NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
`Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
`
`Designation: D 653 – 02
`
`Standard Terminology Relating to
`Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids1
`
`This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 653; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
`original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval A
`superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval
`These definitions were prepared jointly by the American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Society for Testing and Materials.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`A number of the definitions include symbols and indicate the units of measurement. The symbols
`appear in italics immediately after the name of the term, followed by the unit in parentheses. No
`significance should be placed on the order in which the symbols are presented where two or more are
`given for an individual term. The applicable units are indicated by capital letters, as follows:
`F—Force, such as pound-force, ton-force, newton
`L—Length, such as inch, foot, centimetre
`T—Time, such as second, minute
`D—Dimensionless
`Positive exponents designate multiples in the numerator. Negative exponents designate multiples in
`the denominator. Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.”
`Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-pound system has been purposely omitted in order to
`leave the choice of the system and specific unit to the engineer and the particular application, for
`example:
`FL−2—may be expressed in pounds-force per square inch, kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc.
`LT−1—may be expressed in feet per minute, centimetres per second, etc.
`Where synonymous terms are cross-referenced, the definition is usually included with the earlier
`term alphabetically. Where this is not the case, the later term is the more significant.
`Definitions marked with (ISRM) are taken directly from the publication in Ref 42 and are included
`for the convenience of the user.
`For a list of ISRM symbols relating to soil and rock mechanics, refer to Appendix X1.
`A list of references used in the preparation of these definitions appears at the end.
`
`AASHTO compaction—see compaction test.
`88A” Horizon—see horizon.
`abandonment—see decommissioning.
`abrasion—a rubbing and wearing away. (ISRM)
`abrasion—the mechanical wearing, grinding, scraping or rub-
`bing away (or down) of rock surfaces by friction or impact,
`or both.
`
`D 5299
`
`1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil
`and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18 93 on Terminology
`for Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
`Current edition approved Feb 10, 2002 Published May 2002 Originally
`published as D 653 – 42 T Last previous edition D 653 – 01
`This extensive list of definitions represents the joint efforts of Subcommittee
`D18 93 on Terminology for Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids of ASTM Committee
`D-18 on Soil and Rock, and the Committee on Definitions and Standards of the
`Geotechnical Engineering Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers
`These two groups function together as the Joint ASCE/ASTM Committee on
`Nomenclature in Soil and Rock Mechanics This list incorporates some terms from
`ASTM Definitions D 1707, Terms Relating to Soil Dynamics, which were discon-
`tinued in 1967
`
`abrasive—any rock, mineral, or other substance that, owing to
`its superior hardness, toughness, consistency, or other prop-
`erties, is suitable for grinding, cutting, polishing, scouring,
`or similar use.
`abrasiveness—the property of a material to remove matter
`when scratching and grinding another material. (ISRM)
`absorbed water—water held mechanically in a soil or rock
`mass and having physical properties not substantially differ-
`ent from ordinary water at
`the same temperature and
`pressure.
`absorption—the assimilation of fluids into interstices.
`absorption loss—that part of transmitted energy (mechanical)
`lost due to dissipation or conversion into other forms (heat,
`etc.).
`accelerator—a material
`increases the rate at which
`that
`chemical reactions would otherwise occur.
`activator—a material
`that causes a catalyst
`function.
`active earth pressure—see earth pressure.
`
`to begin its
`
`Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
`
`1
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`NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
`Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
`
`D 653
`
`active state of plastic equilibrium—see plastic equilibrium.
`additive—any material other than the basic components of a
`grout system.
`adhesion—shearing resistance between soil and another ma-
`terial under zero externally applied pressure.
`Symbol
`Unit
`FL−2
`ca
`Unit Adhesion
`F or FL−1
`Total Adhesion
`Ca
`adhesion—shearing resistance between two unlike materials
`under zero externally applied pressure.
`admixture—a material other than water, aggregates, or cemen-
`titious material, used as a grout ingredient for cement-based
`grouts.
`adsorbed water—water in a soil or rock mass attracted to the
`particle surfaces by physiochemical forces, having proper-
`ties that may differ from those of pore water at the same
`temperature and pressure due to altered molecular ar-
`rangement; adsorbed water does not include water that is
`chemically combined within the clay minerals.
`adsorption—the attachment of water molecules or ions to the
`surfaces of soil particles.
`advancing slope grouting—a method of grouting by which
`the front of a mass of grout is caused to move horizontally
`by use of a suitable grout injection sequence.
`aeolian deposits—wind-deposited material such as dune sands
`and loess deposits.
`aggregate—as a grouting material, relatively inert granular
`mineral material, such as sand, gravel, slag, crushed stone,
`etc. “Fine aggregate” is material that will pass a No. 4
`(6.4-mm) screen,
`“Coarse aggregate” is material that will not pass a No. 4
`(6.4-mm) screen. Aggregate is mixed with a cementing agent
`(such as Portland cement and water) to form a grout
`material.
`agitator tank—a tank, usually vertical and with open top, with
`rotation paddles used to prevent segregation of grout after
`mixing.
`air entry value—the applied suction at which water menisci of
`the porous segment of a suction sampler break down, and air
`D 4696
`enters.
`air-space ratio, Ga (D)—ratio of: (1) volume of water that can
`be drained from a saturated soil or rock under the action of
`force of gravity, to (2) total volume of voids.
`air-void ratio, Gv (D)—the ratio of: (1) the volume of air
`space, to (2) the total volume of voids in a soil or rock mass.
`alkali aggregate reaction—a chemical
`reaction between
`Na2O and K2O in the cement and certain silicate minerals in
`the cement and certain silicate minerals in the aggregate,
`which causes expansion resulting in weakening and cracking
`of Portland cement grout. See reactive aggregate.
`allowable bearing value (allowable soil pressure), qa, pa
`(FL−2)—the maximum pressure that can be permitted on
`foundation soil, giving consideration to all pertinent factors,
`with adequate safety against rupture of the soil mass or
`movement of the foundation of such magnitude that the
`structure is impaired.
`allowable pile bearing load, Qa, Pa (F)—the maximum load
`that can be permitted on a pile with adequate safety against
`
`movement of such magnitude that the structure is endan-
`gered.
`alluvium—soil, the constituents of which have been trans-
`ported in suspension by flowing water and subsequently
`deposited by sedimentation.
`amplification factor—ratio of dynamic to static displacement.
`amorphous peat—see sapric peat.
`friction), d
`angle of external
`friction (angle of wall
`(degrees)—angle between the abscissa and the tangent of the
`curve representing the relationship of shearing resistance to
`normal stress acting between soil and surface of another
`material.
`angle of friction (angle of friction between solid bodies), f
`s (degrees)—angle whose tangent is the ratio between the
`maximum value of shear stress that resists slippage between
`two solid bodies at rest with respect to each other, and the
`normal stress across the contact surfaces.
`angle of internal friction (angle of shear resistance), f
`(degrees)—angle between the axis of normal stress and the
`tangent to the Mohr envelope at a point representing a given
`failure-stress condition for solid material.
`angle of obliquity, a, b, f, C (degrees)—the angle between
`the direction of the resultant stress or force acting on a given
`plane and the normal to that plane.
`angle of repose, a (degrees)—angle between the horizontal
`and the maximum slope that a soil assumes through natural
`processes. For dry granular soils the effect of the height of
`slope is negligible; for cohesive soils the effect of height of
`slope is so great that the angle of repose is meaningless.
`angle of shear resistance—see angle of internal friction.
`angle of wall friction—see angle of external friction.
`angular aggregate—aggregate, the particles of which possess
`well-defined edges formed at the intersection of roughly
`planar faces.
`anisotropic mass—a mass having different properties in dif-
`ferent directions at any given point.
`anisotropy—having different properties in different directions.
`(ISRM)
`annual space; annulus—the space between two concentric
`tubes or casings, or between the casing and the borehole
`wall. This would include the space(s) between multiple
`strings of tubing/casings in a borehole installed either
`concentrically or multi-cased adjacent
`to each other.
`D 5092
`
`apparent cohesion—see cohesion.
`aquiclude—a relatively impervious formation capable of ab-
`sorbing water slowly but will not transmit it fast enough to
`furnish an appreciable supply for a well or spring.
`aquifer—a geologic formation, group of formations, of part of
`a formation that is saturated and is capable of providing a
`D 5092
`significant quantity of water.
`aquifer, confined—an aquifer bounded above and below by
`confining beds and in which the static head is above the top
`of the aquifer. D 4050, D 4104, D 4105, D 4106, D 5269
`aquifer, unconfined—an aquifer
`that has a water
`table.
`D 4043, D 4105, D 4106
`aquitard—a confining bed that retards but does not prevent the
`
`2
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`NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
`Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
`
`D 653
`
`flow of water to or from an adjacent aquifer; a leaky
`confining bed.
`arching—the transfer of stress from a yielding part of a soil or
`rock mass to adjoining less-yielding or restrained parts of the
`mass.
`area grouting—grouting a shallow zone in a particular area
`utilizing holes arranged in a pattern or grid.
`
`DISCUSSION—This type of grouting is sometimes referred to as
`blanket or consolidation grouting.
`area of influence of a well, a (L2)—area surrounding a well
`within which the piezometric surface has been lowered when
`pumping has produced the maximum steady rate of flow.
`area ratio of a sampling spoon, sampler, or sampling tube,
`Ar (D)—the area ratio is an indication of the volume of soil
`displaced by the sampling spoon (tube), calculated as fol-
`lows:
`
`Ar 5 @~De
`
`
`
`2 2 Di2/Di
`
`2# 3 100
`
`(1)
`
`Type IV (Portland)—a construction cement that produces a
`low head of hydration (lower than Types I and II) and
`D 5092
`develops strength at a slower rate.
`Type V (Portland)—a construction cement that is a high
`sulfate resistant formulation. Used when there is severe
`sulfate action from soils and ground water.
`attapulgite clay—a chain-lattice clay mineral. The term also
`applies to a group of clay materials that are lightweight,
`tough, matted, and fibrous.
`attenuation—reduction of amplitude with time or distance.
`88B” horizon—see horizon.
`average interstitial velocity—see velocity, average intersti-
`tial.
`backpack grouting—the filling with grout of the annular
`space between a permanent tunnel lining and the surround-
`ing formation.
`
`DISCUSSION—Same as crown grouting and backfill grouting.
`back-packing—any material (usually granular) that is used to
`fill
`the empty space between the lagging and the rock
`surface. (ISRM)
`baffle—a pier, weir, sill, fence, wall, or mound built on the bed
`of a stream to parry, deflect, check, or regulate the flow or to
`float on the surface to dampen the wave action.
`bailer—a hollow tubular receptacle used to facilitate with-
`D 5092
`drawal of fluid from a well or borehole.
`ballast—materials used to provide stability to a buoyant object
`(such as casing within a borehole filled with water).
`D 5092
`barometric efficiency—the ratio of the change in depth to
`water in a well to the inverse of water-level change in
`barometric pressure, expressed in length of water. D 4043
`base—in grouting, main component in a grout system.
`base course (base)—a layer of specified or selected material of
`planned thickness constructed on the subgrade or subbase for
`the purpose of serving one or more functions such as
`distributing load, providing drainage, minimizing frost ac-
`tion, etc.
`base exchange—the physicochemical process whereby one
`species of ions adsorbed on soil particles is replaced by
`another species.
`batch—in grouting, quantity of grout mixed at one time.
`batch method—in grouting, a quantity of grout materials are
`mixed or catalyzed at one time prior to injection.
`batch mixer—in grouting, a machine that mixes batches of
`grout, in contrast to a continuous mixer.
`bearing capacity—see ultimate bearing capacity.
`bearing capacity (of a pile), Qp, Pp (F)—the load per pile
`required to produce a condition of failure.
`bedding—applies to rocks resulting from consolidation of
`sediments and exhibiting surfaces of separation (bedding
`planes) between layers of the same or different materials,
`that is, shale, siltstone, sandstone, limestone, etc. (ISRM)
`bedding—collective term signifying the existence of layers of
`beds. Planes or other surfaces dividing sedimentary rocks of
`the same or different lithology.
`bedrock—the more or less continuous body of rock which
`underlies the overburden soils. (ISRM)
`bedrock (ledge)—rock of relatively great thickness and extent
`
`3
`
`the sampling
`
`where:
`De
`
`Di
`
`= maximum external diameter of
`spoon, and
`= minimum internal diameter of the sampling spoon
`at the cutting edge.
`armor—the artificial surfacing of bed, banks, shore, or em-
`bankment to resist erosion or scour.
`armor stone—(generally one ton to three tons in weight) stone
`resulting from blasting, cutting, or by other methods to
`obtain rock heavy enough to require handling two individual
`pieces by mechanical means.
`articulating concrete block (ACB) revetment system—a
`matrix of interconnected concrete block units sufficient for
`erosion protection. Units are typically connected by geomet-
`ric interlock and/or cables or geogrids, and typically include
`a geotextile underlay for subsoil retention.
`ash content—the percentage by dry weight of material remain-
`ing after an oven dry organic soil or peat is burned by a
`prescribed method.
`assessment monitoring—an investigative monitoring pro-
`gram that is initiated after the presence of a contaminant in
`ground water has been detected. The objective of this
`program is to determine the concentration of constituents
`that have contaminated the ground water and to quantify the
`rate and extent of migration of these constituents. D 5092
`ASTM cement types—Portland cements meeting the require-
`ments of Specifications C 150. Cement types have slightly
`different formulations that result in various characteristics
`which address different construction conditions and different
`physical and chemical environments. They are as follows:
`Type I (Portland)—a general-purpose construction cement
`D 5092
`with no special properties.
`Type II (Portland)—a construction cement that is moder-
`ately resistant to sulfates and generates a lower head of
`D 5092
`hydration at a slower rate than Type I
`Type III (Portland: high early strength)—a construction
`cement that produces a high early strength. This cement
`reduces the curing time required when used in cold environ-
`ments, and produces a higher head of hydration than Type I.
`D 5092
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`NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
`Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
`
`D 653
`
`in its native location.
`bench—(1) the unexcavated rock having a nearly horizontal
`surface which remains after a top heading has been exca-
`vated, or (2) step in a slope; formed by a horizontal surface
`and a surface inclined at a steeper angle than that of the
`entire slope. (ISRM)
`bending—process of deformation normal to the axis of an
`elongated structural member when a moment is applied
`normal to its long axis. (ISRM)
`bentonitic clay—a clay with a high content of the mineral
`montmorillonite, usually characterized by high swelling on
`wetting.
`berm—a shelf that breaks the continuity of a slope.
`biaxial compression—compression caused by the application
`of normal stresses in two perpendicular directions. (ISRM)
`biaxial state of stress—state of stress in which one of the three
`principal stresses is zero. (ISRM)
`binder (soil binder)—portion of soil passing No. 40 (425-µm)
`U.S. standard sieve,
`binder—anything that causes cohesion in loosely assembled
`substances, such as clay or cement.
`bit—any device that may be attached to or is an integral part
`of a drill string and is used as a cutting tool to bore into or
`penetrate rock or other materials.
`blaine fineness—the fineness of powdered materials, such as
`cement and pozzolans, expressed as surface area usually in
`square centimetres per gram.
`blanket grouting—a method in which relatively closely
`spaced shallow holes are drilled and grouted on a grid
`pattern over an area, for the purpose of making the upper
`portions of the bedrock stronger and less pervious.
`blastibility—index value of the resistance of a rock formation
`to blasting. (ISRM)
`blasting cap (detonator, initiator)—a small tube containing a
`flashing mixture for firing explosives. (ISRM)
`bleeding—in grouting, the autogeneous flow of mixing water
`within, or its emergence from, newly placed grout caused by
`the settlement of the solid materials within the mass.
`bleeding rate—in grouting, the rate at which water is released
`from grout by bleeding.
`blocking—wood blocks placed between the excavated surface
`of a tunnel or shaft and the main bracing system. (ISRM)
`blow-in—the inflow of ground water and unconsolidated
`material into a borehole or casing caused by differential
`hydraulic heads; that is, caused by the presence of a greater
`hydraulic head outside of a borehole/casing than inside.
`D 5092
`blowout—a sudden or violent uncontrolled escape of fluids or
`D 5299
`gas, or both, from a borehole.
`body force—a force such as gravity whose effect is distributed
`throughout a material body by direct action on each elemen-
`tary part of the body independent of the others. (ISRM)
`bog—a peat covered area with a high water table and a surface
`dominated by a carpet of mosses, chiefly sphagnum. It is
`generally nutrient poor and acidic. It may be treed or
`treeless.
`bond strength—in grouting, resistance to separation of set
`grout from other materials with which it is in contact; a
`
`collective expression for all forces such as adhesion, friction,
`and longitudinal shear.
`borehole—a hole of circular cross-section made in soil or rock.
`
`DISCUSSION—normally, a borehole is advanced using an auger, a drill,
`D 4750
`or casing with or without drilling fluid.
`
`borehole log—the record of geologic units penetrated, drilling
`progress, depth, water level, sample recovery, volumes and
`types of materials used, and other significant facts regarding
`D 5092
`the drilling of an exploratory borehole or well.
`borehole television log—a borehole or well video record
`produced by lowering a television camera into the borehole
`or well. This record is useful in visually observing downhole
`conditions such as collapsed casing or a blocked screen.
`bottom charge—concentrated explosive charge at the bottom
`of a blast hole. (ISRM)
`boulder clay—a geological term used to designate glacial drift
`that has not been subjected to the sorting action of water and
`therefore contains particles from boulders to clay sizes.
`boulders—a rock fragment, usually rounded by weathering or
`abrasion, with an average dimension of 12 in. (305 mm) or
`more.
`breakwater stone—(generally three tons to twenty tons in
`weight) stone resulting from blasting, cutting, or other
`means to obtain rock heavy enough to require handling
`individual pieces by mechanical means.
`bridge—an obstruction within the annulus which may prevent
`circulation or proper emplacement of annular materials.
`D 5092
`bubbling pressure—the applied air pressure at which water
`menisci of the porous segment of a suction sampler break
`D 4696
`down, and air exists.
`buckling—a bulge, bend, bow, kink, or wavy condition
`produced in sheets, plates, columns, or beams by compres-
`sive stresses.
`bulb of pressure—see pressure bulb.
`bulk density, r —the mass of a quantity of a bulk solid divided
`by its total volume.
`bulk solid —an assembly of solid particles handled in suffi-
`cient quantities that its characteristics can be described by
`the properties of the mass of particles rather than the
`characteristics of each individual particle. May also be
`referred to as granular material, particulate solid or powder.
`Examples are sugar, flour, ore, and coal.
`bulkhead—a steep or vertical structure supporting natural or
`artificial embankment.
`bulking—the increase in volume of a material due to manipu-
`lation. Rock bulks upon being excavated; damp sand bulks if
`loosely deposited, as by dumping, because the apparent
`cohesion prevents movement of the soil particles to form a
`reduced volume.
`bunker — synonym for bin, but sometimes understood as
`being a bin without any or only a samll vertical part at the
`top of the hopper.
`buoyant unit weight
`weight.
`burden—in an explosive blasting, the distance between the
`charge and the free face of the material to be blasted.
`
`(submerged unit weight)—see unit
`
`4
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`NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
`Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
`
`D 653
`
`burden—distance between charge and free surface in direction
`of throw. (ISRM)
`88C” Horizon—see horizon.
`California bearing ratio, CBR (D)—the ratio of: (1) the force
`per unit area required to penetrate a soil mass with a
`3-in.2(19-cm)2 circular piston (approximately 2-in. (51-mm)
`diameter) at the rate of 0.05 in. (1.3 mm)/min, to (2) that
`required for corresponding penetration of a standard mate-
`rial. The ratio is usually determined at 0.1-in. (2.5-mm)
`penetration, although other penetrations are sometimes used.
`Original California procedures required determination of the
`ratio at 0.1-in. intervals to 0.5 in. (12.7 mm). Corps of
`Engineers’ procedures require determination of the ratio at
`0.1 in. and 0.2 in. (5.1 mm). Where the ratio at 0.2 in. is
`consistently higher than at 0.1 in., the ratio at 0.2 in. is used.
`caliper log—a geophysical borehole log that shows to scale the
`variations with depth in the mean diameter of a cased or
`D 5299
`uncased borehole.
`camouflet—the underground cavity created by a fully con-
`tained explosive. (ISRM)
`capillary action (capillarity)—the rise or movement of water
`in the interstices of a soil or rock due to capillary forces.
`capillary flow—see capillary action.
`capillary fringe—the basal region of the vadose zone com-
`prising sediments that are saturated, or nearly saturated, near
`the water table, gradually decreasing in water content with
`D 5314
`increasing elevation above the water table.
`capillary fringe zone—the zone above the free water elevation
`in which water is held by capillary action.
`capillary head, h (L)—the potential, expressed in head of
`water, that causes the water to flow by capillary action.
`capillary migration—see capillary action.
`capillary rise (height of capillary rise), hc (L)—the height
`above a free water elevation to which water will rise by
`capillary action.
`capillary water—water subject to the influence of capillary
`action.
`cascading water—perched ground water that enters a well
`casing via cracks or uncovered perforations, trickling, or
`D 5696, D 4700
`pouring down the inside of the casing.
`casing—pipe, finished in sections with either threaded connec-
`tions or bevelled edges to be field welded which is installed
`temporarily or permanently to counteract caving, to advance
`the borehole, or to isolate the zone being monitored, or
`D 5092
`combination thereof.
`casing, protective—a section of larger diameter pipe that is
`emplaced over the upper end of a smaller diameter monitor-
`ing well riser or casing to provide structural protection to the
`well and restrict unauthorized access into the well. D 5092
`casing, surface—pipe used to stabilize a borehole near the
`surface during the drilling of a borehole that may be left in
`D 5092
`place or removed once drilling is completed.
`catalyst—a material that causes chemical reactions to begin.
`catalyst system—those materials that, in combination, cause
`chemical reactions to begin; catalyst systems normally
`consist of an initiator (catalyst) and an activator.
`cation—an ion that moves, or would move toward a cathode;
`thus nearly always synonymous with positive ion.
`
`cation exchange—see base exchange.
`cation exchange capacity (CEC)—the total capacity of a
`porous system to absorb cations from a solution. D 4696
`caving; sloughing—the inflow of unconsolidated material into
`a borehole which occurs when the borehole walls lose their
`D 5092
`cohesive strength.
`cavity—a natural underground opening that may be small or
`large.
`cavity—underground opening created by a fully contained
`explosive. (ISRM)
`cement, API, Class A—a cement intended for use from the
`surface to a depth of 6000 ft (1828 m). This cement is similar
`D 5299
`to ASTM Type I cement.
`cement, API, Class B—a cement intended for use from the
`surface to a depth of 6000 ft (1828 m) when conditions
`require moderate- to high-sulfate resistance. This cement is
`D 529
`similar to ASTM Type II cement.
`cement, API, Class C—this cement is intended for use from
`the surface to a depth of 6000 ft (1828 m) when conditions
`require high early strength. This cement is similar to ASTM
`Type III cement. Also available as a high sulfate resistant
`D 5299
`type.
`cement, API, Class G—this cement is intended for use from
`the surface to a depth of 8000 ft (2438 m). It can be used
`with accelerators or retarders to cover a wide range of well
`depths and temperatures. No additions other than calcium
`sulfate or water, or both, can be intergound or blended with
`the clinker during manufacture of the cement. Also available
`D 5299
`as several sulfate-resistant types.
`cement, API, Class H—this cement is intended for use from
`the surface to a depth of 8000 ft (2438 m). It can be used
`with accelerators or retarders to cover a wide range of well
`depths and temperatures. No additions other than calcium
`sulfate or water, or both, can be interground or blended with
`the clinker during manufacture of the cement. Also available
`D 5299
`as a sulfate-resistant type.
`cement, API, Class J—this cement is intended for use from
`depths of 12 000 to 16 000 ft (3658 to 4877 m) under
`conditions of extremely high temperatures and pressures. It
`can be used with accelerators and retarders to cover a range
`of well depths and temperatures. No additions of retarders
`other than calcium sulfate, or water, or both, can be
`interground or blended with the clinker during manufacture
`D 5299
`of the cement.
`cement bond (sonic) log—a borehole geophysical log that can
`be used to determine the effectiveness of a cement seal of the
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`annular space of a well.
`cement factor—quantity of cement contained in a unit volume
`of concrete or grout, expressed as weight, or volume (specify
`which).
`cement grout—a grout in which the primary cementing agent
`is Portland cement.
`cement; Portland cement—commonly known as Portland
`cement. A mixture that consists of a calcareous argillaceous,
`or other silica-, alumina,- and iron-oxide bearing materials
`that is manufactured and formulated to produce various
`types which are defined in Specification C 150. Portland
`cement is also considered a hydraulic cement because it must
`
`5
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`Caterpillar v. ESCO IPR2015-00409
`ESCO Exhibit 2015 Page 5
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`

`

`NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
`Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
`
`D 653
`
`be mixed with water to form a cement-water paste that has
`the ability to harden and develop strength even if cured
`under water (see ASTM cement types).
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`cementitious factor—quantity of cement and other cementi-
`tious materials contained in a unit volume of concrete or
`grout, expressed as weight or volume (specify which).
`centralizer—a device that assists in the centering of a casing
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`or riser within a borehole or another casing.
`centrifuge moisture equivalent—see moisture equivalent.
`chamber—a large room excavated underground, for example,
`for a powerhouse, pump station, or for storage. (ISRM)
`chamber blasting (coyotehole blasting)—a method of quarry
`blasting in which large explosive charges are confined in
`small tunnel chambers inside the quarry face. (ISRM)
`channeling—the process of forming a vertical cavity resulting
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`from a faulty cement job in the annular space.
`chemical grout—any grouting material characterized by being
`a true solution; no particles in suspension. See also particu-
`late grout.
`chemical grout system—any mixture of materials used for
`grouting purposes in which all elements of the system are
`true solutions (no particles in suspension).
`chip—crushed angular rock fragment of a size smaller than a
`few centimetres. (ISRM)
`chisel—the steel cutting tool used in percussion drilling.
`(ISRM)
`circuit grouting—a grouting method by which grout is circu-
`lated through a pipe extending to the bottom of the hole and
`back up the hole via the annular space outside the pipe. Then
`the excess grout is diverted back over a screen to the agitator
`tank by means of a packing gland at the top of the hole. The
`method is used where holes tend to cave and sloughing
`material might otherwise clog openings to be grouted.
`circulation—applies to the fluid rotary drilling method; drill-
`ing fluid movement from the mud pit, through the pump,
`hose and swivel, drill pipe, annular space in the hole and
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`returning to the mud pit.
`ciromg accelerator—a material added to cement to decrease
`the time for curing. Examples are sodium chloride, calcium
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`sulfate (gypsum), and aluminum powder.
`clay (clay soil)—fine-grained soil or the fine-grained portion of
`soil that can be made to exhibit plasticity (putty-like prop-
`erties) within a range of water contents, and that exhibits
`considerable strength when air-dry. The term has been used
`to designate the percentage finer than 0.002 mm (0.005 mm
`in some cases), but it is strongly recommended that this
`usage be discontinued, since there is ample evidence from an
`engineering standpoint that the properties described in the
`above definition are many times more important.
`clay size—that portion of the soil finer than 0.002 mm (0.005
`mm in some cases) (see also clay).
`clay soil—see clay.
`cleavage—in crystallography, the splitting, or tendency to
`split, along planes determined by the crystal structure. In
`petrology, a tendency to cleave or split along definite,
`parallel, closely spaced planes. It is a secondary structure,
`commonly confined to bedded rocks.
`cleavage—the tendency to cleave or split along definite
`
`parallel planes, which may be highly inclined to the bedding.
`It is a secondary structure and is ordinarily accompanied by
`at least some recrystallization of the rock. (ISRM)
`cleavage planes—the parallel surfaces along which a rock or
`mineral cleaves or separates; the planes of least cohesion,
`usually parallel to a certain face of the mineral or crystal.
`cleft water—water that exists in or circulates along the
`geological discontinuities in a rock mass.
`closure—the opening is reduced in dimension to the extent that
`it cannot be used for its intended purpose. (ISRM)
`closure—in grouting, closure refers to achieving the desired
`reduction in grout take by splitting the hole spacing. If
`closure is being achieved,
`there will be a progressive
`decreas