I didn't think it was very clever."[25]
`
`The Magnavox Odyssey,
`invented by Ralph H. Baer,
`inspired Pong 's development.
`
`After considering his options, Bushnell decided to settle with Magnavox out of court.
`Bushnell's lawyer felt they could win; however, he estimated legal costs of US$1.5
`million, which would have exceeded Atari's funds. Magnavox offered Atari an
`agreement to become a licensee for US$0.7 million. Other companies producing
`"Pong clones"—Atari's competitors—would have to pay royalties. In addition,
`Magnavox would obtain the rights to Atari products developed over the next
`year.[22][24] Magnavox continued to pursue legal action against the other companies,
`and proceedings began shortly after Atari's settlement in June 1976. The first case
`took place at the district court in Chicago, with Judge John Grady presiding.[22][24][26]
`To avoid Magnavox obtaining rights to its products, Atari decided to delay the release
`of its products for a year, and withheld information from Magnavox's attorneys during
`visits to Atari facilities.[24]
`Impact and legacy
`
`See also: History of the video game industry
`
`The Pong arcade games manufactured by Atari were a great success. The prototype
`was well received by Andy Capp's Tavern patrons; people came to the bar solely to
`play the game.[5][14] Following its release, Pong consistently earned four times more
`revenue than other coinoperated machines.[27] Bushnell estimated that the game
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&printable=yes
`
`7/15
`
`
`
`10/31/2015
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`earned US$35–40 per day, which he described as
`nothing he'd ever seen before in the coinoperated
`entertainment industry at the time.[10] The game's
`earning power resulted in an increase in the number
`of orders Atari received. This provided Atari with a
`steady source of income; the company sold the
`machines at three times the cost of production. By
`1973, the company had filled 2,500 orders, and, at the
`end of 1974, sold more than 8,000 units.[27] The
`arcade cabinets have since become collector's items
`with the cocktailtable version being the rarest.[28] Soon after the game's successful
`testing at Andy Capp's Tavern, other companies began visiting the bar to inspect it.
`Similar games appeared on the market three months later, produced by companies like
`Ramtek and Nutting Associates.[29] Atari could do little against the competitors as
`they had not initially filed for patents on the solid state technology used in the game.
`When the company did file for patents, complications delayed the process. As a result,
`the market consisted primarily of "Pong clones"; author Steven Kent estimated that
`Atari had produced less than a third of the machines.[30] Bushnell referred to the
`competitors as "Jackals" because he felt they had an unfair advantage. His solution to
`competing against them was to produce more innovative games and concepts.[29][30]
`
`Dedicated Pong consoles
`made their way to various
`countries, like this Russian
`Турнир.
`
`Home Pong was an instant success following its limited 1975 release through Sears;
`around 150,000 units were sold that holiday season.[31][32] The game became Sears'
`most successful product at the time, which earned Atari a Sears Quality Excellence
`Award.[32] Similar to the arcade version, several companies released clones to
`capitalize on the home console's success, many of which continued to produce new
`consoles and video games. Magnavox rereleased their Odyssey system with
`simplified hardware and new features, and would later release updated versions.
`Coleco entered the video game market with their Telstar console; it features three
`Pong variants and was also succeeded by newer models.[31] Nintendo released the
`Color TV Game 6 in 1977, which plays six variations of electronic tennis. The next
`year, it was followed by an updated version, the Color TV Game 15, which features
`fifteen variations. The systems were Nintendo's entry into the home video game
`market and the first to produce themselves—they had previously licensed the
`Magnavox Odyssey.[33] The dedicated Pong consoles and the numerous clones have
`since become varying levels of rare; Atari's Pong consoles are common, while APF
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&printable=yes
`
`8/15
`
`
`
`10/31/2015
`
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`Electronics' TV Fun consoles are moderately rare.[34] Prices among collectors,
`however, vary with rarity; the Sears TeleGames versions are often cheaper than those
`with the Atari brand.[31]
`
`Several publications consider Pong the game that
`launched the video game industry as a lucrative
`enterprise.[9][21][35] Video game author David Ellis
`sees the game as the cornerstone of the video game
`industry's success, and called the arcade game "one of
`the most historically significant" titles.[5][28] Kent
`attributes the "arcade phenomenon" to Pong and
`Atari's games that followed it, and considers the
`release of the home version the successful beginning
`of home video game consoles.[29][32] Bill Loguidice
`and Matt Barton of Gamasutra referred to the game's
`release as the start of a new entertainment medium,
`and commented that its simple, intuitive gameplay
`made it a success.[21] Many of the companies that produced their own versions of
`Pong eventually became wellknown within the industry. Nintendo entered the video
`game market with clones of Home Pong. The revenue generated from them—each
`system sold over a million units—helped the company survive a difficult financial
`time, and spurred them to pursue video games further.[33] After seeing the success of
`Pong, Konami decided to break into the arcade game market and released its first title,
`Maze. Its moderate success drove the company to develop more titles.[36]
`Sequels and remakes
`
`TeleGames Pong IV, Sears'
`version of Pong sequel (Pong
`Doubles), was one of the
`many consoles that flooded
`the market by 1977.
`
`Bushnell felt the best way to compete against imitators was to create better products,
`leading Atari to produce sequels in the years followings the original's release: Pong
`Doubles, Super Pong, Ultra Pong, Quadrapong, and PinPong.[3] The sequels feature
`similar graphics, but include new gameplay elements; for example, Pong Doubles
`allows four players to compete in pairs, while Quadrapong has them compete against
`each other in a four way field.[37][38] Bushnell also conceptualized a freetoplay
`version of Pong to entertain children in a Doctor's office. He initially titled it Snoopy
`Pong and fashioned the cabinet after Snoopy's doghouse with the character on top, but
`retitled it to Puppy Pong and altered Snoopy to a generic dog to avoid legal action.
`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&printable=yes
`
`9/15
`
`
`
`10/31/2015
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`Bushnell later used the game in his chain of Chuck E. Cheese's
`restaurants.[3][39][40][41][42] In 1976, Atari released Breakout, a singleplayer variation
`of Pong where the object of the game is to remove bricks from a wall by hitting them
`with a ball.[43] Like Pong, Breakout was followed by numerous clones that copied the
`gameplay:[44] Arkanoid, Alleyway, Break 'Em All.
`
`Atari remade the game on numerous platforms. In 1977, Pong and several variants of
`the game were featured in Video Olympics, one of the original release titles for the
`Atari 2600. Pong has also been included in several Atari compilations on platforms
`including the Sega Mega Drive, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and personal
`computer.[45][46][47][48][49] Through an agreement with Atari, Bally Gaming and
`Systems developed a slot machine version of the game.[50] The Atari developed TD
`Overdrive includes Pong as an extra game to be played during the loading
`screen.[51][52] In 1999, the game was remade for home computers and the PlayStation
`with 3D graphics and powerups.[53][54] In 2012, Atari celebrated the 40th anniversary
`of Pong by releasing Pong World. [55]
`In popular culture
`
`Pong has appeared in several facets of popular culture. The game is prominently
`featured in episodes of television series: That '70s Show,[56] King of the Hill,[57] and
`Saturday Night Live.[58] In 2006, an American Express commercial featured Andy
`Roddick in a tennis match against the white, ingame paddle.[59] Other video games
`have also referenced and parodied Pong; for example Neuromancer for the
`Commodore 64 and BanjoKazooie: Nuts and Bolts for the Xbox 360.[60][61] The
`concert event Video Games Live has performed audio from Pong as part of a special
`retro "Classic Arcade Medley".[62] Frank Black's song "Whatever Happened to
`Pong?" on the album Teenager of the Year heavily references the game's elements.[63]
`
`Dutch design studio Buro Vormkrijgers created a Pongthemed clock as a fun project
`within their offices. After the studio decided to manufacture it for retail, Atari took
`legal action in February 2006. The two companies eventually reached an agreement in
`which Buro Vormkrijgers could produce a limited number under license.[64]
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&printable=yes
`
`10/15
`
`
`
`10/31/2015
`
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`In Toy Story, several arcade cabinets containing Pong can be seen in Pizza Planet.
`
`In 1999, French artist Pierre Huyghe created an installation entitled "Atari Light", in
`which two people use handheld gaming devices to play Pong on an illuminated
`ceiling. The work was shown at the Venice Biennale in 2001, and the Museo de Arte
`Contemporáneo de Castilla y León in 2007.[65][66]
`
`The game was included in the London Barbican Art Gallery's 2002 Game On
`exhibition meant to showcase the various aspects of video game history, development,
`and culture.[67]
`See also
`
`History of video games
`References
`
`1. "Production Numbers" (PDF). Atari. 1999. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
`2. "Pong". Killer List of Videogames. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
`3. Sellers, John (August 2001). "Pong". Arcade Fever: The Fan's Guide to The Golden Age
`of Video Games. Running Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 0762409371.
`4. Kent, Steven (2001). "And Then There Was Pong". Ultimate History of Video Games.
`Three Rivers Press. pp. 40–43. ISBN 0761536434.
`5. Ellis, David (2004). "A Brief History of Video Games". Official Price Guide to Classic
`Video Games. Random House. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0375720383.
`6. Kent, Steven (2001). "And Then There Was Pong". Ultimate History of Video Games.
`Three Rivers Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 0761536434.
`7. Kent, Steven (2001). "Father of the Industry". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three
`Rivers Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 0761536434.
`8. Shea, Cam (10 March 2008). "Al Alcorn Interview". IGN. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
`9. Rapp, David (29 November 2006). "The Mother of All Video Games". American
`Heritage. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2008.
`10. Helgeson, Matt (March 2011). "The Father of the Game Industry Returns to Atari". Game
`Informer (GameStop) (215): 39.
`11. "Video game history". R. H. Baer Consultants. 1998. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
`12. Baer, Ralph (April 2005). Video Games: In The Beginning. New Jersey, USA: Rolenta
`Press. p. 81. ISBN 0964384817.
`13. Morris, Dave (2004). "Funky Town". The Art of Game Worlds. HarperCollins. p. 166.
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&printable=yes
`
`11/15
`
`
`
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`10/31/2015
`ISBN 0060724307.
`14. Kent, Steven (2001). "And Then There Was Pong". Ultimate History of Video Games.
`Three Rivers Press. pp. 43–45. ISBN 0761536434.
`15. Kent, Steven (2001). "The King and Court". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three
`Rivers Press. pp. 50–53. ISBN 0761536434.
`16. "This Day in History: November 29". Computer History Museum. Retrieved
`28 November 2011.
`17. Kent, Steven (2001). "The Jackals". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers
`Press. p. 74. ISBN 0761536434.
`18. Kent, Steven (2001). "Could You Repeat That Two More Times?". Ultimate History of
`Video Games. Three Rivers Press. pp. 80–83. ISBN 0761536434.
`19. Kent, Steven L/ (2001). the Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press.
`ISBN 0761536434.
`20. Kent, Steven (2001). "Could You Repeat That Two More Times?". Ultimate History of
`Video Games. Three Rivers Press. pp. 84–87. ISBN 0761536434.
`21. Loguidice, Bill; Matt Barton (9 January 2009). "The History Of Pong: Avoid Missing
`Game to Start Industry". Gamasutra. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
`22. Baer, Ralph (1998). "Genesis: How the Home Video Games Industry Began". R. H. Baer
`Consultants. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
`23. "Magnavox Sues Firms Making Video Games, Charges Infringement". The Wall Street
`Journal. 17 April 1974.
`24. Kent, Steven (2001). "And Then There Was Pong". Ultimate History of Video Games.
`Three Rivers Press. pp. 45–48. ISBN 0761536434.
`25. Nolan Bushnell (2003). The Story of Computer Games (video). Discovery Channel.
`26. Kent, Steven (2001). "A Case of Two Gorillas". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three
`Rivers Press. p. 201. ISBN 0761536434.
`27. Kent, Steven (2001). "The King and Court". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three
`Rivers Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0761536434.
`28. Ellis, David (2004). "Arcade Classics". Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games.
`Random House. p. 400. ISBN 0375720383.
`29. Kent, Steven (2001). "The Jackals". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers
`Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0761536434.
`30. Kent, Steven (2001). "The King and Court". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three
`Rivers Press. p. 58. ISBN 0761536434.
`31. Ellis, David (2004). "Dedicated Consoles". Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games.
`Random House. pp. 33–36. ISBN 0375720383.
`32. Kent, Steven (2001). "Strange Bedfellows". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three
`Rivers Press. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0761536434.
`33. Sheff, David (1993). "In Heaven's Hands". Game Over: How Nintendo Zapped an
`American Industry, Captured Your Dollars, and Enslaved Your Children (1st ed.).
`Random House. pp. 26–28. ISBN 0679404694.
`34. Ellis, David (2004). "Dedicated Consoles". Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games.
`Random House. pp. 37–41. ISBN 0375720383.
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&printable=yes
`
`12/15
`
`
`
`10/31/2015
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`35. "Pong". IGN. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
`36. Retro Gamer Staff (August 2008). "Developer Lookback: Konami Part I". Retro Gamer
`(Imagine Publishing) (53): 25.
`37. "Pong Doubles". Killer List of Videogames. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
`38. "Quadrapong". Killer List of Videogames. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
`39. "Doctor Pong". Killer List of Videogames. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
`40. "Puppy Pong". Killer List of Videogames. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
`41. "Snoopy Pong". Killer List of Videogames. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
`42. Ellis, David (2004). "Dedicated Consoles". Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games.
`Random House. p. 402. ISBN 0375720383.
`43. Kent, Steven (2001). "The Jackals". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers
`Press. p. 71. ISBN 0761536434.
`44. Nelson, Mark (21 August 2007). "Breaking Down Breakout: System And Level Design
`For Breakoutstyle Games". Gamasutra. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
`45. "Arcade Classics". IGN. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
`46. Atari (20 December 2007). "Retro Arcade Masterpieces Hit Store Shelves in Atari
`Classics Evolved". GameSpot. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
`47. Gerstmann, Jeff (23 March 2005). "Retro Atari Classics Review". GameSpot. Retrieved
`25 December 2008.
`48. "Atari: 80 Classic Games in One Company Line". GameSpot. 23 April 2004. Retrieved
`25 December 2008.
`49. Kohler, Chris (7 September 2004). "Atari opens up massive classicgame library".
`GameSpot. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
`50. "Atari, Alliance Gaming to Develop Slots Based on Atari Video Games". GameSpot. 9
`September 2004. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
`51. Munk, Simon (4 May 2002). "PS2 Review: TD Overdrive". Computer and Video Games.
`Retrieved 25 December 2008.
`52. Gestalt (18 August 2002). "TD Overdrive Xbox Review". Eurogamer. Retrieved
`25 December 2008.
`53. "Pong: The Next Level (PC)". IGN. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
`54. "Pong: The Next Level (PlayStation)". IGN. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
`55. "Atari celebrates 40 years of Pong with new, free iOS Pong game, custom portable Xbox
`360". Engadget. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
`56. "Punk Chick". That '70s Show. Season 1. Episode 22. 21 June 1999. Fox Broadcasting
`Company.
`57. "It Ain't Over 'Til the Fat Neighbor Sings". King of the Hill. Season 9. Episode 15. 15
`May 2005. Fox Broadcasting Company.
`58. "Episode 5". Saturday Night Live. Season 1. Episode 5. 15 November 1975. NBC.
`59. Ashcraft, Brian (22 August 2006). "Roddick vs. Pong". Kotaku. Retrieved 26 December
`2008.
`60. Parker, Sam (13 February 2004). "The Greatest Games of All Time: Neuromancer".
`GameSpot. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
`61. Anderson, Luke (11 September 2008). "BanjoKazooie: Nuts & Bolts Updated Hands
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&printable=yes
`
`13/15
`
`
`
`10/31/2015
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`On". GameSpot. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
`62. Microsoft (28 August 2007). "Microsoft Brings Video Games Live To London".
`GameSpot. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
`63. Frank Black (Singer) (23 May 1994). Album: Teenager of the Year Song: Whatever
`Happened to Pong?. Elektra Records.
`64. Crecente, Brian (28 February 2006). "Atari Threatens Pong Clock Makers". Kotaku.
`Retrieved 22 October 2008.
`65. "Art:21 Pierre Huyghe Slideshow". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 30 December
`2008.
`66. "Musac, Museum XXI Centurt Press Kit" (PDF). Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de
`Castilla y León. p. 8. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
`67. Boyes, Emma (9 October 2006). "London museum showcases games". GameSpot.
`Retrieved 9 May 2008.
`Further reading
`
`Cohen, Scott (1984). Zap! The Rise and Fall of Atari. McGrawHill. ISBN 978
`0070115439.
`Herman, Leonard (1997). Phoenix: The Fall & Rise of Videogames. Rolenta
`Press. ISBN 9780964384828.
`Kline, Stephen; DyerWitheford, Nick; De Peuter, Greig (2003). Digital Play:
`The interaction of Technology, Culture and Marketing. McGillQueen's Press.
`ISBN 9780773525917.
`Lowood, H. (2009). "Videogames in Computer Space: The Complex History of
`Pong". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 31 (3). pp. 5–19.
`doi:10.1109/MAHC.2009.53.
`External links
`
`Pongstory.com (http://www.pongstory.com),
`Wikimedia Commons
`the most comprehensive site about Pong and its
`has media related to
`origins.
`Pong.
`The Atari Museum
`(http://www.atarimuseum.com/) An indepth look at Atari and its history
`RetroGaming Roundup
`(http://www.retrogamingroundup.com/shownotes/2011/roundup031_2011.05.ht
`m) Part 1 of 2 hour interview with designer Al Alcorn
`Pong variants (https://www.mobygames.com/gamegroup/pongvariants) at
`MobyGames
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&printable=yes
`
`14/15
`
`
`
`10/31/2015
`
`Pong Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&oldid=686377573"