Composite video - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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`Composite video
`
`On consumer products a yellow RCA connector is
`typically used for composite video.
`Type
`Analog video connector
`General specifications
`External
`Yes
`Video signal NTSC, PAL or SECAM video
`Pins
`1 plus shield
`Connector
`RCA connector, 1/8 inch
`minijack plug, etc.
`Pin out
`video
`
`Pin 1
`
`Composite video
`
`From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`Composite video (one channel) is an analog video
`transmission (without audio) that carries standard
`definition video typically at 480i or 576i resolution.
`Video information is encoded on one channel, unlike
`the slightly higher-quality S-video (two channels)
`and the even higher-quality component video (three
`or more channels).
`
`Composite video is usually in standard formats such
`as NTSC, PAL, and SECAM and is often designated
`by the CVBS initialism, for color, video, blanking,
`and sync, or simply as video.
`
`Contents
`
`■ 1 Signal components
`■ 2 Signal modulation
`■ 3 Standard connectors
`■ 4 Modulators
`■ 5 Demodulation loss
`■ 6 Aspect ratio in composite signal
`■ 7 Extensions to the composite video standard
`■ 8 See also
`■ 9 References
`■ 10 External links
`
`Signal components
`
`A composite video signal combines on one wire the
`video information required to recreate a color
`picture, as well as line and frame synchronization
`pulses. The color video signal is a linear
`combination of the luminance of the picture, and a
`modulated subcarrier carries the chrominance or
`color information, a combination of hue and
`saturation. Details of the encoding process vary
`between the NTSC, PAL and SECAM systems.
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`http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video
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`Composite video - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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`The frequency spectrum of the modulated color signal overlaps that of the baseband signal, and
`separation relies on the fact that frequency components of the baseband signal tend to be near harmonics
`of the horizontal scanning rate, while the color carrier is selected to be an odd multiple of half the
`horizontal scanning rate; this produces a modulated color signal that consists mainly of harmonic
`frequencies that fall between the harmonics in the baseband luma signal, rather than both being in
`separate continuous frequency bands alongside each other in the frequency domain. In other words, the
`combination of luma and chroma is indeed a frequency-division technique, but it is much more complex
`than typical frequency-division multiplexing systems like the one used to multiplex analog radio stations
`on both the AM and FM bands.
`
`Colorburst is a composite analog video signal generated by a video-signal generator used to genlock,
`keep the chrominance subcarrier synchronized in television studios for color television.
`Signal modulation
`
`Composite video can easily be directed to any broadcast channel simply by modulating the proper RF
`carrier frequency with it. Most home analog video equipment record a signal in (roughly) composite
`format: LaserDiscs store a true composite signal, while consumer videotape formats (including VHS and
`Betamax) and lesser commercial and industrial tape formats (including U-Matic) use modified
`composite signals (generally known as color-under).[1] On playback, these devices often give the user
`the option to output the baseband signal or to modulate it onto a VHF or UHF frequency compatible
`with a TV tuner (i.e., appearing on a selected TV channel). The professional television production
`uncompressed digital video videocassette format known as D-2 (video) directly records and reproduces
`standard NTSC composite video signals, using PCM encoding of the analog signal on the magnetic tape.
`Standard connectors
`
`In home applications, the composite video signal is typically connected using an RCA jack (phono
`plug), normally yellow. It is often accompanied with red and white (or black) connectors for right and
`left audio channels respectively. BNC connectors and higher quality coaxial cable are often used in
`professional television studios and post-production applications. BNC connectors were also used for
`composite video connections on early home VCRs, often accompanied by either phono connectors or a 5
`-pin DIN connector for audio. The BNC connector, in turn post dated the PL-259 connector which
`featured on first generation VCRs.
`
`In Europe, SCART connections are often used instead of RCA jacks (and to a lesser extent, S-Video), so
`where available, RGB is used instead of composite video with computers, video game consoles, and
`DVD players.
`
`Video cables are 75 ohm impedance, low in capacitance. Typical values run from 52 pF/m for an HDPE
`-foamed dielectric precision video cable to 69 pF/m for a solid PE dielectric cable.[2]
`Modulators
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`http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video
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`Composite video - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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`Some devices that connect to a TV, such as VCRs, older video game consoles and home computers of
`the 1980s, output a composite signal. This may then be converted to RF with an external box known as
`an RF modulator that generates the proper carrier (often for channel 3 or 4 in North America, channel 36
`in Europe). Sometimes this modulator was built into the product (such as video game consoles, VCRs,
`or the Atari, Commodore 64, or TRS-80 CoCo home-computers) and sometimes it was an external unit
`powered by the computer (in the case of the TI-99 or some Apple modulators) or with an independent
`power supply. In the United States, using an external RF modulator frees the manufacturer from
`obtaining FCC approval for each variation of a device. Through the early 1980s, electronics that output a
`television channel signal were required to meet the same shielding requirements as broadcast television
`equipment, thus forcing manufacturers such as Apple to omit an RF modulator, and Texas Instruments
`to have their RF modulator as an external unit, which they had certified by the FCC without mentioning
`they were planning to sell it with a computer. In Europe, while most countries used the same broadcast
`standard, there were different modulation standards (PAL-G versus PAL-I, for example), and using an
`external modulator allowed manufacturers to make a single product and easily sell it to different
`countries by changing the modulator. Video game consoles on the other hand were less of an issue with
`FCC approval because the circuitry was inexpensive enough to allow for channel 3/4 outputs.
`
`Modern day devices with analog outputs have typically omitted channel 3 and 4 outputs in favor of
`composite and S-video outputs (or have switched to using HDMI or other digital formats) as composite
`and S-video have become more common as inputs for TVs. In addition, many TV sets sold these days no
`longer have analogue television tuners and cannot accept channel 3/4. But because composite video has
`a well-established market for both devices that convert it to channel 3/4 outputs, as well as devices that
`convert things like VGA to composite, it has offered opportunities to repurpose older composite
`monitors for newer devices.
`Demodulation loss
`
`The process of modulating RF with the original video signal, and then demodulating the original signal
`again in the TV, introduces several losses. This conversion also typically adds noise or interference to
`the signal as well. For these reasons, it is typically best to use composite connections instead of RF
`connections if possible. Almost all modern video equipment has at least composite connectors, so this
`typically is not a problem; however, older video equipment and some very low-end modern televisions
`have only RF input (essentially the antenna jack); while RF modulators are no longer common, they are
`still available to translate baseband signals for older equipment.
`
`However, just as the modulation and demodulation of RF loses quality, the mixing of the various signals
`into the original composite signal does the same, causing a checkerboard video artifact known as dot
`crawl. Dot crawl is a defect that results from crosstalk due to the intermodulation of the chrominance
`and luminance components of the signal. This is usually seen when chrominance is transmitted with a
`high bandwidth, and its spectrum reaches into the band of the luminance frequencies. This has led to a
`proliferation of systems such as S-Video and component video to maintain the signals separately. Comb
`filters are also commonly used to separate signals, and eliminate artifacts, from composite sources.
`Aspect ratio in composite signal
`
`http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video
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`12/9/2014
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`Sony, Ex. 1022, p.3
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`Composite video - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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`When used for connecting a video source to a video display that supports both 4:3 and 16:9 display
`formats, the PAL and NTSC television standards provide for signaling pulses that will automatically
`switch the display from one format to the other. This is called widescreen signalling (WSS).
`Extensions to the composite video standard
`
`Since TV screens hide the vertical blanking interval of a composite video signal and even crop the edges
`of the picture, extensions have been implemented by taking advantage of these unseen parts of the
`signal. Examples of these extensions include teletext, closed captioning, digital information regarding
`the show title, transmitting a set of reference colors that allows TV sets to automatically correct the hue
`maladjustments common with the NTSC color encoding system, etc.
`
`Other extensions to the standard include S-video; S-video is an extension to the standard because it uses
`parallel signal paths for luminance and for chrominance (color), of which both of them can be connected
`to a composite video input but with either monochrome (luma), or uniform-luma color (chroma) unless
`merging the signal paths with a filter was done.
`See also
`
`■ RCA connector
`■ Composite monitor
`■ List of display interfaces
`■ NTSC color encoding
`■ PAL color encoding
`■ S-video (a related standard)
`
`References
`
`1. ^ "US Patent 4323915" (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?
`Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%
`2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4323915.PN.&OS=PN/4323915&RS=PN/4323915). US Patent and
`Trademark Office. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
`2. ^ "LC-1 Audio Cable Design Notes" (http://www.bluejeanscable.com/store/subwoofer/LC1-design-
`notes.htm). Blue Jeans Cable. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
`
`External links
`
`■ Maxim - Apr 17, 2001 - Video Basics (http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN734.pdf) Tutorial
`covering CVBS format structure.
`■ http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/tv9.htm
`
`http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video
`
`12/9/2014
`
`Sony, Ex. 1022, p.4
`
`

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`Composite video - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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`Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Composite_video&oldid=634436338"
`
`Categories: Video signal Analog video connectors Film and video technology
`Television technology Repurposing Composite video formats
`
`■ This page was last modified on 18 November 2014 at 21:47.
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`
`http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video
`
`12/9/2014
`
`Sony, Ex. 1022, p.5