`
`MICROSOFT PRESS®
`
`COMPUTER
`DICTIONARY
`
`SECOND
`
`EDITION
`
`
`
`
`
`THE COMPREHENSIVE
`
`STANDARD FOR
`
`BUSINESS, SCHOOL,
`
`LIBRARY, AND HOME
`
`
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - EX. 1066, p. 1
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1066, p. 1
`
`

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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1994 by Microsoft Press
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or
`transmitted in any form or by any means without the Written permission of the publisher,
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in—Publication Data
`
`Microsoft Press computer dictionary : the comprehensive standard for
`business, school, library, and home / Microsoft Press. —— 2nd ed.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 1-55615-597—2
`
`2. Microcomputers--‘Dictionaries.
`1. Computers-~Dictionaries.
`1. Microsoft Press.
`II. Title: Computer dictionary.
`QA76.15.M54
`1993
`
`004'. 03——dc20
`
`93-29868
`CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`56789 MLML 98765
`
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada
`Publishing Corporation.
`
`Distributed to the book trade outside the United States and Canada by
`Penguin Books Ltd.
`
`Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
`Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
`Penguin Books NZ. Ltd, 182—190 Wairau Road, Auckland 10y New Zealand
`British Cataloging—in-Publication Data available,
`
`Project Editor: Casey D. Doyle
`Manuscript Editor: Alice Copp Smith
`Technical Editors: Mary Dejong, Jeff Carey, Dail Magee, Jr. , Jim Fuchs, Seth McEvoy
`
`
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - EX. 1066, p. 2
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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1066, p. 2
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`

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`_) Bus
`
`n ex-
`inter—
`
`gram
`5M as
`
`SNA);
`ining
`d ex-
`ation
`“lan—
`other
`level
`e ar-
`
`; ma-
`>wer)
`host
`which
`pro—
`) two
`i and
`:way
`. and
`ters.)
`bun—
`0 es-
`XPPC
`
`nput—
`ating
`
`used
`0 the
`char.—
`Com—
`
`tions
`
`ipple
`1t de-
`:e, to
`plug
`4~pin
`)uter.
`local
`
`rices,
`s tab—
`
`only
`In be
`
`Apple Extended Keyboard
`
`
`
`application
`
`
`
`attached by linking one to the next in a series
`called a daisy chain. See also bus, device driver,
`port, serial communications.
`Apple Extended Keyboard A IOS—key keyboard
`that works with the Macintosh SE, Macintosh II,
`and Apple IIGS computers. See the illustration,
`This keyboard marks Apple’s first inclusion of
`function, or F, keys, the absence of which was
`long cited by users of IBM PCs and compatibles
`as a shortcoming of the Macintosh. Apple also
`made several other changes to the layout of exist—
`ing keys, which, combined with added keys and
`lights, make the Apple Extended Keyboard quite
`similar in layout to the IBM enhanced keyboard.
`Apple key A key on Apple keyboards labeled
`with an outline of the Apple logo symbol (C3).
`On Apple’s universal ADB and Extended key-
`boards, the Apple key and the Command key are
`the same key, which serves a purpose similar to
`that of the Control key on IBM and compatible
`keyboards. It is generally used in combination
`with a character key as a shortcut to making
`menu selections or to starting a macro (a stored
`sequence of commands).
`AppleTalk An inexpensive local area network de-
`veloped by Apple Computer that can be used by
`both Apple and non-Apple computers for com—
`
`
`munication and sharing of resources Such as
`printers and file servers. Macintosh computers
`plug into the network through the printer port
`(serial port B); non—Apple computers, such as
`IBM PCs, must be equipped with AppleTalk hard-
`ware and suitable software, AppleTalk is a
`baseband network that transfers information at a
`
`raw speed of 230 kilobits per second and links up
`to 52 devices (nodes) using CSMA/CD (Carrier
`Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)
`over a distance of about 1000 feet on shielded,
`twisted-pair cabling known as LocalTalk cable.
`The network uses a layered set of protocols simi—
`lar to the 180/081 (International Organization for ,
`Standardization/Open Systems Interconnection)
`model and transfers information as packets of
`data called frames. AppleTalk supports connec—
`tions to other AppleTalk networks through
`devices known as bridges, and it supports
`connections to dissimilar networks through de-
`vices called gateways. See also frame.
`application A computer program designed to help
`people perform a certain type of work. An appli-
`cation thus differs from an operating system
`(which runs a computer), a utility (which per—
`forms maintenance or general-purpose chores),
`and a language (with which computer programs
`
`
`
`Apple Extended Keyboard.
`
`25
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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - EX. 1066, p. 3
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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1066, p. 3
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`

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`
`
`application developer
`
`
`
`
`
`
`arbitration
`
`
`
`
`are created). Depending on the work for which it
`was designed, an application can manipulate
`text, numbers, graphics, or a combination of
`these elements. Some application packages offer
`considerable computing power by focusing on a
`single task, such as word processing; others,
`called integrated software, offer somewhat less
`power but include several applications, such as a
`word processor, a spreadsheet, and a database
`program.
`
`application developer A person who designs,
`specifies, and researches the appearance and
`function of an application program. An applica-
`tion developer might or might not do any of the
`actual programming.
`application development language Loosely, a
`computer language designed specifically for cre-
`ating applications, Because most computer lan-
`guages could be used for this purpose, the term is
`reserved for
`those languages having specific
`high—level constructs aimed toward record de-
`sign, form layout, database retrieval and update,
`and similar tasks. See also application, applica—
`tion generator, fourth—generation language.
`application development system A program—
`ming environment designed specifically for pro—
`ducing applications. The term usually implies the
`combination of a text editor, a compiler, and a
`linker. An application development system might
`also contain libraries of common softwarei rou-
`tines that can be used in developed programs.
`application file See program file.
`application generator A software development
`system that allows a programmer to lay out an
`application and define its
`functionality, after
`which the application generator produces the
`necessary source or machine code for that appli-
`cation. Because applications are so diverse, ap—
`plication generators are difficult to create and are
`often limited in the types of applications they can
`produce. Application generators are included
`with some database programs and use built-in
`sets of instructions to generate program code. See
`also application.
`application layer The layer of network stan—
`dards concerned with providing services to net;
`
`work users at an application-based level. The
`seventh and highest layer in the Open Systems
`Interconnection (081) model developed for the
`International Organization for Standardization
`(180), the application layer relies on services per-
`formed at lower levels but is the layer least in-
`volved with the underlying network hardware.
`Tasks performed on the application layer vary
`with the uses of a network, but they might in-
`clude login procedures, electronic mail, terminal
`emulation, database management, and the opera-
`tion of file servers and print servers. See also ISO/
`081 model.
`
`application processor A processor dedicated to
`a single application. A hardware circuit designed
`to speed the matching of text strings is an appli-
`cation processor.
`
`application program See application.
`application programming interface Abbreviat—
`ed API. A set of routines that an application pro-
`gram uses to request and carry out lower—level
`services performed by a computer’s operating
`system. An application program carries out two
`types of tasks: those related to work being per-
`formed, such as accepting text or numbers input
`to a document or spreadsheet, and those related
`to maintenance chores, such as managing files
`and displaying information on the screen. These
`maintenance chores
`are performed by the
`computer’s operating system, and an API pro—
`vides the program with a means of communicat-
`ing with the system, telling it which system-level
`task to perform and when. On computers run-
`ning a graphical user interface such as that on the
`Apple Macintosh, an API also helps application
`programs manage windows, menus, icons, and
`so on. On local area networks, an API, such as
`IBM’s NetBIOS, provides applications with a uni-
`form means of requesting services from the lower
`levels of the network.
`
`application software See application.
`application-specific integrated circuit See gate
`array.
`
`arbitration The process of monitoring and man—
`aging competing demands for a resource that are
`
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`24
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`:j-s
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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1066, p. 4
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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1066, p. 4
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