· Updated 15'h
`
`. Expanded
`Edition
`
` 1
`
`AT&T - Exhibit 1025
`
`

`
`I
`1,
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`1 I ,•
`
`NEWTON'S
`TELECOM
`DICTIONARl.
`
`The Official Dictionary of
`Telecommunications & the Intern
`
`15th Updated, Expanded and Much
`Improved Edition
`
`NEWTON's TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`copyright © 1999 Harry Newton
`email: Harry_Newton@HarryNewton.com
`personal web site: www.harrynewton.com
`All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright conventions, including the right to reproduce this
`book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever.
`
`Published in the United States by
`Miller Freeman, Inc.
`Tenth floor
`12 West 21 Street
`New York, NY 10010
`212-691-8215 Fax 212-691-1191
`1-800-999-0345 and 1-800-LIBRARY
`
`ISBN Number 1-57820-031-8
`
`February, 1999
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
`Fifteenth Expanded and Updated Edition
`Cover Design by Saul Roldan and Regula Hoffman
`Matt Kelsey, Publisher
`Christine Kern, Manager
`
`Printed at Command Web, Secaucus. New Jersey
`www.commandweb.com
`
` 2
`
`

`
`NEWTON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`tamer by mutual agreement. The primary objective of joint
`user service is to save money by buying circuits in bulk.
`Joule The unit of work or energy. The energy expended
`when a current of one ampere flows through a resistance of
`one ohm for one second. Joule's Law says the heat produced
`in a circuit in joules is proportional to the resistance, to the
`square of the current and to the time.
`Journal Printers These are special purpose printers
`which provide hard copy output for audit trail and demand
`printing functions associated with hotel/motel management
`features.
`Joy Clicker One who nervously fiddles with a mouse.
`Joystick A pointing device for a computer whose upright
`level is used to manipulate a pointer on a screen. Named •
`after a similar shaped control in airplanes. Joysticks are often
`used in computer gaming.
`JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group So cal led as it was
`developed jointly by the International Standards Organization
`(ISO) and the ITU-T, it formally is known as ISO 10918-1
`Recommendation T.81. JPEG is a compression technique
`used primarily in the editing of still images, and in color fax,
`desktop publishing, graphic arts and medical imaging. JPEG
`is symmetrical in nature, requiring equal processing power,
`time and expense on both the transmitting side (compres(cid:173)
`sion) and the receiving side (decompression). Its complexi(cid:173)
`ty renders it ineffective for real-time video; imaging applica(cid:173)
`tions are not so delay-sensitive.
`The JPEG compression standard works by converting a color
`image into rows of pixels (picture elements), which are dots
`of color image, each with a numerical value representing lev(cid:173)
`els of brightness and color. The picture is then broken down
`into blocks, each 16 pixels x 16 pixels, and then reduced to
`8 pixels by 8 pixels by subtracting every other pixel. The
`software uses a formula that computes an average value for
`each block, permitting it to be represented with less data.
`Further steps subtract even more information from the image.
`To retrieve the data and thus decompress the image, the
`process is reversed. A specialized chip decompresses the
`images hundreds of times faster than is possible on a stan(cid:173)
`dard desktop computer. JPEG is a lossy image-compression
`algorithm that reduces the size of bitmapped images by a fac(cid:173)
`tor of 20:1 to 30:1 which compromises the absolute quality
`of the image in terms of resolution and color fidelity; JPEG
`can be pushed to yield a 40:1 compression ratio, although
`the loss in quality is noticeable at this level. JPEG compres(cid:173)
`sion works by filtering out an image's high-frequency infor(cid:173)
`mation to reduce the volume of data and then compressing
`the resulting data with a lossless compression algorithm.
`Low-frequency information does more to define the charac(cid:173)
`teristics of an image than does high-frequency information
`which serves to define sharp edges-losing some high-fre(cid:173)
`quency information doesn't necessarily affect the
`image
`quality. In complex images, however, JPEG suffers from an
`effect known as "tiling," yielding a mosaic-like effect due to
`the block-oriented compression technique. When you see an
`image with the .JPG extension, that means it's JPEG image.
`See also JPEG ++, Motion JPEG, and MPEG.
`JPEG++ Storm Technology's proprietary extension of the
`JPEG algorithm. It lets users determine the degree of com(cid:173)
`pression that the foreground and background of an image .
`receive; for example, in a portrait, you could compress the face
`in the foreground only slightly, while you could compress it in
`the background to a much higher degree. See JPEG.
`JPG See JPEG
`
`JT·2 6.312 Mb/s data rate. Same as T-2. Signal
`with ITU-T document G.704 signal specification.
`JTAPI See Java Telephony API and the definitions
`JTAPI Address Object Part of the JTAPI
`model. The Address object represents a telephone
`is an abstraction for the logical endpoint.of a phorf.'
`is distinct from a physical endpoint. In fact, one a
`correspond to several physical devices.
`JTAPI Call Model The JTAPI Core call model
`·~
`the Core API package. A call model describes a sa .
`objects that correspond to physical and concepttE
`the telephony world. These objects fit together in :.
`way to represent a telephone call. The Core API
`Provider Object, Call Object, Connecti
`TerminalConnection Object, Terminal Object a.:i:
`Object. In the physical view, each Core object re
`·
`gible property or telephony equipment. From a
`the call model represents an abstraction of tele · · ·
`entities or the functional properties of the objects 11
`ing these objects, it is difficult to separate the
`cal representation from their logical properties.
`description of these objects changes perspecti1.
`JTAPI Call Object Part of the JTAPI Core CG.
`Call object represents a telephone call, the in
`ing between the service provider and the call pa
`telephone call comprises a Call object and zer
`nections. In a two-party call scenario, a tel -
`one Call object and two connections. A co
`three or more connections associated with o
`JTAPI Connection Object Part of the
`model. A Connection object models the co
`between a Call object and an Address obieo:.
`between Call and Address like connected, dis···
`alerting are modeled by the Connection obje::
`Connection object also serves as a contain
`TerminalConnection objects. Connection o
`logical aspects of a call connection.
`JTAPI Core Package All JTAPI impl
`use of the Core package. Many applicati
`only need basic telephony, in which case t .
`to use the Core API package. The Core API
`basic telephony: placing calls, answering ca
`calls. It defines the basic call model that t .
`ages follow in design.
`JTAPI Provider Object Part of the •
`model. The Provider object is an abstra
`service provider software. The provider
`";rt
`connected to a server, a telephony/fax
`machine, or a computer networking techoo
`Provider hides the service-specific aspeai$ ·
`subsystem and enables Java applicati
`interact with the telephony subsystem i <
`dent manner.
`JTAPI Standard Extension Pac
`specification defines standard extension
`telephony package, Call Control, Call
`and Terminal Set Mancigement extensio
`sion 1.0. The specifications for M ,(cid:173)
`extension packages are at versi on " •
`Synchronous are still under considera: ::If
`rently eight standard extension packa .
`Center, Private Elata, Terminal Set Marl3.
`Media Services, Mobile Phones and S
`JTAPI Terminal Object Part oi
`440
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