W3C NOTE-WAP-19981 030
`
`WAP Forum - W3C Cooperation White Paper
`
`W3C Note 30 October 1998
`
`This version
`http:llwww.w3.orgiTRI19981NOTE-WAP-19981 030
`Latest version
`http:llwww.w3.orgiTRINOTE-WAP
`Editors:
`Johan Hjelm , W3C I Ericsson
`Bruce Martin , WAP Forum I Unwired Planet
`Peter King , WAP Forum I Unwired Planet
`
`Status of this Document
`
`Version 1.1, September 28, 1998
`
`This document is a NOTE made available by the W3 Consorlium for discussion only.
`This indicates no endorsement of its content, nor that the Consorlium has, is, or will
`be allocating any resources to the issues addressed by this NOTE.
`
`Abstract
`
`This paper outlines possible areas of cooperation between the WAP Forum and the
`World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
`
`The WAP Forum is dedicated to enabling advanced services and applications on
`mobile wireless devices, such as cellular telephones. The W3C is dedicated to
`leading and advancing the development of the World Wide Web. This document
`describes the problem area of mobile access to information on the web, which is
`common to the two groups.
`
`While the WAP Forum and the W3C have different organizational goals, we share
`goals for the future of the global information space. We also want to avoid
`unnecessary divergence between the recommendations and standards of the two
`organizations.
`
`Direct overlaps in future development occur in the areas of intelligent proxies and
`protocol design; of XML applications; and in content adaption, e.g through the use of
`vector graphics and style sheets. Instead of developing diverging sets of solutions, it
`is the intent of both groups to find common solutions.
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1105-0001
`
`

`

`1.0 Introduction
`
`1.1 W3C Background
`
`The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee,
`the inventor of the World Wide Web. The web had then outgrown the European
`Centre for Nuclear Physics Research, CERN, where the web was developed.
`
`From the beginning, Tim Berners-Lee has been the director of the consortium, and
`has been firmly committed to developing a neutral, open forum for the evolution of
`web technology.
`
`Today, the W3C has three locations (at MIT in the USA; at INRIA in France; and at
`Keio University in Japan). The consortium has more than 270 members from industry
`and academia, and provides a vendor-neutral forum for its members to address web(cid:173)
`related issues. Working with its staff and the global web community, the consortium
`aims to produce free, interoperable specifications; like its partner standards body, the
`Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the W3C is committed to backing its
`specifications by sample code. Funding from membership dues, public research
`funds, and external contracts underwrite these efforts. The work in the W3C follow a
`well-documented process, continuously involving representatives of the member
`companies in its efforts. More information can be found at the consortium web site.
`
`In the autumn of 1997, it became evident that there was a considerable interest
`among the members of the W3C for access to the web via mobile and wireless
`devices. This area appeared to entail several aspects which constrained the usage in
`manners not considered in the current recommendations.
`
`A workshop on mobile web access was organised in April of 1998 in Tokyo to
`address these topics, leading to the formation of a mobile access interest group that
`is chartered with the investigation of the impact of mobile access on the specifications
`and recommendations of the W3C.
`
`Simultaneously, the W3C was approached by the WAP Forum, and a meeting was
`set up in June 1998. The results were very positive, and the meeting decided to
`create this joint white paper, outlining areas of potential cooperation between the two
`groups.
`
`1.2 WAP Forum Background
`
`The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Forum is an industry group dedicated to the
`goal of enabling sophisticated telephony and information services on hand-held
`wireless devices such as mobile telephones, pagers, personal digital assistants
`(PDAs) and other wireless terminals. Recognizing the value and utility of the World
`Wide Web architecture, the WAP Forum has chosen to align certain components of
`its technology very tightly with the Internet and the WWW. The WAP specifications
`extend and leverage mobile networking technologies (such as digital data networking
`standards) and Internet technologies (such as IP, HTTP, XML, URLs, scripting and
`other content formats).
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 11 05-0002
`
`

`

`The WAP specification initiative began in June 1997 and the WAP Forum was
`founded in December 1997. The WAP Forum has drafted a global wireless protocol
`specification for all wireless networks and will contribute it to appropriate industry and
`standards bodies. WAP will enable manufacturers, network operators, content
`providers and application developers to offer compatible products and secure
`services on all devices and networks, resulting in greater economies of scale and
`universal access to information. WAP Forum membership is open to all industry
`participants.
`
`The objectives of the WAP Forum are:
`
`To bring Internet content and advanced data services to digital cellular phones
`and other wireless terminals.
`To create a global wireless protocol specification that will work across different
`wireless network technologies.
`To enable the creation of content and applications that scale across a very wide
`range of wireless bearer networks and wireless device types.
`To embrace and extend existing standards and technology wherever
`appropriate.
`
`More information on the WAP Forum can be found at the Wap Forum Web server.
`
`In keeping with its goals, the WAP Forum approached the W3C regarding
`collaboration in the area of WWW technologies in the wireless area.
`
`2. Goals for the cooperation
`
`2.1 Short-Term Goals
`
`Bring Internet and WWW technologies to digital cellular phones and other
`wireless terminals, i.e., adapting the Web architecture to the wireless
`environment.
`Establish productive working relationships between the W3C and WAP Forum
`in the areas where common organizational goals exist.
`Reduce overlapping technical work between the W3C and WAP Forum.
`Cross-reference technical specifications.
`Joint test-bed and protocol validation work.
`
`2.2 Long-Term Goals
`
`Work toward a unified information space.
`Work toward common standards and technologies.
`Enable the delivery of sophisticated information and services to mobile wireless
`terminals.
`
`3. The Technical Problem: Wireless System Requirements
`on Information Retrieval
`
`Providing Internet and WWW services on a wireless data network presents many
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 11 05-0003
`
`

`

`challenges. Most of the technology developed for the Internet has been designed for
`desktop and larger computers supporting medium to high bandwidth connectivity over
`generally reliable data networks.
`
`Mass-market, hand-held wireless devices present a more constrained computing
`environment compared to desktop computers. Because of fundamental limitations of
`power and form factor, mass-market handheld devices tend to have:
`
`Less powerful CPUs
`Less memory (ROM and RAM)
`Restricted power consumption
`Smaller displays
`Different input devices (e.g., a phone keypad, voice input, etc.)
`
`Similarly, wireless data networks present a more constrained communication
`environment compared to wired networks. Because of fundamental limitations of
`power, available spectrum, and mobility, wireless data networks tend to have:
`
`Less bandwidth than traditional networks
`More latency than traditional networks
`Less connection stability than other network technologies
`Less predictable availability
`
`Mobile networks are growing in complexity and the cost of providing new value-added
`services to wireless users is increasing. In order to meet the requirements of mobile
`network operators, solutions must be:
`
`Interoperable- terminals from different manufacturers communicate with
`services in the mobile network.
`Scalable - mobile network operators are able to scale services to customer
`needs.
`Efficient- provides quality of service suited to the behaviour and characteristics
`of the mobile network; provide for maximum users for a given network
`configuration
`Reliable - provides a consistent and predictable platform for deploying services.
`Secure- enables services to be extended over potentially unprotected mobile
`networks while still preserving the integrity of user data; protects the devices
`and services from security problems such as denial of service.
`
`3.1 Bearer Limitations
`
`Wireless network bearers operate under several fundamental constraints, which
`place restrictions on the type of protocols and applications offered over the network:
`
`Power consumption.
`As bandwidth increases, power consumption increases. In a mobile device, this
`reduces battery life.
`Cellular network economics.
`Mobile networks are typically based on a cellular architecture. Cells are a
`resource shared by all mobile terminals in a geographic area, and typically have
`a fixed amount of bandwidth to be shared among all users. This characteristic
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 11 05-0004
`
`

`

`rewards efficient use of bandwidth, as a means of reducing the overall cost of
`the network infrastructure.
`Latency.
`The mobile wireless environment is characterized by a very wide range of
`network latency, ranging from sub-second round-trip communication time up to
`many tens of seconds. In addition, network latency can be highly variable,
`depending on the current radio transmission characteristics (e.g., in a tunnel or
`off network) and the network loading in a particular area. Latency is further
`increased by routing, error correction and congestion-avoidance characteristics
`of a particular network.
`Bandwidth.
`The mobile wireless environment is characterized by a very wide range of
`network characteristics, and typically has far less bandwidth available than a
`wireline environment. In addition, the economics of the wireless environment
`encourage the conservation of bandwidth to achieve greater density of
`subscribers.
`
`3.2 Device Limitations
`
`Wireless devices operate under a set of physical limitations, imposed by their mobility
`and form factor:
`
`Limited power.
`Any personal, or "hand held" mobile device will have a very limited power
`reserve, due to existing battery technology. This reduces available
`computational resources, transmission bandwidth, etc.
`
`Size:
`
`many mobile wireless are very small (hand-held).
`
`Mobile wireless devices are characterized by a different set of user interface
`constraints than a personal computer. To enable a consistent application
`programming model, a very wide range of content scalability is required. In practice, a
`significant amount of the current WWW content is unsuitable for use on hand-held
`wireless devices. Problems include:
`
`Output scalability.
`Existing content is designed for viewing on PC screens, whereas mobile
`devices will have a wide range of visual display sizes, formatting and other
`characteristics. In the near future, this will include voice-only output.
`Input scalability.
`Mobile devices feature a wide range of input models, including numeric keypad,
`very few or no programmable soft keys, etc. In the near future, this will include
`voice-only input.
`
`3.3 Use Case Limitations
`
`Many wireless devices, for example cellular phones and pagers, are consumer
`devices. These devices are used in a wide variety of environments and under a wide
`range of use scenarios. For example:
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 11 05-0005
`
`

`

`Simple user interfaces:
`many mobile devices, in particular, cellular telephones, are mass-market
`consumer-oriented devices. Their user interface must be extremely simple and
`easy to use.
`Single-purpose devices:
`the goal and purpose of most mobile devices is very focused (e.g., voice
`communication). This is in contrast with the general-purpose tool-oriented
`nature of a personal computer. This motivates a very specific set of use cases,
`with very simple and focused behavior. For example, "place a voice call" or "find
`the nearest ATM."
`Hands-free, "heads-up" operation:
`many mobile devices are used in environments where the user should not be
`unnecessarily distracted (e.g., driving and talking).
`
`4. Future Development from the W3C in this Field
`
`The World Wide Web Consortium has as its motto "Leading the Web to its full
`potential", which means leading and participating in the continuing development of
`the Web and its standards. The new generation of Web technologies that is currently
`being specified by the W3C is intended to enhance the users' and publishers' control
`over the presentation of the information (e.g. through CSS), over the management of
`information (e.g. through RDF), and over its distribution (e.g. through P3P); based on
`technologies that structure and distribute data as objects, such as XML and HTTP(cid:173)
`NG. Several areas will impact the use of technologies developed by the W3C in
`mobile environments.
`
`The work of the W3C in this field is initiated and maintained through its Mobile Access
`Interest Group. Work which touches on the mobility of the user access devices is
`conducted in several areas, however. Specifically, the Mobile Access Interest Group
`is reviewing the HTML 4.0 specification for mobile aspects; investigating how user
`agent profile information can be managed within the W3C technology framework; and
`investigating position dependent information services. Due to the scope of mobile
`access, all areas of the W3C might concievably be involved in the future. Below, we
`point to some of those where mobile access may have an immediate impact.
`
`4.1 XML and the next generation of HTML
`
`The W3C has recently decided to initiate an activity to create a new generation of
`HTML. This will be based on XML, and is likely to include features that makes it more
`efficient for mobile use.
`
`Meanwhile, other XML applications such as the Wireless Markup Language, WML,
`and the Synchronised Multimedia, SMIL, will continue to appear. These are likely to
`have components where mobile access will have an impact.
`
`XML is also contiuing to develop into a full-featured system for information
`structuring.
`
`More information about the HTML-NG activity
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 11 05-0006
`
`

`

`More information about XML
`
`4.2 Vector Graphics
`
`The W3C has created a Working Group, which will be chartered to produce a
`specification for a Scalable Vector Graphics format, written as a modular XML tagset
`and usable as an XML namespace, which can be widely implemented in browsers
`and authoring tools and which is suitable for widespread adoption by the content
`authoring community as a replacement for many current uses of raster graphics. For
`simple cases such as trivial in line graphics, it should be possible to hand author the
`SVG format, and it should be possible to cut and paste SVG graphical objects
`between documents and preserve their appearance, linking behavior and style.
`
`This will mean that the graphics in Web documents will be smaller, faster, more
`interactive, and be displayable on a wider range of device resolutions from small
`mobile devices through office computer monitors to high resolution printers.
`
`More information on the working group
`
`4.3 Document Object Model and Formatting Model
`
`In the presentation model for the new generation of web technologies, the formatting
`of a document is conducted through the use of a style sheet. This is a separate
`document which allows authors and users to attach style (e.g., fonts, spacing, and
`aural cues) to structured documents (e.g., HTML documents and XML applications).
`By separating the presentation style of documents from the content of documents,
`CSS2 and XSL simplifies Web and XML authoring and site maintenance. Local
`processing of a document might in the future also be conducted using a similar
`technology, called action sheets. Style sheets can have media-specific properties,
`which makes them a possible candidate for use with mobile devices.
`
`More information on style sheets.
`
`The programmatical handling of a document is defined in the Document Object
`Model, a platform- and language-neutral interface that will allow programs and scripts
`to dynamically access and update the content, structure and style of documents. The
`Document Object Model provides a standard set of objects for representing HTML
`and XML documents, a standard model of how these objects can be combined, and a
`standard interface for accessing and manipulating them.
`
`More information on the Document Object Model.
`
`4.4 HTTP-NG
`
`The purpose of the HTTP-NG activity is to design, implement, and test a new
`architecture for the HTTP protocol, based on a simple, extensible, distributed object(cid:173)
`oriented model. This includes a protocol for the management of the network
`connections (WEBMUX), a protocol for transmitting messages between systems
`(WIRE), a set of methods, interfaces and objects that demonstrates a classical Web
`browsing case, as an example of what is possible with the new protocol; and a test
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 11 05-0007
`
`

`

`bed to test the implementation.
`
`More information on the HTTP-NG activity.
`
`4.5 Accessibility
`
`Accessibility for people with disabilities is relevant for mobile wireless devices as this
`is a potentially large marketplace (over 10% of the population), and in some cases
`accessibility is required (e.g. for sales in the US, under Section 255 of the US
`Telecommunications Act). In addition, functions, such as speech input or output,
`required to accommodate different kinds of disability have carry-over benefits for non(cid:173)
`disabled users of mobile devices, who may be using the devices in "hands-free" or
`"eyes-free" situations.
`
`W3C's Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) in coordination with other organizations is
`addressing Web accessibility through several areas of work; two of these, technology
`and guidelines, relate to mobile wireless devices.
`
`In the area of technology, WAI liaises with W3C Working Groups developing
`technologies which can facilitate accessibility, such as HTML, CSS, SMIL, SVG. In
`the area of guidelines, WAI is developing guidelines for accessible page authoring,
`for user agents, and for authoring tools, and coordinating with the development of
`guidelines by the Mobile Access Interest Group.
`
`More information about the Web Accessibility Initiative.
`
`4.6 Internationalization
`
`The correct representations of characters is an issue in all formats of writing, not just
`the Latin alphabet. The aim of this activity is for the World Wide Web to live up to its
`name, and the W3C continues work on the internationalization of the Web, with the
`aim of ensuring that the necessary features are included in W3C protocols and data
`format recommendations. The general goal of W3C's work on internationalization is to
`ensure that W3C's formats and protocols are usable world wide in all languages and
`writing systems.
`
`More information about the internationalisation activity.
`
`4. 7 Metadata, Digital Signatures, and Trust Management
`
`Our current focus is, broadly, on establishing trust in the new medium of the Web.
`This is a difficult problem, involving both social and technical issues. Trust is
`established through a complex and ill-understood social mechanism including
`relationships, social norms, laws, regulations, traditions, and track records. Our
`activities are chosen to focus on specific areas that are both important and tractable.
`
`There is a core of technical issues that are required in any system that is to be
`trusted:
`
`The ability to make statements that have agreed-upon meanings.
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 11 05-0008
`
`

`

`The W3C Metadata Activity provides a means to create machine-readable
`statements.
`The ability to know who made the statement and to be assured that the
`statement is really theirs.
`The W3C Digital Signature Initiative provides a mechanism for signing metadata
`in order to establish who is making the machine-readable statement.
`The ability to establish rules that permit actions to be taken, based on the
`statements and a relationship to those who made the statements.
`The PIGS Rules specification allows rules to be written down so they can be
`understood by machines and exchanged by users.
`The ability to negotiate binding terms and conditions.
`The now-completed JEPI project created the Protocol Extension Protocol (PEP)
`to provide for negotiation on the Web. Negotiation is also at the core of the
`Platform for Privacy Preferences Project (P3P).
`Electronic commerce markup and payment.
`Currently, the W3C has two working groups in this field, on markup for
`electronic commerce, and for payment initiation.
`
`More information on the metadata activity
`
`5. Future Development From the WAP Forum in this Field
`
`The WAP Forum's exclusive focus is mobile wireless technologies. The goal of WAP
`is to create recommendations and specifications that support the creation of
`advanced services on wireless devices, with particular emphasis on the mobile
`telephone. The WAP Forum is creating recommendations and technologies which
`enable these services on all mobile devices and on all networks.
`
`The WAP Forum has undertaken a variety of technical specification work relevant to
`the W3C/WAP Forum collaborative efforts. These efforts all relate to the use of World
`Wide Web technology on mobile devices, and ensuring that the quality of these
`services is sufficient for mass deployment.
`
`5.1 Achieving the Mobile Wireless Web
`
`WAP is focused on enabling the interconnection of the Web and wireless terminals.
`Significant focus has been given to mobile telephones and pagers, but all technology
`has been developed with broader applicability in mind. The goal of WAP is to enable
`an extremely wide range of wireless terminals, range from mass-market mobile
`telephones and pagers to more powerful devices, to enjoy the benefits of Web
`technology and interconnection.
`
`Mobile devices have a unique set of features which must be exposed into the Web, in
`order to enable the creation of advanced telephony services, including:
`
`Location-based services
`Intelligent network functionality, including integration into the voice network
`Voice/data integration
`
`The WAP Forum is actively exploring solutions and specifications in these areas.
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 11 05-0009
`
`

`

`Future technical work will address the ongoing evolution of wireless networks and
`mobile communication devices, including such issues as the integration of Third
`Generation wireless networking technology.
`
`5.2 Bandwidth Efficiency
`
`The WAP Forum is working to increase the bandwidth efficiency of Web technology,
`to make it more applicable to the wireless environment. WAP Forum work includes:
`
`Smart Web Proxies
`- proxies capable of performing intelligent transformation of protocols and
`content, enabling more efficient use of the network, adaptation to device
`characteristics and adaptation to network characteristics.
`Efficient Content Encoding
`- bandwidth efficient encodings of standard Web data formats such as XML.
`Efficient Protocols
`- bandwidth efficient adaptations of standard web protocols, such as HTTP.
`
`5.3 Latency Constraints
`
`The WAP Forum is working to improve the behavior of Web technology in the face of
`high network latencies, and in particular is focusing on the problems of:
`
`Tuning network protocols
`to be adaptive and efficient given wide ranging latencies.
`Creating Web applications
`which are resilient to either high latency environments or highly variable latency
`situations.
`
`WAP Forum work in this area includes:
`
`User agent state management
`Protocol design (e.g., session state, fast session resumption, etc.)
`
`5.4 Content Scalability
`
`Mobile wireless devices are characterized by a different set of user interface
`constraints than a personal computer. The WAP Forum work in this area includes:
`
`Content adaptation
`- mechanisms allowing a Web application to adapt gracefully to the
`characteristics of the device (beyond the current HTTP/1.1 content negotiation
`model).
`User interface scalability
`-content formats, e.g., markup and display languages, that are suitable to
`improverished devices, but which scale well to more sophisticated devices.
`
`6. Conclusion
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1105-0010
`
`

`

`In the area of Web technologies, the focus of the WAP Forum and the W3C overlap
`to a significant degree. Direct overlaps occur in the areas of intelligent proxies and
`protocol design; of XML applications; and in content adaptation, e.g., through the use
`of vector graphics and style sheets. Future cooperation may also occur in the area of
`electronic payment, where the work of the two groups has potential overlap.
`
`Instead of developing diverging solutions, it is the intent of both groups to find
`common solutions that will address mobile requirements. In the area of web
`technology, our goals overlap, especially in the long run, allowing significant
`cooperation and shared development. To avoid fragmentation of the Web standards,
`the groups should cooperate, and focus on achieving the seamless integration of
`mobile devices into the Web.
`
`Bruce Marlin, WAP/Unwired Planet, September 23
`
`Johan Hjelm, W3C/Ericsson, September 28
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1105-0011
`
`

`

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`WAP-Related News Releases
`
`1999 News Releases
`
`BRIGHTPOINT JOINS WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL
`FORUM (22 December 1999)
`
`Nokia and Agence France-Presse team up to develop WAP-based
`mobile news services (22 December 1999)
`
`VERISIGN LAUNCHES WORLD'S MOST COMPREHENSIVE
`DIGITAL CERTIFICATE SERVICE FOR WIRELESS WEB
`SERVERS (21 December 1999)
`
`ALLAIRE AND PHONE.COM ANNOUNCE JOINT
`DEVELOPMENT ALLIANCE TO POWER E-BUSINESS ON THE
`WIRELESS WEB
`
`SEAGULL Announces Wireless-to-Host Solution (December 20,
`1999)
`
`(16 December 1999)
`
`Motorola and MTS In First Trial of WAP Services in
`RussiaSpyglass® Establishes Mobile Data Practice to Focus on
`Delivering the Internet to Wireless Devices (16 December 1999)
`
`Motorola and MTS In First Trial of WAP Services in Russia (16
`December 1999)
`
`Entrust Technologies First to Deliver Digital Certificates to Enable
`Trusted Wireless Transactions (16 December 1999)
`
`Telecom Giants Scramble for China's Wireless Internet Market (15
`December 1999)
`
`Netegrity Joins WAP Forum (15 December 1999)
`
`ZT ANGO. COM Harris Launches International Organization from
`New. U.S.-Based Headquarters (15 December 1999)
`
`ZTANGO.COM POSITIONED FOR AGGRESSIVE GROWTH IN
`WIRELESS INTERNET MARKET WITH PROVEN. DUAL-MODE
`SOFTWARE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (15 December 1999)
`
`RTS NetWorks and First Quote partner to offer new wireless WAP
`investor service (13 December 1999)
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1105-0012
`
`

`

`room33.com New WAP Site for Mobile Internet Services (13
`December 1999)
`
`SmartServ Online Selected by Flemings Aros for the Nordic
`Wireless Valley Tour (10 December 1999)
`
`Arthur Andersen Joins Elite Group of Wireless lndustrv Leaders (9
`December 1999)
`
`PIXO TEAMS WITH AU-SYSTEM TO DELIVER NEXT(cid:173)
`GENERATION MOBILE INTERNET APPLICATIONS (9
`December 1999)
`
`MASTERCARD FORMS GLOBAL MOBILE COMMERCE TEAM
`(9 December 1999)
`
`WYSDOM INC. ANNOUNCES MEMBERSHIP IN THE WAP
`FORUM (8 December 1999)
`
`Microsoft. Ericsson announce strategic partnership to drive mobile
`Internet market (8 December 1999)
`
`WAP FORUM AND W3C WORKING TOGETHER TO CREATE
`THE "MOBILE-FRIENDLY" WEB (8 December 1999)
`
`WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL FORUM SURPASSES
`250 MEMBERS (8 December 1999)
`
`SmartServ Online Incorporates Diversinet Technology to Provide
`End-to-End Security for Web and Wireless E-commerce Solutions
`(8 December 1999)
`
`HP FIRST TO MARKET WITH WAP-ENABLED PC SERVER
`SOLUTION (7 December 1999)
`
`Portal Software Joins Wireless Application Protocol <WAP) Forum
`(7 December 1999)
`
`barnesandnoble.com UNVEILS BN.COM ON THE GO.
`ENABLING CUSTOMERS TO BUY FROM WIRELESS DEVICES
`(1 December 1999)
`
`Nokia Artus Developers Program forms a valuable channel
`between developers and operators to offer Value Added Services
`(30 November 1999)
`
`Nokia First - successfully browsing Chinese Web through WAP
`(30 November 1999)
`
`DIVERSINET TO OFFER WAP-COMPATIBLE SECURITY
`SOFTWARE FOR GLOBAL WIRELESS E-COMMERCE
`APPLICATIONS (30 November 1999)
`
`SYBASE JOINS WAP FORUM TO DRIVE E-BUSINESS
`APPLICATIONS FOR WIRELESS INFORMATION DEVICES (30
`November 1999)
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1105-0013
`
`

`

`Motorola Provides 64Kbps High Speed Wireless Internet Access
`On cdmaOne Networks (29 November 1999)
`
`Sweden's Telia to roll-out WAP services using Nokia technology
`(25 November 1999)
`
`MTN ensures subscribers are not forgotten as new technology
`unfolds (23 November 1999)
`
`CMG's WAP Service Broker chosen by Cable & Wireless Optus to
`support launch of WAP service Downunder. (22 November 1999)
`
`WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL FORUM SELECTS THE
`OPEN GROUP TO DEVELOP TEST SUITE FOR NEW
`WIRELESS INTERNET STANDARD (22 November 1999)
`
`Nokia and SMART sign USD 150 million agreement for the
`deliverv of GPRS core network. WAP solution and GSM
`expansion in the Philippines (18 November 1999)
`
`Ericsson and VISA announce strategic partnership to promote
`mobile e-commerce (17 November 1999)
`
`Trafficmaster and Webraska to launch mobile Internet service. (16
`November 1999)
`
`WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL CWAP) FORUM
`APPOINTS SCOTT GOLDMAN AS CEO (16 November 1999)
`
`PHONE.COM LAUNCHES LOCALIZED RESOURCES FOR WAP
`DEVELOPERS IN JAPAN (15 November 1999)
`
`TELEFONICA MOVILES. SPAIN'S LARGEST MOBILE
`OPERATOR. SELECTS PHONE.COM FOR COMMERCIAL WAP
`PLATFORM (15 November 1999)
`
`OKOBANK Group. Nokia and IBM in co-operation: Banking
`Services with WAP-phones (15 November 1999)
`
`Entrust~ Technologies to Secure Wireless Transactions (15
`November 1999)
`
`lnfovention joins the WAP Forum (11 November 1999)
`
`SmartServ Online to Demo Wireless Application Protocol CWAP) -
`Enabled Trading Application with Nokia at Fall COMDEX (11
`November 1999)
`
`Getronics to integrate Nokia WAP server with mobile e-business
`solutions (10 November 1999)
`
`PHONE.COM DELIVERS UP.SDK RELEASE 4.0 FOR
`CREATING WAP 1.1 APPLICATIONS (10 November 1999)
`
`MACALLA SOFTWARE DELIVERS NCB WAP STOCKBROKING
`SERVICE OVER EIRCELL NETWORK (10 November 1999)
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1105-0014
`
`

`

`In Fusio and Webraska join forces to create the first WAP
`location-based games. (1 0 November 1999)
`
`Nokia First to Market with Corporate WAP Server (10 November
`1999)
`
`OBERTHUR CARD SYSTEMS LAUNCHES CONNECTIC® - THE
`WORLD'S FIRST WIM ENABLED SMART CARD (10 November
`1999)
`
`DIGITAL MOBILITY SHOWS WORLD'S FIRST WAP TRAVEL
`INFORMATION SERVICE (8 November 1999)
`
`Stock trading and banking with WAP-capable mobile phones:
`iNFORM Software GmbH's WAP brokerage solution (4 November
`1999)
`
`Certicom Announces Availability of WTLS Plus Toolkit For Secure
`WAP Services
`
`(3 November 1999)
`
`The EDGE Licenses Certicom's WTLS Plus to Enable Secure
`WAP-Based Wireless Transactions
`
`(3 November 1999)
`
`SmartServ Demonstrates Wireless Application Protocol CWAP)(cid:173)
`Enabled Trading Application with Strategic Alliances at Wireless
`IT '99 (2 November 1999)
`
`CMG Telecommunications and Esat Digifone bring mobile Internet
`Service to reality (28 October 1999)
`
`Telefonica Moviles Launches Information Access Services at
`SIMO TCI'99 in Madrid (28 October 1999)
`
`Phone.com and Motorola Lexicus Bring Simple. Fast Text Entrv to
`WAP Enabled Browsers on Mobile Phones (26 October 1999)
`
`Motorola. WORLDSPAN to Provide Travel Services to Wireless
`Market (26 October 1999)
`
`LG Information & Communications selects the AU-System WAP
`Browser for COMA handsets in the Korean market. (25 October
`1999)
`
`Woolwich and Nokia to offer access to Internet banking for all
`WAP mobile phone users (25 October 1999)
`
`MeritaNordbanken Group launched on October 18 the world's first
`WAP banking services (15 October 1999)
`
`Digital Bridges joins Phone.com Alliance and WAP Forum
`Program (15 October 1999)
`
`Cable & Wireless HKT Mobile Services upgrades i.Menu with
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1105-0015
`
`

`

`WAP And strives to become the first "mobile portal" operator. (15
`October 1999)
`
`Wi