ISO 8531:1988
`
`italic
`
`by its leading standard-setting organization—for example.
`ANSI (American National Standards Institute) for the
`United States. The ISO works to establish global standards
`for communications and information exchange. Primary
`among its accomplishments is the widely accqated ISOIOSI
`reference model, which defines standards for the interac-
`tion of computers comtected by communications net-
`works. ISO is not an acronym; rather, it is derived from the
`Greek word isos. which means “equal” and is the root of
`the prefix “iso-."
`ISO 8601:1988 n. A standard entitled “Data elements
`
`and interchange formats” from the International Organiza-
`tion for Standardization (ISO) that covers a number of date
`formats.
`
`ISO 9660 n. An international format standardforCD-
`
`ROM adopted by the lntemational Organization for Stan-
`dardization (ISO) that follows the recommendations
`embodied in the High Sierra specification, with some
`modifications. See also High Sierra specification.
`
`I500 It. See Internet Society.
`
`Isochronous network It. A type of network defined in
`the IEEE 802.9 specification that combines ISDN and
`LAN technologies to enable networks to carry multime-
`dia. Also called: Integrated Services LAN. ISLAN.
`
`Isometric view n. A display method for three-dimen-
`sional objects in which every edge has the correct length
`for the scale of the drawing and in which all parallel lines
`appear parallel. An isometric view of a cube, for example,
`shows the faces in symmetrical relation to one another and
`the height and width of each face evenly proportioned; the
`faces do not appear to taper with distance as they do when
`the cube is drawn in perspective. See the illustration.
`Compare perspective view.
`
`isometric
`view
`'
`
`Perspective
`view
`
`isometric view. A cube in isometric view and in perspective
`VIEW.
`
`ISO/OSI reference model a. Short for International
`Organization for Standardization Open Systems Intercon-
`nection reference model. A layered architecture (plan)
`
`291
`
`that standardizes levels of service and types of interaction
`for corrtputers exchanging lnfonnation through a commu-
`nications network. The ISO/OSI reference model sepa-
`rates computer-to-computer communications into seven
`protocol layers, or levels, each huilding—and relying-
`upon the standards contained in the levels below it. The
`lowest of the seven layers deals solely with hardware
`links; the highest deals with software interactions at the
`application-program level. It is a fundamental blueprint
`designed to help guide the creation of networking hard-
`ware and software. See the illustration. Also called: OSI
`reference model.
`
`iso/osi MODEL
`
`Application
`{highest Ieiell
`
`Presentation
`
`Session
`
`Transport
`Network,
`
`Programtoprogram transfer
`of information
`
`Text formatting and display, code
`conversion
`
`Establishing, maintaining, and
`coordinating communication
`
`Accurate delivery. service quality
`
`Transport routes. message
`handling and transfer
`
`
`
`Data-link
`
`Coding, addressing, and
`transmitting information
`Physical Hardware connections——
`ISO/0Sl reference model.
`
`
`
`ISP n. Acronym for Internet service provider. A business
`that supplies Internet connectivity services to individuals,
`businesses, and other organizations. Some lSPs are large
`national or multinational corporations that offer access in
`many locations, while others are limited to a single city or
`region. Also called: access provider, service provider.
`ISSE It. See SSE.
`
`ISV n. See independent sofiware vendor.
`
`IT u. Acronym for lnfonnation Technology. See Informa-
`tion Services.
`
`Itallc u. A type style in which the characters are evenly
`slanted toward the right. This sentence is in italics. Italics
`are commonly used for emphasis, foreign-language words
`and phrases, titles of literary andother works, technical
`terms, and citations. See also font family. Compare roman.
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. — Exhibit 1033, p. 291
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1033, p. 291
`
`

`
`Itanium
`
`i-way
`
`I
`
`Itanium n. An Intel microprocessor that uses explicitly
`parallel instruction set computing and 64-bit memory
`addressing.
`iterate vb. To execute one or more statements or instruc-
`tions repeatedly. Statements or instructions so executed
`are said to be in a loop. See also iterative statement, loop.
`iterative statement n. A statement in a program that
`causes the program to repeat one or more statements.
`Examples of iterative statements in Basic are FOR, DO,
`REPEAT..UNTIL, and DO..WHILE. See also control
`statement.
`ITI n. See Intelligent Transportation Infrastructure.
`I-time n. See instruction time.
`ITM n. Short for Internet traffic management. The analy-
`sis and control of Internet traffic to improve efficiency and
`optimize for high availability. With ITM, Web traffic is
`distributed among multiple servers using load balancers
`and other devices. See also load balancing.
`ITR n. See Internet Talk Radio.
`ITSP n. Acronym for Internet Telephony Service Pro-
`vider. A business that supplies PC-to-telephone calling
`capabilities to individuals, businesses, and organizations.
`Through an ITSP, calls initiated on a PC travel over the
`Internet to a gateway that, in turn, sends the call to the
`standard public switched phone network and, eventually,
`to the receiving telephone. See also ISP, telephony.
`ITU n. Acronym for International Telecommunication
`Union. An international organization based in Geneva,
`Switzerland, that is responsible for making recommenda-
`tions and establishing standards governing telephone and
`data communications systems for public and private tele-
`communications organizations. Founded in 1865 under
`
`the name International Telegraph Union, it was renamed
`the International Telecommunication Union in 1934 to
`signify the full scope of its responsibilities. ITU became
`an agency of the United Nations in 1947. A reorganization
`in 1992 aligned the ITU into three governing bodies: the
`Radiocommunication Sector, the Telecommunication
`Standardization Sector (ITU-TSS, ITU-T, for short; for-
`merly the CCITT), and the Telecommunication Develop-
`ment Sector. See also ITU-T.
`ITU-T n. The standardization division of the International
`Telecommunication Union, formerly called Comité Con-
`sultatif International Télégraphique et Téléphonique
`(CCITT). The ITU-T develops communications recom-
`mendations for all analog and digital communications.
`Also called: ITU-TSS. See also CCITT Groups 1-4, ITU.
`ITU-TSS n. See ITU-T.
`ITU-T V series n. See V series.
`ITU-T X series n. See X series.
`iTV n. Acronym for Interactive television. A communica-
`tions medium combining television with interactive ser-
`vices. iTV offers two-way communications between users
`and communications providers. From their televisions,
`users can order special programming, respond to program-
`ming options, and access the Internet and additional ser-
`vices such as instant messaging and telephone functions.
`IVR n. See interactive voice response.
`IVUE n. A proprietary image format (from Live Pictures)
`that allows files to be adjusted to screen resolution at any
`zoom level.
`i-way n. See Information Superhighway.
`
`292
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1033, p. 292
`
`

`
`J
`
`J
`
`J2EE n. Acronym for Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition.
`An application server framework from Sun Microsystems,
`Inc., for the development of distributed applications. It
`includes all the previous Java APIs targeted for multi-
`tiered distributed enterprise information systems. The
`J2EE platform consists of a set of services, application
`programming interfaces (APIs), and protocols that provide
`the functionality for developing multitiered, Web-based
`applications. See also application programming interface,
`Enterprise Java Beans, IDL, Java, JDBC, Jini, JMS, JNDI,
`JSP, JTA, JTS, RMI-IIOP.
`J n. A high-level programming language created by Ken-
`neth Iverson, developer of APL, and Roger Hui. J is a suc-
`cessor language to APL that may be run on many
`platforms, including Windows 95, Windows NT, Macin-
`tosh, Linux, RS/6000, and Sun Sparc. Like APL, J is used
`primarily by mathematicians. See also APL.
`jabber n. A continuous stream of random data transmitted
`over a network as the result of some malfunction.
`Jabber n. An XML-based instant messaging system. Jab-
`ber software is available for most operating systems and
`allows user access to other instant messaging services. Jab-
`ber is an open source application overseen by Jabber.org.
`jack n. A connector designed to receive a plug. A jack is
`commonly used in making audio and video connections.
`jacket n. See disk jacket.
`jack in vb. 1. To log on to a computer. 2. To connect to a
`network or BBS, especially for purposes of entering an
`IRC or a virtual reality simulation, such as a MUD. (To
`leave is to jack out.) See also IRC, MUD.
`jack out vb. 1. To log off a computer. 2. To disconnect
`from a network or online bulletin board system. See also
`jack in, log on.
`Jacquard loom n. The first machine that used punched
`cards to control its operation. In this loom, developed in
`1801 by French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard, up to
`24,000 cards were placed on a rolling drum. Where a hole
`was punched on a card, one of a set of rods could pass
`
`through and select a particular thread to be woven into the
`pattern. Jacquard was awarded a medal by the Emperor
`Napoleon for his invention. Later in the nineteenth cen-
`tury, punched cards were used in Charles Babbage’s com-
`puterlike Analytical Engine and in Herman Hollerith’s
`statistical tabulating machine. See also Analytical Engine,
`Hollerith tabulating/recording machine.
`jaggies n. The “stairsteps” that appear in diagonal lines
`and curves drawn at low resolutions in computer graphics.
`Also called: aliasing.
`Janet n. Short for the Joint Academic Network. A wide
`area network in the United Kingdom that serves as the
`principal backbone for the Internet in that country. See
`also backbone (definition 1).
`.jar n. A file name extension that identifies a compressed
`JAR (Java Archive) file. Note: By changing the .jar exten-
`sion to .zip, you can use popular extraction tools such as
`PKZIP or WINZIP to look at a .jar file’s contents. See also
`compressed file, JAR, PKZIP, .zip.
`JAR n. Acronym for Java Archive file. JAR files allow
`Java developers to efficiently deploy Java classes and their
`associated resources. The elements in a JAR file are com-
`pressed just as in a standard zip file. JAR files include a
`security mechanism and a special META-INF directory
`that contains administrative information about the con-
`tents of the files. Using a combination of a digital signa-
`ture and the META-INF data, JAR files can be signed to
`ensure authenticity and security. See also .jar.
`Java n. An object-oriented programming language devel-
`oped by Sun Microsystems, Inc. Similar to C++, Java is
`smaller, more portable, and easier to use than C++ because
`it is more robust and it manages memory on its own. Java
`was also designed to be secure and platform-neutral
`(meaning that it can be run on any platform) through the
`fact that Java programs are compiled into bytecode, which
`is not refined to the point of relying on platform-specific
`instructions and runs on a computer in a special software
`environment known as a virtual machine. This characteris-
`tic of Java makes it a useful language for programming
`
`293
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1033, p. 293
`
`

`
`Java applet
`
`JavaMail
`
`J
`
`Web applications, since users access the Web from many
`types of computers. Java is used in programming small
`applications, or applets, for the World Wide Web, as well
`as in creating distributed network applications. See also
`bytecode, Java applet, Jini, object-oriented programming.
`Java applet n. A Java class that is loaded and run by an
`already-running Java application such as a Web browser or
`an applet viewer. Java applets can be downloaded and run
`by any Web browser capable of interpreting Java, such as
`Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, and HotJava. Java
`applets are frequently used to add multimedia effects and
`interactivity to Web pages, such as background music,
`real-time video displays, animations, calculators, and
`interactive games. Applets can be activated automatically
`when a user views a page, or they may require some action
`on the part of the user, such as clicking on an icon in the
`Web page. See also applet, Java.
`JavaBean n. A Java component architecture defined in
`the JavaBeans specification developed by Sun Microsys-
`tems. A JavaBean, or Bean, is a reusable application com-
`ponent—an independent code segment—that can be
`combined with other JavaBean components to create a
`Java applet or application. The JavaBean concept empha-
`sizes the platform-independence of the Java language, in
`which ideally a program, once written, can run on any
`computing platform. JavaBeans are similar to Microsoft’s
`ActiveX controls. ActiveX controls, however, can be
`developed in different programming languages but exe-
`cuted only on a Windows platform. JavaBeans can be
`developed only in the Java programming language but ide-
`ally can run on any platform. See also ActiveX, Java.
`Java Card n. An application programming interface
`(API) from Sun Microsystems, Inc., that allows Java
`applets and programs to run on smart cards and other
`devices with limited memory. Java Card uses a Java Card
`Virtual Machine designed for severely memory-con-
`strained devices. See also applets, Java Card Virtual
`Machine, smart card (definition 2).
`Java Card Virtual Machine n. An ultra-small-footprint,
`highly optimized foundation of a runtime environment
`within the Java 2 Platform Micro Edition. Derived from the
`Java Virtual Machine (JVM), it is targeted at smart cards
`and other severely memory-constrained devices. The Java
`Card Virtual Machine can run in devices with memory as
`small as 24 KB of ROM, 16 KB of EEPROM, and 512
`bytes of RAM. See also EEPROM, Java Card, RAM,
`ROM.
`
`Java chip n. An implementation on a single integrated
`circuit of the virtual machine specified for execution of the
`Java programming language. Such chips, which are being
`developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc., could be used in
`very small devices and as controllers for appliances. See
`also integrated circuit, Java, virtual machine.
`Java-compliant browser n. A Web browser with support
`for the Java programming language built into it. Most
`current Web browsers are Java-compliant. See also Java,
`Web browser.
`Java Developer’s Kit n. A set of software tools devel-
`oped by Sun Microsystems, Inc., for writing Java applets
`or applications. The kit, which is distributed free, includes
`a Java compiler, interpreter, debugger, viewer for applets,
`and documentation. Acronym: JDK. See also applet, Java,
`Java applet.
`Java Foundation Classes n. A Java-based set of class
`libraries developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. Encom-
`passing fundamentals of the Internet Foundation Classes
`created by Netscape Communications Corp., the Java
`Foundation Classes extend the Java Abstract Window
`Toolkit (AWT) by providing graphical user interface
`components for use in developing commercial and
`Internet-related Java applications. See also Abstract Win-
`dow Toolkit, Application Foundation Classes, Internet
`Foundation Classes, Java, JavaBean, Microsoft Founda-
`tion Classes.
`Java HotSpot n. A Java performance engine introduced
`by Sun Microsystems, Inc., in 1999 that is designed to run
`Java applications faster than just-in-time (JIT) compilers.
`The core of Java HotSpot, and the feature for which it is
`named, is its ability to perform adaptive optimization—the
`identification and optimization of “hot spots,” or sections
`of performance-critical code. Improved garbage collection
`(freeing of memory occupied by objects no longer in use)
`and better multithreading are additional features designed
`to contribute to increased performance. See also Java.
`Java IDL n. Short for Java Interface Definition Language.
`A Java technology that provides CORBA interoperability
`and connectivity capabilities for the Java platform. These
`capabilities enable Java applications to invoke operations
`on remote network services using the Object Management
`Group Interface Definition Language and Internet Inter-
`ORB Protocol. See also CORBA, IDL, J2EE, RMI-IIOP.
`JavaMail n. An API in the Sun Microsystems, Inc., Java
`platform for sending and receiving mail. A set of
`abstract APIs that model a mail system, JavaMail pro-
`vides a platform-independent and protocol-independent
`
`294
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1033, p. 294
`
`

`
`Java Management Application Programming Interface
`
`Jet SQL
`
`framework to build Java-based e-mail client applications.
`See also application programming interface, e-mail, J2EE.
`Java Management Application Programming
`Interface n. A set of application programming inter-
`face specifications, proposed by Sun Microsystems,
`Inc., to enable the Java language to be used for network
`management. Acronym: JMAPI. See also application
`programming interface, Java.
`JavaOS n. An operating system designed to run applica-
`tions written in the Java programming language. JavaOS
`was created by JavaSoft, an operating company of Sun
`Microsystems, Inc., to run the Java Virtual Machine
`(JVM) directly on microprocessors, and thus eliminate the
`need for a resident operating system. JavaOS is small and
`designed for network computers, as well as devices rang-
`ing from game machines to pagers and cellular telephones.
`See also Java.
`JavaScript n. A scripting language developed by
`Netscape Communications and Sun Microsystems that is
`loosely related to Java. JavaScript, however, is not a true
`object-oriented language, and it is limited in performance
`compared with Java because it is not compiled. Basic
`online applications and functions can be added to Web
`pages with JavaScript, but the number and complexity of
`available application programming interface functions are
`fewer than those available with Java. JavaScript code,
`which is included in a Web page along with the HTML
`code, is generally considered easier to write than Java,
`especially for novice programmers. A JavaScript-compliant
`Web browser, such as Netscape Navigator or Internet
`Explorer, is necessary to run JavaScript code. See also
`application programming interface, HTML, scripting
`language. Compare Java.
`JavaServer Pages n. See JSP.
`Java Speech Grammar Format n. A platform-indepen-
`dent grammar description format developed for use with
`speech recognition systems. Java Speech Grammar For-
`mat is used extensively with Voice XML and can be used
`with most speech recognition systems and related appli-
`cations. Acronym: JSGF.
`Java Virtual Machine n. The environment in which Java
`programs run. The Java Virtual Machine gives Java pro-
`grams a software-based “computer” they can interact with.
`(Programs, even the most seemingly unchallenging ones
`designed for children or entertainment, must run within an
`environment from which they can use memory, display
`
`information, gather input, and so on.) Because the Java
`Virtual Machine is not a real computer but exists in soft-
`ware, a Java program can run on any physical computing
`platform, such as a Windows 9x computer or a Macintosh,
`equipped with an interpreter—usually an Internet
`browser—that can carry out the program’s instructions
`and a Java Virtual Machine that provides the “hardware”
`on which the program can run. Acronym: JVM.
`JCL n. Acronym for Job Control Language. A command
`language used in IBM OS/360 mainframe systems. JCL is
`used to launch applications and specifies information on
`running time, program size, and the program files used for
`each application. See also command language.
`JDBC n. A Java API designed to provide access to rela-
`tional databases and other tabular material, such as spread-
`sheets and flat files. Using JDBC, a developer can create a
`cross-platform Java application that can connect with, and
`send SQL statements to, a number of different relational
`databases. Although it is commonly thought to stand for
`Java Database Connectivity, JDBC is the name of the tech-
`nology; it is not an acronym.
`JDK n. See Java Developer’s Kit.
`jDoc n. A cross-platform, interactive format for display,
`distribution, and interaction with live Web pages. jDoc
`documents are small in size and can be embedded in
`HTML documents to offer client-side interactivity. jDoc
`was created by EarthStones and is an extension to Sun’s
`Java platform.
`JetSend Protocol n. A platform-independent communi-
`cations protocol developed by Hewlett-Packard to enable
`direct device-to-device communication. The JetSend pro-
`tocol is designed to provide JetSend-enabled devices with
`the ability to exchange information and data without the
`need for device drivers or reliance on servers or user inter-
`vention. The protocol is intended for use with printers,
`scanners, fax machines, and other such information
`“appliances” and was developed to simplify and improve
`interoperability between and among a wide range of
`devices.
`Jet SQL n. A query language. Jet SQL is a dialect used by
`the Microsoft Access application, specifically by the
`Microsoft Jet database engine, to extract, manipulate, and
`structure data that resides in a relational database manage-
`ment system (RDBMS). Jet SQL is based largely on the
`ANSI SQL-92 standard, with additional extensions.
`
`J
`
`295
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1033, p. 295
`
`

`
`jewel box
`
`journaled file system
`
`J
`
`jewel box n. A clear plastic container used to package
`and store a compact disc. Also called: jewel case.
`JFC n. See Java Foundation Classes.
`JFIF n. Acronym for JPEG File Interchange Format. A
`means of saving photographic images stored according to
`the Joint Photographic Experts Group image compression
`technique. JFIF represents a “common language” file for-
`mat in that it is designed specifically to allow users to
`transfer JPEG images easily between different computers
`and applications. See also JPEG, TIFF JPEG.
`Jini n. A technical specification developed by Sun Micro-
`systems that uses a small piece (48 KB) of Java code to
`allow any network device with a Java Virtual Machine
`(JVM) to announce its availability and provide its services
`to any other device connected to the same network. Jini is
`based on the concept of creating a “federation” of self-
`configuring devices capable of transparently exchanging
`code when necessary to simplify interactions between net-
`work devices. See also Java.
`JIT adj. See just-in-time.
`jitter n. 1. Small vibrations or fluctuations in a displayed
`video image caused by irregularities in the display signal.
`Jitter is often visible in the form of horizontal lines that are
`of the same thickness as scan lines. 2. A rough appearance
`in a fax caused by dots that are incorrectly recorded during
`the scanning process and thus wrongly positioned in the
`output. 3. In digital communication, distortion caused by
`lack of synchronization of signals.
`JMAPI n. See Java Management Application Program-
`ming Interface.
`JMS n. Acronym for Java Messaging Service. In the J2EE
`network platform, JMS is an API for using enterprise mes-
`saging systems such as IBM MQ Series, TIBCO Rendez-
`vous, and others. See also application programming
`interface, J2EE.
`JNDI n. Acronym for Java Naming and Directory Inter-
`face. A set of APIs in the J2EE platform from Sun Micro-
`systems, Inc., that assists with the interfacing to multiple
`naming and directory services. See also application pro-
`gramming interface, J2EE.
`job n. A specified amount of processing performed as a
`unit by a computer. On early mainframe computers, data
`was submitted in batches, often on punched cards, for pro-
`cessing by different programs; work was therefore sched-
`uled and carried out in separate jobs, or operations.
`
`Job Control Language n. See JCL.
`job processing n. A computing method in which a series
`of jobs, each consisting of one or more tasks grouped
`together as a computationally coherent whole, is processed
`sequentially. See also batch processing (definition 2).
`job queue n. A list of programs or tasks waiting for exe-
`cution by a computer. Jobs in the queue are often ordered
`according to some basis of priority. See also queue.
`join n. 1. A database table operation that creates a result-
`ant entry in another table for each entry in the one table
`whose key field matches that of an entry in the other. See
`also inner join. 2. A multiprocessing command that causes
`a child process to return control to its parent. See also
`child (definition 1), multiprocessing.
`join line n. In a database query, a line that connects fields
`between two tables and shows how the data is related. Gen-
`erally, a join line starts with an arrow just beyond the bound-
`ary of the table window pointing at the field in one table and
`ends just beyond the boundary of another table with an
`arrow pointing at the related field. The type of join indicates
`which records are selected for the query’s result set.
`Joint Photographic Experts Group n. See JPEG (defi-
`nition 1).
`Joliet n. An extension to the ISO 9660 (1988) standard
`developed to include long filenames or filenames outside
`the 8.3 convention. This format is used in some new CD-
`ROMs for operating systems, such as Windows 9x, that
`can handle such filenames. See also 8.3, ISO 9660, long
`filenames.
`Josephson junction n. A cryoelectronic device that can
`attain extremely high circuit-switching speeds. In the
`Josephson effect, when two superconducting materials are
`in close proximity but are separated by an insulator, elec-
`tric current can jump or tunnel through the gap.
`journal n. A computer-based log or record of transactions
`that takes place in a computer or across a network. A jour-
`nal could be used, for example, to record message trans-
`fers on a communications network, to keep track of
`system activities that alter the contents of a database, or to
`maintain a record of files that have been archived for stor-
`age or deleted from the system. A journal is often kept as a
`means of reconstructing events or sets of data should they
`become lost or damaged. See also audit trail.
`journaled file system n. A fault-resilient file system
`that includes backup and recovery capabilities. When
`file server indexes are updated, all changes and related
`
`296
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1033, p. 296
`
`

`
`joystick
`
`JIIA
`
`information are recorded and stored in a separate log. If
`a system failure or other abnonnal interruption occurs,
`the system will use stored backup files to repair files cor-
`mpted in the crash. Joumaled file systems are widely used
`for business and intranet file servers. In 2001, IBM con-
`tributed joumaled file system technology to the open
`source community to allow development of similar file
`systems for Linux servers.
`
`joystick n. A pointing device used mainly but not exclu-
`sively for computer games. A joystick has a base, on
`which control buttons can be mounted, and a vertical stem,
`which the user can move in any direction to control the
`movement of an object on the screen; the stem may also
`have control buttons. The buttons activate various software
`
`features, generally producing on-screen events. A joystick
`is usually used as a relative pointing device, moving an
`object on the screen when the stem is moved and stopping
`the movement when the stem is released. in industrial con-
`
`trol applications, the joystick can also be used as an abso-
`lute pointing device, with each position of the stem
`mapped to a specific location on the screen. See the illus-
`tration. See also absolute pointing device. relative pointing
`device. Compare game pad.
`
`
`
`Joystick.
`
`Jpeg n. The file extension that identifies graphic image
`files in the IPEG format. See also JPEG.
`
`JPEG n. 1. Acronym for Joint Photographic Experts
`Group. An ISOIl'l'U standard for storing images in com-
`pressed fonn using a discrete cosine transform. JPEG
`trades olf compression against loss; it can achieve a com-
`pression ratio of 100:1 with significant loss and possibly
`
`297
`
`20:] with little noticeable loss. 2. A graphic stored as a file
`in the JPEG fonnat.
`
`JPEG Flle Interchange Format ll. See IFIF.
`
`.]pg n. The file extension that identifies graphic images
`encoded in the JPEG File Interchange Format, as origi-
`nally specified by the Joint Photographic Experts Group
`(IPEG). lnline graphics on World Wide Web pages are
`often .jpg files, such as coolgraphic.jpg. See also IPEG
`(definition 2).
`
`.lScrlpt n. An interpreted, object-based scripting language
`that borrows from C, C++, and Java. It is Microsoft's
`implementation of the ECMA 262 language specification
`(ECMAScript Edition 3). The latest versions of Javascript
`and .lScript are compliant with the European Computer
`Manufacturing Association’s ECMAScript Language
`Specification (ECMA 262 standard. for short).
`
`JSGF It. See Java Speech Grammar Format.
`
`JSP a. Short for JavaScrver Pages. A technology created
`by Sun Microsystems to enable development of platform-
`independent Web-based applications. Using HTML and
`XML tags and Java scriptlets, JSP helps Web site develop-
`ers create cross-platfonn programs. ISP scriptlets nm on
`the server. not in a Web browser, and generate dynamic
`content on Web pages, with the ability to integrate content
`from a variety of data sources, such as databases, files, and
`lavaBean components. Web site developers can concen-
`trate on design and display of a Web site without the need
`for application development expertise. See also Java, Java-
`Bean. Compare Active Server Pages.
`
`JSP container n. Short for JavaServer Pages container.
`in the .|2EE platform, a JSP container provides the same
`services as a servlet container, such as providing network
`services over which requefis and responses are sent,
`decoding requests, and fonnatting responses. All servlet
`containers must support HTTP as a protocol for requests
`and responses, but they may also support additional
`request-response protocols such as HTFPS. The JSP con-
`tainer is also an engine that interprets and processes ISP
`pages into a servlet. See also container, HTTP, HTTPS,
`J2EE, servlet. servlet container.
`
`NA :1. Acronym for Java Transaction API. In the J2EE
`platform. JTA specifies transactions, comments, and roll-
`backs used by E.lBs (Enterprise .IavaBeans). It is a high-
`level, implementation-independent protocol API that
`allows applications and application servers to access trans-
`actions. See also application programming interface,
`J2EE, JTS, rollback.
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. — Exhibit 1033, p. 297
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1033, p. 297
`
`

`
`JTS
`
`JVM
`
`J
`
`JTS n. Acronym for Java Transaction Services. In the
`J2EE platform, JTS specifies the implementation of a
`transaction manager that supports JTA and implements the
`Java mapping of the OMG Object Transaction Service
`specification at a level below the API. JTS propagates
`transactions using the Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP).
`See also application programming interface, J2EE, JTA,
`rollback.
`JUG n. Acronym for Java User Group. A user group that
`meets to discuss the Java programming language and the
`Java platform. See also user group.
`Jughead n. Acronym for Jonzy’s Universal Gopher Hier-
`archy Excavation and Display. An Internet service that
`enables a user to locate directories in Gopherspace
`through a keyword search. A Jughead server indexes key-
`words appearing in directory titles in top-level Gopher
`menus but does not index the files within the directories.
`To access Jughead, users must point their Gopher clients
`to a Jughead server. See also Gopher, Gopherspace. Com-
`pare Archie, Veronica.
`jukebox n. Software that is designed to play a list of
`sound files in a user-specified order reminiscent of juke-
`boxes used to play vinyl records. See also CD-ROM
`jukebox.
`Julian calendar n. The calendar introduced by Julius
`Caesar in 46 B.C. to replace the lunar calendar. The Julian
`calendar provided for a year of 365 days with a leap year
`every 4 years, or an average year length of 365.25 days.
`Because the solar year is slightly shorter, the Julian calen-
`dar gradually moved out of phase with the seasons and
`was superseded by the Gregorian calendar, introduced by
`Pope Gregory XIII. Compare Gregorian calendar, Hijiri
`calendar.
`Julian date n. 1. A date expressed as the number of days
`elapsed since January 1, 4713 B.C. (on the Julian calen-
`dar)—for example, 2,450,000 for October 9, 1995 (Grego-
`rian). Julian dates are useful for finding elapsed times
`between events that may be many years apart, as in astron-
`omy. The starting point is the beginning of the Julian
`Period, defined in 1583 by Joseph Scaliger as the coinci-
`dence of several cycles based on the Jul