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`Page 2 of 3
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
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`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
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`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging—in—Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. ; cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`
`1. Computers—-Dictionaries.
`
`2. Microcomputers——Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267
`004'.O3--dc2l
`
`2002
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`123456789 QWT 765432
`
`Distributed in Canada by Penguin Books Canada Limited.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@micros0ft.c0m.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, Directlnput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, Directsound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`lntelliMouse, Intellisense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e—mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e—mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-41929
`
`

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`Page 3 of 3
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`the controller onto the drive itself, thereby reducing inter-
`face costs and making firmware implementations easier.
`
`ATAP‘l n. The interface used by the IBM PC AT system for
`accessing CD—ROM devices.
`AT Attachment 21. See ATA.
`
`AT bus n. The electric pathway used by IBM AT and
`compatible computers to connect the motherboard and
`peripheral devices. The AT bus supports 16 bits of data,
`whereas the original PC bus supports only 8 bits. Also
`called: expansion bus. See also EISA, ISA, Micro Chan-
`nel Architecture.
`A
`aTdHvAaNnKcSe 11. See TIA.
`
`ATDP n. Acronym for Attention Dial Pulse, a command
`that initiates pulse (as opposed to touch-tone) dialing in
`Hayes and Hayes-compatible modems. Compare ATDT.
`
`ATDT n. Acronym for Attention Dial Tone, a command
`that initiates touch-tone (as opposed to pulse) dialing in
`Hayes and Hayes-compatible modems. Compare ATDP.
`
`Athlon a. Family of x86-compatible processors intro-
`duced by Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) in 1999.
`Athlon, which was code-named AMD-K7, is a successor
`to the AMD—K6 family. Comparable to upper-end Intel
`Pentium III processors in performance, Athlon is distin-
`guished by over 22 million transistors; a fully pipelined,
`superscalar floating-point engine, which enhances perfor-
`mance of graphics and multimedia programs, Internet
`streaming applications, and games; a 200-MHZ system
`bus; and a 128-KB Ll cache. Although the L2 cache is
`512 KB in size, the Athlon can support L2 cache sizes up
`to 8 MB. The first Athlon releases featured clock speeds
`of 500 to 650 MHZ; 800-MHZ and faster versions are now
`available. Athlon, which runs 32-bit programs, is compati-
`ble with most PC operating systems, including Microsoft
`Windows, Linux, OS/2 Warp, and NetWare. See also
`AMD—K6.
`
`ATM n. 1. Acronym for Asynchronous Transfer Mode. A
`network technology capable of transmitting data, voice,
`audio, video, and frame relay traffic in real time. Data,
`including frame relay data, is broken into packets contain-
`ing 53 bytes each, which are switched between any two
`nodes in the system at rates ranging from 1.5 Mbps to 622
`Mbps (over fiber optic cable). The basic unit of ATM trans-
`mission is known as a cell, a packet consisting of 5 bytes
`routing information and a 48-byte payload (data). These
`
`cells are transmitted to their destination, where they are
`reassembled into the original traffic. During transmission,
`cells from different users may be intermixed asynchro-
`nously to maximize utilization of network resources. ATM
`is defined in the broadband ISDN protocol at the levels cor-
`responding to levels 1 and 2 of the ISO/OSI reference
`model. It is currently used in LANs (local area networks)
`involving workstations and personal computers, but it is
`expected to be adopted by the telephone companies, which
`will be able to charge customers for the data they transmit
`rather than for their connect time. See also broadband,
`ISDN, ISO/OSI reference model. 2. Acronym for auto-
`mated teller machine. A special-purpose terminal that
`bank customers can use to make deposits, obtain cash, and
`perform other transactions. 3. See Adobe Type Manager,
`
`ATM Adaptation Layer n. The ATM layer that mediates
`between higher—level and lower-level services, converting
`different types of data (such as audio, video, and data
`frames) to the 48-byte payloads required by ATM.
`Acronym: AAL.See also ATM (definition 1).
`
`ATM Forum n. Forum created in 1991 and including more
`than 750 companies related to communications and comput-
`ing, as well as government agencies and research groups.
`The forum aims to promote Asynchronous Transfer Mode
`for data communication. See also ATM (definition 1).
`
`Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability n. See
`ACID.
`
`atomic operation 71. An operation considered or guaran-
`teed to be indivisible (by analogy with an atom of matter,
`once thought to be indivisible). Either the operation is
`uninterruptible or, if it is aborted, a mechanism is provided
`that ensures the return of the system to its state prior to ini-
`tiation of the operation.
`
`atomic transaction n. A set of operations that follow an
`“all or nothing” principle, in which either all of the opera-
`tions are successfully executed or none of them is exe-
`cuted. Atomic transactions are appropriate for order entry
`and fulfillment or for money transfers to ensure that infor-
`mation is fully updated. For example, if funds are trans-
`ferred between accounts on two databases, one account
`cannot be credited if the other is not debited by the same
`amount. An atomic transaction would involve both record-
`ing the credit in one database and recording the corre-
`sponding debit in the other. If any operation in the
`transaction fails, the transaction is aborted and any infor-