WAPWML
`Version 16-Jun-1999
`
`Wireless Application Protocol
`Wireless Markup Language Specification
`Version 1.1
`
`Disclaimer:
`
`This document is subject to change without notice.
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1104-0001
`
`

`

`Version 16-Jun-1999
`
`Contents
`
`Page 2 (71)
`
`1. SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................................ 5
`
`2. DOCUMENT STATUS ...................................................................................................................................... 6
`
`2.1
`2.2
`2.3
`
`COPYRIGHT NOTICE ...................................................................................................................................... 6
`ERRATA ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
`COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 6
`
`3. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................... 7
`
`3.1
`3.2
`
`NORMATIVE REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 7
`INFORMATIVE REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 7
`
`4. DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... 8
`
`4.1
`4.2
`4.3
`
`DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 8
`ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 9
`DEVICE TYPES ............................................................................................................................................... 9
`
`5. WML AND URLS ............................................................................................................................................ 10
`
`5.1
`5.2
`5.3
`
`URL SCHEMES ............................................................................................................................................ 10
`FRAGMENT ANCHORS .................................................................................................................................. lO
`RELATIVE URLs ......................................................................................................................................... 10
`
`6. WML CHARACTERSET ............................................................................................................................... 11
`
`6.1
`6.2
`
`REFERENCE PROCESSING MODEL ................................................................................................................. 11
`CHARACTER ENTITIES ................................................................................................................................. 11
`
`7. WML SYNTAX ................................................................................................................................................ 13
`
`7.1
`7.2
`7.3
`7.4
`7.5
`7.6
`7.7
`7.8
`7.9
`
`ENTITIES ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
`ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................. 13
`ATTRIBUTES ................................................................................................................................................ 13
`COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................. 13
`VARIABLES ................................................................................................................................................. 14
`CASE SENSITIVITY ....................................................................................................................................... 14
`CDATA SECTION ....................................................................................................................................... 14
`PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 14
`ERRORS ...................................................................................................................................................... 14
`
`8. CORE WML DATA TYPES ............................................................................................................................ 15
`
`8.1
`8.2
`8.3
`8.4
`8.5
`8.6
`8.7
`8.8
`8.9
`
`CHARACTERDATA ...................................................................................................................................... 15
`LENGTH ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
`VDATA ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
`FLOW .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
`HREF ......................................................................................................................................................... 15
`BOOLEAN .................................................................................................................................................... 16
`NUMBER ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
`XML:LANG .................................................................................................................................................. 16
`THE ID AND CLASS ATTRIBUTES ................................................................................................................... 16
`
`9. EVENTS AND NAVIGATION ........................................................................................................................ 17
`
`9.1
`9.2
`9. 3
`9.4
`
`NAVIGATION AND EVENT HANDLING ........................................................................................................... 17
`HISTORY ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
`THE POSTFIELD ELEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 17
`THE SETVARELEMENT ................................................................................................................................ 18
`©Copyright Wireless Application Protocol Forum,Ltd, 1998, 1999
`All rights reserved
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1104-0002
`
`

`

`Version 16-Jun-1999
`
`Page 3 (71)
`
`TASKS ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
`9.5
`9. 5.1
`The Go Element .................................................................................................................................. 18
`The Prev Element ................................................................................................................................ 19
`9.5.2
`The Refresh Element ........................................................................................................................... 20
`9.5.3
`The Noop Element ............................................................................................................................... 20
`9.5.4
`CARD/DECK TASK SHADOWING ................................................................................................................... 20
`9.6
`THE DO ELEMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 21
`9.7
`9. 8
`THE ANCHOR ELEMENT ............................................................................................................................... 23
`9. 9
`THE A ELEMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 24
`INTRINSIC EVENTS ....................................................................................................................................... 24
`9.10
`9.1 0.1
`The On event Element .......................................................................................................................... 25
`9.1 0. 2 Card/Deck Intrinsic Events ................................................................................................................. 26
`
`10. THE STATE MODEL ..................................................................................................................................... 27
`
`THE BROWSER CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................. 27
`10.1
`THE NEWCONTEXT ATTRIBUTE .................................................................................................................... 27
`10.2
`10.3 VARIABLES ................................................................................................................................................. 27
`10.3.1
`Variable Substitution ........................................................................................................................... 27
`10. 3. 2
`Parsing the Variable Substitution Syntax ............................................................................................. 29
`10. 3. 3
`The Dollar-sign Character .................................................................................................................. 29
`10.3.4
`Setting Variables ................................................................................................................................. 29
`10.3.5
`Validation ........................................................................................................................................... 30
`10.4
`CONTEXT RESTRICTIONS ............................................................................................................................. 30
`
`11. THE STRUCTURE OF WML DECKS ........................................................................................................... 31
`
`11.1 DOCUMENT PROLOGUE ................................................................................................................................ 31
`11.2 THEWMLELEMENT ................................................................................................................................... 31
`11.2.1
`A WML Example ................................................................................................................................. 31
`11.3
`THE HEAD ELEMENT ................................................................................................................................... 32
`11.3.1
`The Access Element ............................................................................................................................. 32
`The Meta Element ............................................................................................................................... 33
`11.3.2
`11.4
`THE TEMPLATEELEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 34
`THECARDELEMENT ................................................................................................................................... 34
`11.5
`11. 5.1
`Card Intrinsic Events .......................................................................................................................... 34
`11. 5. 2
`The Card Element ............................................................................................................................... 35
`11.5.2.1
`ACardExample .......................................................................................................................................... 36
`11.6 CONTROLELEMENTS ................................................................................................................................... 36
`11.6.1
`The TabindexAttribute ........................................................................................................................ 36
`11.6.2
`Select Lists .......................................................................................................................................... 37
`11.6.2.1
`The Select Element ..................................................................................................................................... 37
`11.6.2.2
`The Option Element ................................................................................................................................... .40
`11.6.2.3
`The Optgroup Element ............................................................................................................................... .40
`Select list examples .................................................................................................................................... .41
`11.6.2.4
`11.6.3
`The Input Element ............................................................................................................................... 42
`11.6.3.1
`Input Element Examples ............................................................................................................................. .44
`11.6.4
`The Fieldset Element ........................................................................................................................... 45
`11.6.4.1
`Fieldset Element Examples ......................................................................................................................... .45
`THE TIMERELEMENT .................................................................................................................................. 45
`11.7
`11. 7.1
`Timer Example .................................................................................................................................... 46
`11.8
`TEXT .......................................................................................................................................................... 47
`11.8.1 White Space ........................................................................................................................................ 47
`11.8.2
`Emphasis ............................................................................................................................................ 47
`11.8.3
`Paragraphs ......................................................................................................................................... 48
`The Br Element ................................................................................................................................... 49
`11.8.4
`The Table Element .............................................................................................................................. 49
`11.8.5
`The Tr Element ................................................................................................................................... 51
`11.8.6
`11.8. 7
`The Td Element ................................................................................................................................... 51
`11.8.8
`TableExample .................................................................................................................................... 51
`
`©Copyright Wireless Application Protocol Forum,Ltd, 1998, 1999
`All rights reserved
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1104-0003
`
`

`

`Version 16-Jun-1999
`
`Page 4 (71)
`
`11.9
`
`IMAGES ....................................................................................................................................................... 52
`
`12. USER AGENT SEMANTICS .......................................................................................................................... 54
`
`12.1 DECK ACCESS CONTROL. ............................................................................................................................. 54
`12.2 Low-MEMORY BEHAVIOUR ......................................................................................................................... 54
`12. 2.1
`Limited History ................................................................................................................................... 54
`12. 2. 2
`Limited Browser Context Size .............................................................................................................. 54
`12.3
`ERROR HANDLING ....................................................................................................................................... 54
`12.4 UNKNOWN DTD .......................................................................................................................................... 54
`12.5
`REFERENCE PROCESSING BEHAVIOUR- INTER-CARD NAVIGATION ................................................................ 55
`12.5.1
`The Go Task. ....................................................................................................................................... 55
`The Prev Task ..................................................................................................................................... 55
`12.5.2
`TheNoopTask .................................................................................................................................... 56
`12.5.3
`12.5.4
`The Refresh Task. ................................................................................................................................ 56
`12.5.5
`Task Execution Failure ....................................................................................................................... 56
`
`13. WML REFERENCE INFORMATION ........................................................................................................... 57
`
`13.1 DOCUMENT IDENTIFIERS .............................................................................................................................. 57
`13.1.1
`SGML Public Identifier ....................................................................................................................... 57
`13.1.2 WMLMedia Type ................................................................................................................................ 57
`13.2 DOCUMENT TYPE DEFINITION (DTD) ........................................................................................................... 58
`13.3
`RESERVED WORDS ...................................................................................................................................... 64
`
`14. A COMPACT BINARY REPRESENTATION OF WML .............................................................................. 65
`
`14.1
`EXTENSION TOKENS .................................................................................................................................... 65
`14.1.1 Global Extension Tokens ..................................................................................................................... 65
`14.1.2
`TagTokens ......................................................................................................................................... 65
`14.1.3 Attribute Tokens .................................................................................................................................. 65
`14.2
`ENCODING SEMANTICS ................................................................................................................................ 65
`14. 2.1
`Encoding Variables ............................................................................................................................. 65
`14.2.2 Encoding Tag and Attributes Names ......................................................................................... 65
`14.2.2
`14.2.3 Document Validation .......................................................................................................................... 65
`14.2.3.1
`Validate %1ength; ........................................................................................................................................ 66
`14.2.3.2
`Validate %vdata; ......................................................................................................................................... 66
`14.3 NUMERICCONSTANTS ................................................................................................................................. 66
`14. 3.1 WML Extension Token Assignment ...................................................................................................... 66
`Tag Tokens ......................................................................................................................................... 66
`14.3.2
`14.3.3 Attribute Start Tokens ......................................................................................................................... 67
`14.3.4 Attribute Value Tokens ........................................................................................................................ 68
`14.4 WML ENCODING EXAMPLES ....................................................................................................................... 70
`
`©Copyright Wireless Application Protocol Forum,Ltd, 1998, 1999
`All rights reserved
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1104-0004
`
`

`

`Version 16-Jun-1999
`
`1. Scope
`
`Page 5 (71)
`
`Wireless Application Protocol (W AP) is a result of continuous work to define an industry-wide specification for
`developing applications that operate over wireless communication networks. The scope for the W AP Forum is to define
`a set of specifications to be used by service applications. The wireless market is growing very quickly and reaching
`new customers and services. To enable operators and manufacturers to meet the challenges in advanced services,
`differentiation and fast/flexible service creation, W AP defines a set of protocols in transport, session and application
`layers. For additional information on the W AP architecture, refer to "Wireless Application Protocol Architecture
`Specification" [W AP].
`
`This specification defines the Wireless Markup Language (WML). WML is a markup language based on [XML] and is
`intended for use in specifying content and user interface for narrowband devices, including cellular phones and pagers.
`
`WML is designed with the constraints of small narrowband devices in mind. These constraints include:
`
`•
`
`Small display and limited user input facilities
`
`• Narrowband network connection
`
`• Limited memory and computational resources
`
`WML includes four major functional areas:
`
`•
`
`Text presentation and layout- WML includes text and image support, including a variety of formatting and layout
`commands. For example, boldfaced text may be specified.
`
`• Deck/card organisational metaphor - all information in WML is organised into a collection of cards and decks.
`Cards specify one or more units of user interaction (eg, a choice menu, a screen of text or a text entry field).
`Logically, a user navigates through a series of WML cards, reviews the contents of each, enters requested
`information, makes choices and moves on to another card.
`
`Cards are grouped together into decks. A WML deck is similar to an HTML page, in that it is identified by a URL
`[RFC2396] and is the unit of content transmission.
`
`Inter-card navigation and linking - WML includes support for explicitly managing the navigation between cards
`and decks. WML also includes provisions for event handling in the device, which may be used for navigational
`purposes or to execute scripts. WML also supports anchored links, similar to those found in [HTML4].
`
`String parameterisation and state management - all WML decks can be parameterised using a state model.
`Variables can be used in the place of strings and are substituted at run-time. This parameterisation allows for more
`efficient use of network resources.
`
`•
`
`•
`
`©Copyright Wireless Application Protocol Forum,Ltd, 1998, 1999
`All rights reserved
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1104-0005
`
`

`

`Version 16-Jun-1999
`
`Page 6 (71)
`
`2. Document Status
`
`This document is available online in the following formats:
`
`•
`
`PDF format at http://www.wapforum.org/.
`
`2.1 Copyright Notice
`
`©Copyright Wireless Application Forum Ltd, 1998, 1999.
`
`Terms and conditions of use are available from the Wireless Application Protocol Forum Ltd. web site at
`http://www. wapforum.org/docs/copyright.htm.
`
`2.2 Errata
`
`Known problems associated with this document are published at http://www.wapforum.org/.
`
`2.3 Comments
`
`Comments regarding this document can be submitted to the W AP Forum in the manner published at
`http://www. wapforum.org/.
`
`©Copyright Wireless Application Protocol Forum,Ltd, 1998, 1999
`All rights reserved
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1104-0006
`
`

`

`Version 16-Jun-1999
`
`Page 7 (71)
`
`3. References
`
`3.1 Normative References
`
`[IS010646]
`
`"Information Technology -Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) -Part 1:
`Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane", ISO!IEC 10646-1:1993.
`
`[RFC822]
`
`[RFC1766]
`
`[RFC2045]
`
`[RFC2048]
`
`[RFC2068]
`
`[RFC2119]
`
`[RFC2396]
`
`"Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages", STD 11, RFC 822, D. Crocker,
`August 1982. URL: ftp://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc822.txt
`
`"Tags for the Identification of Languages", H. Alvestrand, March 1995. URL:
`ftp:/ /ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc 1766. txt
`
`"Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies",
`N. Freed, et al., November 1996. URL: ftp://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc2045.txt
`
`"Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Four: Registration Procedures", N. Freed, et
`al., November 1996. URL: ftp://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc2048.txt
`
`"Hypertext Transfer Protocol- HTTP/1.1 ", R. Fielding, et al., January 1997. URL:
`ftp:/ I ds.internic. net/rfc/rfc2068. txt
`
`"Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", S. Bradner, March 1997. URL:
`ftp:/ /ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc2119 .txt
`
`"Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", T. Berners-Lee, et al., August 1998. URL:
`ftp:/ /ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc2396. txt
`
`[UNICODE]
`
`"The Unicode Standard: Version 2.0", The Unicode Consortium, Addison-Wesley Developers
`Press, 1996. URL: http://www.unicode.org/
`
`[WAE]
`
`[WAP]
`
`"Wireless Application Environment Specification", WAP Forum, 30-April-1998. URL:
`http:/ /www.wapforum.org/
`
`"Wireless Application Protocol Architecture Specification", W AP Forum, 30-April-1998. URL:
`http:/ /www.wapforum.org/
`
`[WBXML]
`
`"W AP Binary XML Content Format", W AP Forum, 30-April-1998. URL:
`http:/ /www.wapforum.org/
`
`[WSP]
`
`[XML]
`
`"Wireless Session Protocol", WAP Forum, 30-April-1998. URL: http://www.wapforum.org/
`
`"Extensible Markup Language (XML), W3C Proposed Recommendation 10-February-1998,
`REC-xml-19980210", T. Bray, et al, February 10, 1998. URL: http://www.w3.org/TRIREC-xml
`
`3.2 Informative References
`
`[HDML2]
`
`[HTML4]
`
`[IS08879]
`
`"Handheld Device Markup Language Specification", P. King, et al., Aprilll, 1997. URL:
`http://www. uplanet.com/pub/hdml_ w3c/hdml20-1.html
`
`"HTML 4.0 Specification, W3C Recommendation 18-December-1997, REC-HTML40-971218",
`D. Raggett, et al., September 17, 1997. URL: http://www.w3.org/TRIREC-html40
`
`"Information Processing - Text and Office Systems - Standard Generalised Markup Language
`(SGML)", ISO 8879:1986.
`
`©Copyright Wireless Application Protocol Forum,Ltd, 1998, 1999
`All rights reserved
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 11 04-0007
`
`

`

`Version 16-Jun-1999
`
`Page 8 (71)
`
`4. Definitions and Abbreviations
`
`4.1 Definitions
`
`The following are terms and conventions used throughout this specification.
`
`The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT",
`"RECOMMENDED", "MAY" and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
`
`Author - an author is a person or program that writes or generates WML, WMLScript or other content.
`
`Card - a single WML unit of navigation and user interface. May contain information to present to the user,
`instructions for gathering user input, etc.
`
`Character Encoding - when used as a verb, character encoding refers to conversion between sequence of characters
`and a sequence of bytes. When used as a noun, character encoding refers to a method for converting a sequence of
`bytes to a sequence of characters. Typically, WML document character encoding is captured in transport headers
`attributes (eg, Content-Type's "charset" parameter), meta information placed within a document, or the XML
`declaration defined by [XML].
`
`Client- a device (or application) that initiates a request for connection with a server.
`
`Content- subject matter (data) stored or generated at an origin server. Content is typically displayed or interpreted by
`a user agent in response to a user request.
`
`Content Encoding - when used as a verb, content encoding indicates the act of converting content from one format to
`another. Typically the resulting format requires less physical space than the original, is easier to process or store and/or
`is encrypted. When used as a noun, content encoding specifies a particular format or encoding standard or process.
`
`Content Format - actual representation of content.
`
`Deck - a collection of WML cards. A WML deck is also an XML document.
`
`Device - a network entity that is capable of sending and receiving packets of information and has a unique device
`address. A device can act as both a client or a server within a given context or across multiple contexts. For example, a
`device can service a number of clients (as a server) while being a client to another server.
`
`JavaScript- a de facto standard language that can be used to add dynamic behaviour to HTML documents. JavaScript
`is one of the originating technologies of ECMAScript.
`
`Man-Machine Interface- a synonym for user interface.
`
`Origin Server - the server on which a given resource resides or is to be created. Often referred to as a web server or an
`HTTP server.
`
`Resource - a network data object or service that can be identified by a URL. Resources may be available in multiple
`representations ( eg, multiple languages, data formats, size and resolutions) or vary in other ways.
`
`Server- a device (or application) that passively waits for connection requests from one or more clients. A server may
`accept or reject a connection request from a client.
`
`SGML- the Standardised Generalised Markup Language (defined in [IS08879]) is a general-purpose language for
`domain-specific markup languages.
`
`Terminal - a device providing the user with user agent capabilities, including the ability to request and receive
`information. Also called a mobile terminal or mobile station.
`
`Transcode- the act of converting from one character set to another, eg, conversion from UCS-2 to UTF-8.
`
`User- a user is a person who interacts with a user agent to view, hear, or otherwise use a resource.
`
`User Agent - a user agent is any software or device that interprets WML, WMLScript, WT AI or other resources. This
`may include textual browsers, voice browsers, search engines, etc.
`
`©Copyright Wireless Application Protocol Forum,Ltd, 1998, 1999
`All rights reserved
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1104-0008
`
`

`

`Version 16-Jun-1999
`
`Page 9 (71)
`
`WMLScript - a scripting language used to program the mobile device. WMLScript is an extended subset of the
`JavaScript™ scripting language.
`
`XML- the Extensible Markup Language is a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standard for Internet markup
`languages, of which