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`On the cover: Representation of a fullerene molecule with a noble gas atom trapped
`inside. At the Permian-Triassic sedimentary boundary the noble gases helium and argon
`have been found trapped inside fullerenes. They exhibit isotope ratios quite similar to
`those found in meterorites, suggesting that a fireball meteorite or asteroid exploded
`when it hit the Earth, causing major changes in the environment. (Image copyright ©
`Or. Luann Becker. Reproduced with permission.)
`
`Over the six editions of the Dictionary, material has been drawn from the following references: G. M. Garrity
`et al., Taxonomic Outline of the Procaryotes, Release 2, Springer-Verlag, January 2002; D. W. Linzey, Vertebrate
`Biology, McGraw-Hill, 2001; J. A. Pechenik, Biology of the Invertebrates, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2000; U.S.
`Air Force Glossary of Standardized Terms, AF Manual 11-1, vol. 1, 1972; F. Casey, ed., Compilation of Terms
`in Information Sciences Technology, Federal Council for Science and Technology, 1970; Communications-
`Electronics Terminology, AF Manual 11-1, vol. 3, 1970; P. W. Thrush, comp. and ed., A Dictionary of Mining,
`Mineral, and Related Terms, Bureau of Mines, 1968; A DOD Glossary of Mapping, Charting and Geodetic
`Terms, Department of Defense, 1967; J. M. Gilliland, Solar-Terrestrial Physics: A Glossary of Terms and
`Abbreviations, Royal Aircraft Establishment Technical Report 67158, 1967; W. H. Allen, ed., Dictionary of
`Technical Terms for Aerospace Use, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1965; Glossary of Stinfo
`Terminology, Office of Aerospace Research, U.S. Air Force, 1963; Naval Dictionary of Electronic, Technical,
`and Imperative Terms, Bureau of Naval Personnel, 1962; R. E. Huschke, Glossary of Meteorology, American
`Meteorological Society, 1959; ADP Glossary, Department of the Navy, NAVSO P-3097; Glossary of Air Traffic
`Control Terms, Federal Aviation Agency; A Glossary of Range Terminology, White Sands Missile Range, New
`Mexico, National Bureau of Standards, AD 467-424; Nuclear Terms: A Glossary, 2d ed., Atomic Energy
`Commission.
`
`McGRAW-HILL DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TERMS,
`Sixth Edition
`Copyright © 2003, 1994, 1989, 1984, 1978, 1976, 1974 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A11 rights
`reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act
`of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored
`in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
`
`D O W / D O W
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`0 8 7 6 5 4 3
`
`ISBN 0-07-042313-X
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`McGraw-Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms--6th ed.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 0-07-042313-X (alk. paper)
`1. Science--Dictionaries. 2. Technology—Dictionaries.
`and technical terms.
`
`I. Title: Dictionary of scientific
`
`Q123.M15
`503—dc21
`
`2002
`
`2002026436
`
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`1358
`
`mode converter
`
`modified Bessel functions
`
`MODEL BASIN
`
`Model basin with model towed by
`falling weight.
`
`[PETR] The mineral composi­
`known as transmission mode,
`tion of a rock, usually expressed as percentages of total weight
`[PHYS] A state of an oscillating system that cor­
`or volume,
`responds to a particular field pattern and one of the possible
`[STAT] The most fre­
`resonant frequencies of the system,
`quently occurring member of a set of numbers. { m5d }
`mode converter See mode transducer.
`{ 'mod kan,v3rd-3r )
`mode eddies
`[OCEANOOR] Densely packed, irregularly oval
`high- and low-pressure centers roughly 240 miles (400 kilome­
`ters) in diameter in which current intensities are typically ten­
`fold greater than the local means. Also known as mesoscale
`eddies. { 'm5d ,ed-ez }
`mode filter
`[ELECTROMAG] A waveguide filter designed to
`separate waves of the same frequency but of different transmis­
`sion modes.
`{ 'mod ,fil-t3r }
`mode jump
`[ELECTRJ Change in mode of magnetron opera­
`tion from one pulse to the next; each mode represents a different
`frequency and power level.
`{ 'mod jsmp }
`model
`[COMPUT set]
`See macroskeleton. [set TECH] A
`mathematical or physical system, obeying certain specified con­
`ditions, whose behavior is used to understand a physical, biolog­
`ical, or social system to which it is analogous in some way.
`{ 'mad-sl }
`[METEOROL] Any theoretical represen­
`model atmosphere
`tation of the atmosphere, particularly of vertical temperature
`distribution.
`( 'mSd-al 'at-m3,sfir }
`model-based expert system
`[COMPUT set] An expert sys­
`tem that is based on knowledge of the structure and function
`of the object for which the system is designed. { ]mad-3l ,bast
`'ek-spsrt ,sis-t3m }
`model basin
`[ENG] A large basin or tank of water where
`scale models of ships can be tested. Also known as model
`tank; towing tank.
`{ 'mad-sl 'bas-sn }
`model-following problem
`[CONT SYS] The problem of
`determining a control that causes the response of a given system
`to be as close as possible to the response of a model system,
`given the same input.
`{ 'mad-al ]fai-3-wii) .prabTam }
`mode-locked laser
`[OPTICS] A laser designed so that sev­
`eral modes of oscillation with closely spaced wavelengths, in
`which the laser would normally oscillate, are synchronized so
`that a pulse of light, lasting for as little as a picosecond, is
`generated.
`[ 'mod ,lakt 'la-zsr }
`model reduction
`[CONT SYS] The process of discarding cer­
`tain modes of motion while retaining others in the model used
`by an active control system, in order that the control system can
`compute control commands with sufficient rapidity. { 'mad-al
`ri'dsk-shsn }
`[CONT SYS] An ideal system
`model reference system
`whose response is agreed to be optimum; computer simulation
`in which both the model system and the actual system are
`subjected to the same stimulus is carried out, and parameters
`of the actual system are adjusted to minimize the difference in
`the outputs of the model and the actual system.
`{ 'mad-sl
`'ref-rans ,sis-t3m }
`model symbol
`[COMPUTSCI] The standard usage of geomet­
`rical figures, such as squares, circles, or triangles, to help illus­
`trate the various working parts of a model: each symbol must,
`nevertheless, be footnoted for complete clarification,
`j 'mad-
`al ,sim-b3l }
`model tank See model basin.
`{ 'mad-3l ,tai)k )
`model theory
`[MATH] The general qualitative study of the
`structure of a mathematical theory. { 'mad-al ,the-3-re }
`modem
`[ELECTR] A combination modulator and demodula­
`tor at each end of a telephone line to convert binary digital
`information to audio tone signals suitable for transmission over
`the line, and vice versa. Also known as dataset. Derived from
`modulator-demodulator.
`( 'mO,dem )
`modem eliminator
`[COMPUT SCI] A device that is used to
`connect two computers in proximity and that mimics the action
`{ 'mo.dem s'lim-
`of two modems and a telephone line.
`3,nSd-3r }
`[ELECTR] 1. The number of complete cycles
`mode number
`during which an electron of average speed is in the drift space
`of a reflex klystron. 2. The number of radians of phase in
`the microwave field of a magnetron divided by 2ir as one goes
`once around the anode.
`{ 'mod .nam-bsr }
`mode of oscillation See mode of vibration. { 'm5d sv ,as-
`a'la-shan }
`mode of vibration
`
`[MECH] A characteristic manner in which
`
`a system which does not dissipate energy and whose motions
`are restricted by boundary conditions can oscillate, having a
`characteristic pattern of motion and one of a discrete set of
`frequencies. Also known as mode of oscillation.
`{ 'mod sv
`vl'bra-shsn )
`moder
`[OEOL] Humus consisting of plant material that is
`undergoing alteration from the living to the decayed state and
`is intermediate in acidity between mor and mull.
`{ 'mod-ar )
`moderate breeze
`[METEOROL]
`In the Beaufort wind scale,
`a wind whose speed is from 11 to 16 knots (13 to 18 miles
`per hour or 20 to 30 kilometers per hour). { 'mad-a-rat 'brez }
`moderate gale
`[METEOROL]
`In the Beaufort wind scale, a
`wind whose speed is from 28 to 33 knots (32 to 38 miles per
`hour or 52 to 61 kilometers per hour).
`{ 'mad-a-rat 'gal }
`moderator
`[NUCLEO] The material used in a nuclear reactor
`to moderate or slow down neutrons from the high velocities
`at which they are created in the fission process. { 'mad-a-
`,rad-ar }
`[MATH] The study of algebraic systems
`modern algebra
`such as groups, rings, modules, and fields. { 'mad-arn 'al-
`ja-bra )
`[CONT SYS] A control system that takes
`modern control
`account of the dynamics of the processes involved and the
`limitations on measuring them, with the aim of approaching
`the condition of optimal control.
`{ 'mad-arn kan'trOl )
`Mode S
`[NAV] An augmentation of the Air Traffic Control
`Radar Beacon System in which each aircraft is equipped with
`a transponder that replies when interrogated with a discrete
`identity code. Also known as ADSEL (in Britain); discrete
`address beacon system or DABS (in the United States).
`{ 'mdd 'es }
`[ELECTR] Change in mode of magnetron opera­
`mode shift
`tion during a pulse.
`{ 'mod ,shift}
`mode skip
`[ELECTR] Failure of a magnetron to fire on each
`successive pulse.
`{ 'mod ,skip }
`mode switch
`[COMPUT SCI] A preset control which affects
`the normal response of various components of a mechanical
`[ELECTR] A microwave control device,
`desk calculator,
`often consisting of a waveguide section of special cross section,
`which is used to change the mode of microwave power trans­
`mission in the waveguide. { 'mod ,swich }
`mode transducer
`[ELECTR] Device for transforming an
`electromagnetic wave from one mode of propagation to another.
`Also known as mode converter; mode transformer.
`[ 'm5d
`tranz,du-sar }
`mode transformer See mode transducer. { 'mod tranz.for-
`mar }
`MODFET See high-electron-mobility transistor,
`j 'mad,fet )
`modification
`[CELL MOL]
`In nucleic acid metabolism, any
`changes made to deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid after
`their original incorporation into a polynucleotide chain,
`[ENG]
`A major or minor change in the design of an item, effected in
`order to correct a deficiency, to facilitate production, or to
`improve operational effectiveness,
`[MET] Treatment of mol­
`ten aluminum alloys containing 8-13% silicon with small
`amounts of a sodium fluoride or sodium chloride mixture;
`improves mechanical properties,
`[sci TECH] Any change
`brought about by external or internal factors.
`{ ,mad-a-
`fa'ka-shan }
`[ENG] A collection of items not all having
`modification kit
`the same basic name which are employed individually or con­
`junctively to alter the design of a component or equipment.
`{ .mad-a-fs'kS-shsn .kit)
`modified asphalt
`[MATER] Asphalt modified by addition of
`a rosin ester or synthetic resin.
`{ 'mad-3,fid 'as.folt}
`modified base
`[CELL MOL] A nucleotide that is an altered
`form of the usual four nucleic acid bases. { !mad-a,fid 'bas )
`modified Bessel equation
`[MATH] The differential equa-
`sion z2f"(z) + zf'(z) — (z2 + n2)f(z) = 0, where z is a variable
`that can have real or complex values and n is a real or complex
`number.
`{ !mod-3,fid 'bes-3l i,kwa-zhan )
`modified Bessel function of the first kind See modified Bessel
`function.
`{ |mad-a,ftd ]bes-3l ,farjk-shan sv tha 'farst ,klnd }
`modified Bessel function of the second kind See modified
`Hankel function.
`{ |mad-a,fld [bes-al ,fat)k-shan sv lha 'sek-
`snd ,klnd }
`[MATH] The functions defined
`modified Bessel functions
`by /„ (x) = exp (-ivir/2) J„ (ix), where Jv is the Bessel function
`of order v, and x is real and positive. Also known as modified
`
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`frequency and power level. { 'mod jomp }
`model
`[COMPUT sci]
`See macroskeleton. [sci TECH] A
`mathematical or physical system, obeying certain specified con­
`ditions, whose behavior is used to understand a physical, biolog­
`ical, or social system to which it is analogous in some way.
`{ 'mad-ol}
`model atmosphere
`
`[METEOROL] Any theoretical represen-
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