`(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2002/0198030 A1
`(43) Pub. Date:
`Dec. 26, 2002
`Shima
`
`US 20020198030A1
`
`(54) PORTABLE TELEPHONE SET
`
`Publication Classi?cation
`
`(75) Inventor: Makoto Shima, Shizuoka (JP)
`
`Correspondence Address:
`Paul J. Esatto, Jr.
`Scully, Scott, Murphy & Presser
`400 Garden City Plaza
`Garden City, NY 11530 (US)
`
`(73) Assignee: NEC Corporation, Tokyo (JP)
`
`(21) Appl. No.:
`
`10/176,829
`
`(22) Filed;
`
`Jun_ 20, 2002
`
`(30)
`
`Foreign Application Priority Data
`
`Jun. 21, 2001 (JP) .................................... .. 2001-187638
`
`........... .. H04M 1/00
`(51) Int. Cl? .
`(52) US. Cl. .......................................... .. 455/566; 455/550
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`Aportable telephone set equipped With a telephone function
`equivalent to that of a mobile phone includes a display
`section, on Which one or more selection items in addition to
`various displays are displayed, and key sWitches for an input
`operation. Its main body is provided With a mouse type input
`section capable of selecting the selection items displayed on
`the display section. The mouse type input section has the
`structure similar to that of a track ball type mouse or an
`optical mouse for a personal computer, and is disposed at the
`bottom, back or side surface of the main body integrally With
`the main body.
`
`10 PORTABLE
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`FIG. 2
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`US 2002/0198030 A1
`
`Dec. 26, 2002
`
`PORTABLE TELEPHONE SET
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`[0001] The present invention relates to a portable tele
`phone set and, more particularly, to a portable telephone set
`provided With a mouse type input section, Which has an
`operability equivalent to that of a mouse for use in a personal
`computer or the like and can be manipulated on the tele
`phone set body.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`[0002] Aportable telephone set such as a mobile phone or
`a personal handyphone system (abbreviated as “PHS”) has
`been reduced in siZe and Weight enough to be put in a pocket
`oWing to the progresses of the semiconductor technology,
`the electronic circuit technology, the casing machining tech
`nology and the like. Therefore, it has remarkably become so
`Widespread that the number of subscribers eXceeds that of
`stationary telephones. A person, Who alWays possesses a
`portable telephone set, also can utiliZe various functions in
`addition to its original telephone functions since a CPU is
`used for a control operation. Speci?cally, the portable tele
`phone set has a function of electronic telephone book or
`address book, a calendar function, a clock function, a
`recording function (a sound memo function), a mail func
`tion, a broWser function and the like. Thereafter, it can
`provide even a user having little opportunity of utiliZing a
`telephone With various utiliZing methods, thereby enhancing
`the availability. As the number of functions increases, the
`functional difference betWeen the portable telephone set and
`a personal digital assistant (abbreviated as “PDA”) has
`become smaller. Thus, the portable telephone set can also
`function as a portable, small-siZed and simple personal
`computer.
`[0003] Input keys for the above-described portable tele
`phone set generally consist of numeral/character input keys,
`scroll keys for the purpose of item selection, arroW keys and
`four-direction keys. HoWever, since the use frequency of the
`portable telephone set has become higher as the functions of
`an electronic mail, a broWser and the like have been
`enhanced in recent years, there has been a demand for the
`con?guration of an easy key input operation in addition to a
`small siZe.
`[0004] A portable telephone set capable of satisfying the
`above-described demand is disclosed in, for example, J apa
`nese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 270072/2000, in
`Which there are only tWo key buttons, i.e., an up-doWn and
`right-left button (a cross button) and a selection button, there
`are numeral roWs (1, 2, 3 .
`.
`. ) and character roWs (a, ka, sa,
`ta, na .
`.
`. or A, B, C .
`.
`. ) on a display, and then, characters
`and numerals can be input by selecting one of the numerals
`and characters displayed and designating conversion/non
`conversion, a small letter/a capital letter, hirakana/katakana
`or the like. Consequently, operability can be secured While
`achieving miniaturiZation.
`[0005] OtherWise. Japanese Patent Application Laid-open
`No. 32113/1999 discloses that a track ball and three keys,
`i.e., a communication key, a termination key and a cancel
`key, are disposed in place of conventional ten keys, Wherein
`selection of a numeral or an item, retrieval of an abbreviated
`dial number and the like can be performed by operating the
`track ball like a cross key.
`
`[0006] HoWever, in the case of the conventional portable
`telephone set disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid
`Open No. 270072/2000, a cursor for selecting an item to be
`displayed on a display screen can be moved only in hori
`Zontal and vertical directions, but cannot be moved in
`slantWise directions Therefore, if the cursor is intended to be
`moved from coordinates (X, y) to other coordinates (X+3,
`y+2), the up-doWn and right-left button need to be moved
`three times in the lateral direction and tWice in the vertical
`direction. That is to say, ?ve key operations need be per
`formed in total. In this Way, although an improvement in
`operability is directed, in fact, the operation of a frequent
`?nger motion is required, and thus, this key input system is
`inconvenient for a user.
`
`[0007] Also in the case of the conventional portable tele
`phone set disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid
`Open No. 32113/1999, since there is no numeral key, it is
`dif?cult to input a telephone-number or the like, and further,
`since the setting position of the track ball is restricted to a
`conventional numeral key position, operation like a mouse
`cannot be performed While a main body is kept to be
`gripped. What is Worse, the display or item selection With
`respect to information obtained via the track ball is restricted
`only in the vertical and lateral directions, and the track ball
`cannot be moved (or selected) in slantWise directions.
`
`[0008] In recent years, a notebook-siZed personal com
`puter or a handheld personal computer has remarkably
`become Widespread, and the Internet can be readily utiliZed
`as soon as a user buys it or if he or she only adds a simple
`adapter. Therefore, if the user brings the notebook-siZed
`personal computer or the handheld personal computer (here
`inafter referred to as “a portable type personal computer”)
`together With a portable telephone set on a private trip or on
`a business trip, he or she can perform communications
`Without any connection to a public telephone netWork via a
`cable.
`[0009] The portable type personal computer gives ?rst
`priority to the portability, and therefore, a small siZe and a
`light Weight are achieved to the limit. Consequently, a
`mouse incorporated in a personal computer body (or dis
`posed near a keyboard unit) is poor in operability in com
`parison With a mouse of an external connection type via a
`cable. So, many users bring the mouse of an eXternal
`connection type having good operability. HoWever, unless
`the personal computer is used, the mouse of an eXternal
`connection type becomes an obstacle, thereby inducing
`inconvenience in portability.
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`[0010] The present invention has been accomplished in an
`attempt to solve the above problems observed in the prior
`art. An object of the present invention is to provide a
`portable telephone set provided With a mouse type input
`section integrated With a telephone set body, in Which it is
`unnecessary to independently bring the input section While
`operability equivalent to that of a mouse in a personal
`computer can be achieved.
`
`[0011] In order to achieve the above-described object,
`according to the present invention, there is a portable
`telephone set provided With a radio telephone function and
`including a main body provided With a display section, on
`Which one or more selection items in addition to various
`
`SCEA Ex. 1006 Page 17
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`US 2002/0198030 A1
`
`Dec. 26, 2002
`
`displays are displayed, and key switches for an input opera
`tion, the portable telephone set comprising: a mouse type
`input section, Which is disposed in the main body and can
`select the selection items displayed on the display section;
`and a control section for detecting coordinates based on an
`output signal from the input section so as to control to move
`a display screen in the display section or speci?c informa
`tion on one and the same plane in all directions on the basis
`of the detection result.
`
`[0012] With this arrangement, the mouse type input sec
`tion is disposed in the main body of the portable telephone
`set such that a selection item displayed on the display section
`can be selected via the input section, and further, display
`control and movement control in any direction inclusive of
`slantWise directions relevant to the operation of the input
`section are performed by the control section. Consequently,
`an image displayed on the display section can be scrolled or
`a cursor for selecting a character in a character input mode
`can be moved in accordance With the operation of the input
`section. Furthermore, since the input section is of a mouse
`type, a cursor or a pointer can be moved in the slantWise
`directions, unlike conventional cross keys or arroW keys,
`thereby directly draWing a picture or inputting a character.
`Moreover, it is possible to achieve operability equivalent to
`that of a mouse in a personal computer, and eliminate
`inconvenience, Which has been experienced in the prior art,
`that a user must bring an input device such as a mouse.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`[0013] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a portable
`telephone set according to the present invention;
`[0014] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the detailed
`arrangement of a control section illustrated in FIG. 1;
`
`[0015] FIG. 3 is a perspective vieW shoWing a ?rst
`example of the front appearance of the portable telephone
`set according to the present invention;
`
`[0016] FIG. 4 is a perspective vieW shoWing the rear side
`of the portable telephone set of FIG. 3;
`
`[0017] FIG. 5 is a perspective vieW shoWing a second
`example of the front appearance of the portable telephone
`set according to the present invention:
`
`[0018] FIG. 6 is a perspective vieW shoWing the rear side
`of the portable telephone set of FIG. 5;
`
`[0019] FIG. 7 is a perspective vieW shoWing a third
`example of the front appearance of the portable telephone
`set according to the present invention;
`
`[0020] FIG. 8 is a perspective vieW shoWing the rear side
`of the portable telephone set of FIG. 7;
`
`[0021] FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating the schematic
`arrangement of an optical mouse type input section illus
`trated in FIG. 5 to FIG. 8;
`
`[0022] FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate examples of screens
`on a display section in the portable telephone set according
`to the present invention;
`[0023] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating operation accord
`ing to the present invention in the case Where there is data
`Which extends off a screen display frame in the display
`section;
`
`[0024] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a screen in Which
`a cursor is moved in an arbitrary direction by the operation
`of the mouse type input section according to the present
`invention;
`[0025] FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating a portable
`telephone set in a second embodiment according to the
`present invention;
`[0026] FIG. 14 is a perspective vieW shoWing the portable
`telephone set connected to a personal computer in the
`second embodiment according to the present invention; and
`
`[0027] FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating the arrange
`ment from an external interface to a display section in the
`personal computer illustrated in FIG. 14.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
`PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
`
`[0028] Preferred embodiments according to the present
`invention Will be described beloW in reference to the accom
`panying draWings
`
`[0029] FIG. 1 illustrates a portable telephone set accord
`ing to the present invention.
`
`[0030] Aportable telephone set 10 comprises: an antenna
`1; a radio circuit 2 connected to the antenna 1; a control
`section 3 for controlling the entire portable telephone set 10;
`key sWitches 4 disposed at the front surface of a main body;
`an mouse type input section 5 having a function equivalent
`to that of a mouse for use in a personal computer; an external
`interface 6 connected to external equipment (e.g., a personal
`computer, a printer or the like); a display section driver 7
`connected to the control section 3, for performing display
`control; and a display section 8 constituted of a liquid crystal
`display unit or the like and connected to the display section
`driver 7.
`
`[0031] The radio circuit 2 is equipped With the functions
`of transmission and reception, and thus, is connected to a
`base station in a telephone mode via the antenna 1 by a radio,
`so that communications can be performed. The control
`section 3 has control over the radio circuit 2, the key
`sWitches 4, the mouse type input section 5, the display
`section driver 7 and the display section B. The key sWitches
`4 consist of a key for turning on or off a poWer source of the
`portable telephone set, numeral keys, character keys and
`other functional keys. On the display section 6 are displayed
`the telephone number of the other end of the phone, an
`electronic telephone book, mail contents or the like in the
`telephone mode While a calendar, a clock, a memo pad or the
`like during non-communications, and further, a selection/
`execution button for a selection item in association With the
`operation of the mouse type input section 5. The selection/
`execution button is used also in the operation of the mouse
`type input section 5, that is, is used for selecting or executing
`a selection item displayed on a display screen. Although the
`selection/execution button is displayed here on the display
`section 8, this function may be assigned to any one of the
`keys disposed in the main body.
`
`[0032] The mouse type input section 5 is disposed inde
`pendently of the key sWitches 4, and is an input mechanism
`for scrolling the display screen or moving a cursor or a
`mouse pointer on the display screen. The mouse type input
`
`SCEA Ex. 1006 Page 18
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`US 2002/0198030 A1
`
`Dec. 26, 2002
`
`section 5 may be con?gured in the general form of a track
`ball type mouse, an optical mouse or the like.
`
`[0033] Here, the character input function and the numeral
`input function ful?lled by the key sWitches 4 may be
`performed by the mouse type input section 5, or by both of
`the key sWitches 4 and the mouse type input section 5:
`namely, the design can be freely set in accordance With the
`need. In addition, the mouse type input section 5 may be
`con?gured by including the selection/execution button.
`Additionally, the character keys and the numeral keys may
`be con?gured to be controlled via softWare. The external
`interface 6 is used in transmitting a predetermined transmis
`sion signal (such as data) to external equipment such as a
`personal computer via a cable or a radio.
`
`[0034] FIG. 2 illustrates the detailed arrangement of the
`control section 3 illustrated in FIG. 1. The control section 3
`comprises: an input detector 11 for detecting the operation of
`the key sWitches 4 or the mouse type input section 5; a
`coordinate detector 12 for detecting coordinates on the basis
`of the detection result of the input detector 11; and a display
`controller 13 for performing predetermined displaying on
`the basis of the result of the coordinate detector 12.
`
`[0035] The input detector 11 is adapted to detect the
`moving direction (i.e. X and y directions), a moving quantity
`and a moving speed of a cursor in accordance With the
`operating state of the mouse type input section 5 in response
`to an output signal from the mouse type input section 5
`illustrated in FIG. 1. The coordinate detector 12 detects
`information from the input detector 11 as coordinate infor
`mation. The display controller 13 controls to scroll the
`display screen or move the cursor or the mouse pointer on
`the display screen in accordance With the coordinate infor
`mation. Here, the input detector 11 may be con?gured in
`such a manner as to simultaneously output input information
`from the selection/execution button set by any one of the key
`sWitches 4 to the coordinate detector 12 in addition to the
`information (i.e., the moving direction, the moving quantity
`and the moving speed) from the mouse type input section 5.
`
`[0036] FIGS. 3 and 4 shoW a ?rst example of the appear
`ance of the portable telephone set according to the present
`invention, in Which a track ball is used as the mouse type
`input section 5. FIG. 3 is a perspective vieW shoWing the
`front surface (i.e., the front side), and FIG. 4 is a perspective
`vieW shoWing the back surface (i.e. the rear side).
`
`[0037] At the front surface of a main body 101, there are
`provided the key sWitches 4, the display section 8, a receiver
`(i.e., a speaker) 31 and a transmitter (i.e., a microphone) 32
`at predetermined positions, respectively. Moreover, at the
`top surface of the main body 101 are disposed the antenna
`1 and the external interface 6, and further, at the side surface
`is attached a selection/execution key 33. Additionally, at the
`center on the rear side is disposed the mouse type input
`section 5, Wherein a track ball is adopted.
`
`[0038] It is preferable that the mouse type input section 5
`should be disposed at a surface reverse to the surface at
`Which the display screen is disposed, in the main body 101.
`Consequently, in using the mouse type input section 5, the
`main body 101 is horiZontally slid on the plane of a desk
`While the main body 101 is gripped by hand, so that a mouse
`operation can be performed While seeing the display. In
`addition, if a button functioning as an item selection/execu
`
`tion key for the mouse type input section 5 is disposed at the
`front side (i.e., the display surface) of the main body 101, a
`click operation can be performed by an index ?nger or
`middle ?nger, like a mouse in a personal computer, thereby
`enhancing operability. As shoWn in FIG. 3, if the selection/
`execution key 33 is attached to the side surface of the main
`body 101, a click operation can be performed by a thumb.
`OtherWise, if the selection/execution key 33 is assigned to
`any one of the key sWitches 4 or softWare sWitches the use
`of the selection/execution key 33 (or another key attached to
`the side surface), the portable telephone set can be custom
`iZed to suit the preferences of the user.
`
`[0039] FIGS. 5 and 6 shoW a second example of the
`appearance of the portable telephone set according to the
`present invention, in Which an optical mouse is used as the
`mouse type input section 5. FIG. 5 is a perspective vieW
`shoWing the front surface (i.e., the front side), and FIG. 6 is
`a perspective vieW shoWing the back surface (i.e., the rear
`side).
`[0040] As shoWn in FIGS. 5 and 6, the mouse type input
`section 5 is disposed at the bottom surface (i.e., the loWer
`surface) of the main body 101. Furthermore, buttons 51 are
`arranged at the side surface of the main body 101 in the
`proximity of the mouse type input section 5. Although the
`buttons 51 are arranged here at the side surface, they may be
`arranged at the front surface (i.e., the surface at Which the
`key sWitches 4 and the display section 8 are ?xed). The
`mouse type input section 5 consists of a light source 22 for
`irradiating a mouse pad or the top surface of a desk With
`light, and a light receiving portion 23 for receiving the light
`emitted from the light source 22 and re?ected on the mouse
`pad or the top surface of the desk, folloWed by optoelec
`tronic transducing. The light source 22 is formed of an LED
`(a light emitting diode) having the feature of loW poWer
`consumption. In the vicinity of the mouse type input section
`5 is disposed a notifying LED lens 25, Which is responsible
`for introducing, outside of the main body 101, light emitted
`from a notifying LED, not shoWn, for notifying a reception
`to the portable telephone set 10 or a time alarm to a user.
`
`[0041] The buttons 51 are used for selecting/executing a
`selection item on the screen of the display section 8 by
`operating the mouse type input section 5. The mouse type
`input section 5 and the buttons 51 are arranged in this
`manner, so that the main body 101 can be gripped as if a pen
`Was used in inputting via the mouse, and then, the buttons 51
`can be depressed While the main body 101 is kept to be
`gripped, thereby providing the structure excellent in usabil
`ity. Moreover, since the mouse type input section 5 is
`disposed at the bottom surface of the main body 101, the
`main body 101 can be used in much the same Way a user has
`a pen. Consequently, When the portable telephone set 10 is
`moved horiZontally on the desk, the mouse operation can be
`performed While seeing the display screen on the display
`section 8. That is to say, the selection/execution buttons 51
`are arranged at positions at Which an index ?nger or a thumb
`touches When the user has the main body 101 as if he or she
`had a pen, thus further improving the usability.
`
`[0042] FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 shoW a third example of the
`appearance of the portable telephone set according to the
`present invention, in Which an optical mouse is used as the
`mouse type input section 5. FIG. 7 is a perspective vieW
`
`SCEA Ex. 1006 Page 19
`
`
`
`US 2002/0198030 A1
`
`Dec. 26, 2002
`
`showing the front surface (i.e. the front side), and FIG. 8 is
`a perspective vieW shoWing the back surface (i.e., the rear
`side).
`[0043] As shoWn in FIGS. 7 and 8, a portable telephone
`set 70 has a folio structure (i.e., a folding structure), in Which
`a main body consists of a display section casing 102 and an
`operation casing 103, Both of the casings 102 and 103 are
`screWed in a freely open or closed manner via a hinge 104:
`namely, they can be opened or closed in a direction indicated
`by a double-headed arroWAin FIGS. 7 and 8 Within a range
`of about 360° from a folded state at 0° to a horiZontal state
`at about 180°, and further, to a state at 0° in a reverse
`direction.
`
`[0044] As shoWn in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, key sWitches 4 and
`a notifying LED lens 25 are disposed at the front surface
`(i.e., an operating surface) of the operation casing 103, and
`further, a mouse type input section 5 provided With a light
`source 22 and a light receiving portion 23 is disposed at the
`end surface. Moreover, buttons 71 for selecting/executing a
`selection item on a screen of a display section 8 are attached
`at the side surface of the operation casing 103. Additionally,
`buttons 72 having the same functions as those of the buttons
`71 are attached at the side surface of the display section
`casing 102.
`
`[0045] With the con?guration shoWn in FIGS. 7 and 8,
`the angle de?ned betWeen the display section casing 102 and
`the operation casing 103 is appropriately set With the display
`section 8 facing upWard, as shoWn in FIG. 7. The mouse
`type input section 5 is horizontally slid over a desk plane on
`a desk or the like While keeping the attitude shoWn in FIG.
`7, so that a user can operate a mouse While seeing the display
`screen on the display section 8 from the above. Conse
`quently, an input operation becomes remarkably facilitated.
`
`[0046] FIG. 9 illustrates the arrangement of the optical
`mouse type input section 5 shoWn in FIGS. 5 to 8 and the
`connection of the optical mouse type input section 5 to the
`control section 3.
`
`[0047] The mouse type input section 5 is provided With the
`light source 22 formed of an LED, a light receiving lens 23a
`and a light receiving circuit 23b constituting the light
`receiving portion 23, a light emitting circuit 24 for driving
`the light source 22, and a focusing lens 26 disposed on a
`light emission optical path of the light source 22. The light
`emitting circuit 24 is controlled by the control section 3, and
`thus, functions as a circuit con?guring a mouse function
`during the use of the mouse, and further, as a circuit for
`driving a notifying alert LED in the case Where there is a
`notice to a user.
`
`[0048] The light receiving circuit 23b is provided With a
`photo diode (abbreviated as “PD”), not illustrated, as a light
`receiving element, for optoelectronically transducing the
`light from the light receiving lens 23a, so as to output the
`resultant electric signal to the input detector 11. The light
`emitting circuit 24 is responsible for alloWing the LED
`serving as the light source 22 to emit the light, and further,
`for actuating it as a notifying LED When the light source 22
`is not used as a light source. In using the light source 22 as
`the notifying LED, a re?ecting member should be preferably
`disposed at a required position, as necessary, in the case
`Where the light cannot be suf?ciently guided to a notifying
`LED lens 25. The light source 22 consists of tWo light
`
`sources (i.e. LEDs) having different Wavelengths. Each of
`the light receiving lens 23a and the light receiving circuit
`23b is constituted in pair. Consequently, the lights emitted
`from the tWo light sources 22 reach the top surface of the
`desk through independent routes, respectively, and the tWo
`light sources and the tWo light receiving elements are
`positioned in such a manner that the re?ected lights enter
`into the corresponding light receiving elements indepen
`dently of each other. A detection signal output from the light
`receiving element (i.e., the photo diode) is input into the
`input detector 11.
`[0049] With the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 9, the
`sWitch function for the screen operation, Which has been
`required in the conventional potable telephone set, is
`embodied by the mouse type input section 5, and further, the
`LED of the light emitting circuit 24 is used also as the
`notifying LED, so that a packaging space can be effectively
`utiliZed While exhibiting the function equivalent to that of
`the conventional potable telephone set (a mobile phone, a
`PHS or the like). Additionally, since input means for the
`screen operation adopts the mouse type input section 5, the
`operability of the screen can be remarkably enhanced.
`Incidentally, the notifying LED and the sWitch for the screen
`operation need be separately mounted in the conventional
`potable telephone set.
`[0050] FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate one eXample of
`display contents on the display section 8. In the case Where
`selection items (e.g., “MENU”, “MAIL” .
`.
`. and “HELP”)
`are listed up on a display screen 80 of the display section 8,
`as illustrated in FIGS. 10A and 10B, a selected item can be
`changed by operating the mouse type input section 5 as
`illustrated in FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B.
`[0051] FIG. 11 illustrates operation in the case Where
`there is data Which eXtends off a screen display frame in the
`display section 8. In the case Where there is data 61 Which
`cannot be displayed Within the screen display frame in the
`display section 8, if the portable telephone set is moved in
`a direction indicated by an arroW in FIG. 11 With respect to
`the screen display frame and the mouse type input section 5
`is operated, the data Within the screen display frame is
`moved (i.e., scrolled), so that the entire data 61 can be seen.
`[0052] FIG. 12 illustrates that the cursor is moved in an
`arbitrary direction by operation of the mouse type input
`section 5. As illustrated in FIG. 12, a cross mark 105
`indicating a cursor position on a screen is displayed on a
`display screen 81. Since the cursor is moved on the screen
`81 in arbitrary directions inclusive of slantWise directions in
`accordance With the mouse operation of the mouse type
`input section 5, a character or a picture (an i