General MIDI Systelll Level 1
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1047-0001
`
`

`
`PLEASE SEE MMA PUBLICATION "General MIDI System Level 1 Developer
`(1996) FOR ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS AND
`Guidelines"
`CLARIFICATIONS RELATED TO THIS SPECIFICATION.
`
`-
`
`MMA0007 I RP003
`
`Copyright © 1991, 1994 MIDI Manufacturers Association Incorporated
`
`ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS,
`ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS, WITHOUT
`PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE MIDI MANUFACTURERS AsSOCIATION.
`
`MMA
`POB 3173
`La Habra CA 90632-3173
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1047-0002
`
`

`
`GM System- Overview
`
`This Specification outlines a minimum MIDI configuration of a "General MIDI System" which
`defines a certain class of MIDI controlled sound generators. The General MIDI (or GM) System
`provides a high degree of compatibility between MIDI synthesizers, and adds the ability to
`play songs (in the form of MIDI data) created for any given MIDI synthesizer module that
`follows this Specification.
`
`This class of products are intended for broad applications in the music, consumer, and
`entertainment markets, due to increased compatibility and unprecedented ease-of-use.
`
`Background
`
`Without this specification, when an end user tries to play back MIDI data on a given set of
`MIDI synthesizers the results can vary widely depending on what MIDI synthesizers are
`involved and what their capabilities are. The MIDI data has to be specially prepared for those
`particular synthesizers and drum machines in order to sound exactly as originally intended.
`
`For example, the sound that plays on MIDI note messages sent over channel one/program
`number one is determined by the individual synthesizer manufacturer. However, there usually
`is little similarity between program numbers and expected timbres on today's popular
`synthesizers. Other examples are the variability of pitch bend range, octave registration, or the
`drum note mapping.
`
`This variety is wonderful for professional users, but can be troublesome for consumers and
`music authors. Therefore, it has in the past been virtually impossible to produce MIDI data
`that will play on all of the popular MIDI synthesizers. The data had to be made manufacturer
`and device specific. This has limited the availability of MIDI data titles to individual
`instruments or at best to those of a particular manufacturer.
`
`The mam;;;barrier to resolving this problem is that the original MIDI specification does not
`specify a ''Ffuinimum MIDI configuration" or set of capabilities that one could rely on being in a
`given synthesizer. A particular MIDI device has no idea what MIDI device is connected to the
`other end of its MIDI cable, and until now there was no industry-standard minimum
`configuration that manufacturers or authors could use as a reference.
`
`The Solution
`
`This General MIDI System is the solution to that problem. It describes a minimum number of
`voices, sound locations, drum note mapping, octave registration, pitch bend range, and
`controller usage, thereby defining a given set of capabilities to expect in a given synthesizer
`module. This mode will be identified by a logo on the instrument such as the "Compact Disc"
`logo shown on all devices supporting the CD standard.
`
`General MIDI is a mode that synthesizers can be switched in and out of to provide a common
`"base case." Higher end products will likely support additional modes of operation and should
`not be limited by General MIDI. The General MIDI Specification is also left open to further
`improvements.
`and continued
`applications
`advanced
`for
`"levels")
`(or
`extensions
`
`General MIDI System Level 1
`
`1
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1047-0003
`
`

`
`GM System - Level 1 Performance Requirements
`
`General MIDI Sound Generator Requirements
`
`Synthesis/Playback Technology (Sound Source Type):
`• Up to the manufacturer.
`
`Number ofVoices:
`• A minimum of:
`1) 24 fully dynamically allocated voices available simultaneously for both melodic and
`percussive sounds; or:
`2) 16 dynamically allocated voices for melody plus 8 for percussion.
`
`MIDI Channels Supported:
`• All 16 MIDI channels.
`• Each channel can play a variable number of voices (polyphony).
`• Each channel can play a different instrument (timbre).
`• Key-based Percussion is always on channel 10.
`
`Instruments:
`• A minimum of 128 presets for Instruments (MIDI program numbers), conforming to
`the "GM Sound Set" (see Table 2)
`• A minimum of 4 7 preset percussion sounds conforming to the "GM Percussion Map"
`(see Table 3)
`
`-
`
`General MIDI Sound Generator Recommended Hardware
`• Master Volume control.
`• MIDI In connector (Out and Thru connectors are optional).
`• Audio Out (2 -left & right) plus Headphones connectors.
`
`2
`
`General MIDI System Level 1
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1047-0004
`
`

`
`Level 1 Performance Requirements
`
`General MIDI Protocol Implementation Requirements
`
`Note on/Note off:
`Octave Registration: Middle C = MIDI Key 60 (3CH)
`o All voices, including percussion, respond to velocity
`o Voices dynamically allocated (notes/drums can re-attack using free voices)
`
`ContToller Changes:
`Controller#
`1
`7
`10
`11
`64
`121
`123
`
`Description
`Modulation
`Volume
`Pan
`Expression
`Sustain
`Reset All Controllers
`All Notes Off
`
`Registered Parameter#
`0
`1
`2
`
`Description
`Pitch Bend Sensitivity
`Fine Tuning
`Coarse Tuning
`
`Channel Messages:
`o Channel Pressure (Mtertouch)
`o Pitch Bend (default range = ±2 semitones)
`
`Default Settings:
`o Bend= 11011
`
`, Volume= 1110011 (0-127), Controllers 11norma1"
`
`General MIDI System Level 1
`
`3
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1047-0005
`
`

`
`GM System -Additional Messages
`
`General MIDI System Messages
`
`In addition to the above already-defined MIDI messages, there is a defined set of Universal
`Non-Real Time SysEx messages for turning General MIDI on and off at a sound module
`(should it have more than one mode of operation):
`
`• Tum General MIDI System On:
`
`FO 7E <device ID> 09 01 F7
`
`F07E
`<device ID>
`09
`01
`F7
`
`Universal Non-Real Time SysEx header
`ID of target device (suggest using 7F: Broadcast)
`sub-ID #1 = General MIDI message
`sub-ID #2 = General MIDI On
`EOX
`
`• Tum General MIDI System Off:
`
`FO 7E <device ID> 09 02 F7
`
`F07E
`<device ID>
`09
`02
`F7
`
`Universal Non-Real Time SysEx header
`ID of target device (suggest using 7F: Broadcast)
`sub-ID #1 =General MIDI message
`sub-ID #2 =General MIDI Off
`EOX
`
`-
`
`4
`
`General MIDI System Level 1
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1047-0006
`
`

`
`GM System- Level 1 Sound Set
`
`General MIDI Sound Set Groupings:
`(all channels except 10)
`
`Frog#
`1-8
`9-16
`17-24
`25-32
`33-40
`41-48
`49-56
`57-64
`
`Instrument Group
`Piano
`Chromatic Percussion
`Organ
`Guitar
`Bass
`Strings
`Ensemble
`Brass
`
`Prog#
`65-72
`73-80
`81-88
`89-96
`97-104
`105-112
`113-120
`121-128
`
`Instrument Group
`Reed
`Pipe
`SynthLead
`Synth Pad
`Synth Effects
`Ethnic
`Percussive
`Sound Effects
`
`Table 1
`
`General MIDI Sound Set:
`(MIDI Program Numbers 1- 128; all channels except 10)
`
`'--
`
`' -
`
`Prog #Instrument
`Prog # Instrument
`Prog #Instrument
`65. Soprano Sax
`1. Acoustic Grand Piano 33. Acoustic Bass
`2. Bright Acoustic Piano 34. Electric Bass (finger) 66. Alto Sax
`67. Tenor Sax
`3. Electric Grand Piano 35. Electric Bass (pick)
`68. Baritone Sax
`36. Fretless Bass
`4. Honky-tonk Piano
`69. Oboe
`37. Slap Bass 1
`Electric Piano 1
`5.
`70. English Horn
`38. Slap Bass 2
`Electric Piano 2
`6.
`71. Bassoon
`39. Synth Bass 1
`7. Harpsichord
`72. Clarinet
`40. Synth Bass 2
`8. Clavi
`73. Piccolo
`41. Violin
`Cele5ta
`9.
`74. Flute
`42. Viola
`10. Glockenspiel
`75. Recorder
`43. Cello
`11. Mu5ic;Bo:x
`76. Pan Flute
`44. Contrabaas
`12. Vibraphone
`77. Blown Bottle
`45. Tremolo Strings
`13. Marimba
`78. Shakuhachi
`46. Pizzicato Strings
`14. Xylophone
`79. Whistle
`47. Orchestral Harp
`15. Tubular Bells
`80. Ocarina
`48. Timpani
`16. Dulcimer
`81. Lead 1 (square)
`49. String Ensemble 1
`17. Drawbar Organ
`82. Lead 2 (:sawtooth)
`50. String Ensemble 2
`18. Percussive Organ
`83. Lead 3 (calliope)
`51. SynthStrings 1
`19. Rock Organ
`84. Lead 4 ( chiff)
`52. SynthStrings 2
`20. Church Organ
`85. Lead 5 (charang)
`53. Choir Aahs
`21. Reed Organ
`86. Lead 6 (voice)
`54. Voice Oohs
`22. Accordion
`87. Lead 7 (fifths)
`55. Synth Voice
`23. Harmonica
`88. Lead 8 (bass + lead)
`56. Orchestra Hit
`24. Tango Accordion
`89. Pad 1 (new age)
`25. Acoustic Guitar (nylo 57. Trumpet
`90. Pad2 (warm)
`26. Acoustic Guitar (steel 58. Trombone
`91. Pad 3 (polysynth)
`27. Electric Guitar (jazz) 59. Tuba
`92. Pad 4 (choir)
`28. Electric Guitar (clean 60. Muted Trumpet
`93. Pad 5 (bowed)
`29. Ef~ctric Guitar (mute 61. French Horn
`94. Pad 6 (metallic)
`62. Brasa Section
`30. Overdriven Guitar
`95. Pad 7 (halo)
`63. Syn thBras5 1
`31. Distortion Guitar
`96. Pad 8 (sweep)
`64. Syn thBrass 2
`32. Guitar harmonics
`
`Prog #Instrument
`FX 1 (rain)
`97.
`FX 2 (soundtrack)
`98.
`FX 3 (crystal)
`99.
`FX 4 (atmosphere)
`100.
`FX 5 (brightness)
`101.
`FX 6 (goblins)
`102.
`FX 7 (echoes)
`103.
`FX 8 (5ci-fi)
`104.
`Sitar
`105.
`Banjo
`106.
`Shami5en
`107.
`Koto
`108.
`Kalimba
`109.
`Bagpipe
`110.
`Fiddle
`111.
`Shanai
`112.
`Tinkle Bell
`113.
`Ago go
`114.
`Steel Drums
`115.
`Woodblock
`116.
`Taiko Drum
`117.
`Melodic Tom
`118.
`Synth Drum
`119.
`Reverse Cymbal
`120.
`Guitar Fret Noise
`121.
`Breath Noise
`122.
`Seashore
`123.
`Bird Tweet
`124.
`Telephone Ring
`125.
`Helicopter
`126.
`Applause
`127.
`Gunshot
`128.
`
`Table 2
`
`General MIDI System Levell
`
`5
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1047-0007
`
`

`
`Level 1 Sound Set
`
`General MIDI Percussion Map:
`(ChannellO)
`
`MIDI Key Drum Sound
`Acou:ltic Ba:!:l Drum
`35
`Ba:!:l Drum 1
`36
`Side Stick
`37
`Acou:ltic Snare
`38
`Hand Clap
`39
`Electric Snare
`40
`Low Floor Tom
`41
`Clo:!ed Hi Hat
`42
`High Floor Tom
`43
`Pedal Hi-Hat
`44
`Low Tom
`45
`Open Hi-Hat
`46
`Low-Mid Tom
`47
`Hi Mid Tom
`48
`Crash Cymball
`49
`High Tom
`50
`
`MIDI Key
`51
`52
`53
`54
`55
`56
`57
`58
`59
`60
`61
`62
`63
`64
`65
`66
`
`MIDI Key
`67
`68
`69
`70
`71
`72
`73
`74
`75
`76
`77
`78
`79
`80
`81
`
`Drum Sound
`High Agogo
`Low Agogo
`Cabasa
`Maraca:!
`Short Whi:!tle
`Long Whi:!tle
`Short Guiro
`Long Guiro
`Claves
`Hi Wood Block
`Low Wood Block
`Mute Cuica
`Open Cuica
`Mute Triangle
`Open Triangle
`
`Drum Sound
`Ride Cymbal 1
`Chinese Cymbal
`Ride Bell
`Tambourine
`Spla:!h Cymbal
`Cowbell
`Cra:!h Cymbal 2
`Vibraslap
`Ride Cymbal 2
`Hi Bongo
`Low Bongo
`Mute Hi Conga
`Open Hi Conga
`Low Conga
`High Timbale
`Low Timbale
`
`Table 3
`
`-
`
`-
`
`6
`
`General MIDI System Level 1
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1047-0008
`
`

`
`GM System- Level 1 Detailed Explanation
`
`GMSoundSet
`
`For music authors, one of the most frustrating parts of the original MIDI specification was the
`lack of sound definitions. For example, where is the piano sound on this instrument (i.e. what
`is the program number)? The solution lies in a "sound-set-to-Program-Change-number"
`mapping that is specific to the General MIDI System.
`
`This mapping only needs to take effect while operating inside a General MIDI System, and
`would otherwise let manufacturers organize sounds in any way they wish. In short, while
`operating inside a General MIDI System, this map takes effect- in any other mode, the
`manufacturer could present the sounds in any manner desired.
`
`The General MIDI Sound Set (instrument and percussion maps) is shown in Tables 2 and 3.
`This mapping describes the MIDI Program Change numbers used to select sounds under the
`General MIDI System. The instrument would map these General MIDI program numbers to
`its own internal organization. MIDI Program numbers can be changed in real time during
`play.
`
`GM Sound Definitions
`
`General MIDI does not recommend any particular method of synthesis or playback. Each
`manufacturer should be free to express their own ideas and personal aesthetics when it comes
`to picking the exact timbres for each preset. In particular, the names in parentheses after
`each of the synth leads, pads, and sound effects are intended as guides.
`
`Therefore, to promote consistency in song playback across a range of sound modules, a set of
`guidelines for General MIDI Score authors and Instrument manufacturers will be produced.
`
`GM Performance Notes
`
`For all instruments, the Modulation Wheel (Controller #1) will change the nature of the sound
`in the most natural (expected) way. i.e. depth of LFO; change of timbre; add more tine sound;
`etc.)
`
`There are other MIDI messages currently pending in the MMA and JMSC that will become
`part of a General MIDI Level2 Specification.
`
`General MIDI System Level 1
`
`7
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1047-0009
`
`

`
`GM System- Logos
`
`Rules for Application
`
`The MMA and JMSC have approved the following design for a logo which will indicate a
`product that conforms to this specification.
`
`For sound generators, GM is intended to allow the user to play back any score developed for
`GM without user intervention. This means a GM sound source must support all of the features
`described in that section without requiring any modification by the user. Only products which
`meet these requirements should have the GM logo.
`
`Software, such as sequencer and notation programs, games, or other applications which create
`or play MIDI music, may also display a GM logo, as long as the product does not interfere with
`the performance of required GM data when used with a compatible sound source. For example,
`software which allows the user to select different sounds on playback should include a resident
`list of the GM sounds. In addition, any software which is GM compatible must properly play
`back- without modification- all controller settings and other required messages which may
`be found in a MIDI file or otherwise performed via MIDI.
`
`GM Logo Variations
`
`The logo is available from the MMA upon application and signing of a license agreement. The
`agreement specifies the terms, conditions and restrictions for application of a GM logo to
`products, packaging, and marketing materials. For details please refer to the current license
`agreement.
`
`=tf.il#h\
`
`GENERAL mlill
`GENERAL mlill
`
`M4i•liJWI•J.1§i
`
`GM System Logo - This version of the logo can be applied to sound
`generators, applications software (games, sequencers, etc.), and scores (MIDI
`data) which conform to the GM System Levell Specification.
`
`GM Sound Set - This version of the logo is intended for display with sound(cid:173)
`sets (samples or patches) designed to modify a specific sound source to be
`GM System Level 1 compatible.
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`8
`
`General MIDI System Level 1
`
`Verizon Wireless
`Exhibit 1047-0010