NETWORK-1 EXHIBIT A2007
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`Newncs is an imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann.
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`Copyright © 1999 by Rudolf F. Graf
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Graf, Rudolf P.
`Modern dictionary of electronics I Rudolf F. Graf.-7th ed.,
`revised and updated.
`p.
`em.
`ISB N 0-7506-9866-7 (alk. paper)
`1. Electronics - Dic tionaries. I. Title
`TK7804.G67 1999
`621.38 1'03 - dc21
`
`99-17889
`CIP
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`Page 2 of 4
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`

`
`line -
`
`linearity
`
`I·
`I
`
`~~~S
`multielement antenna in which individual dipole elements
`television, a single trace of the electron
`u11e -- 1· 1 nft to right across the screen. The present
`1
`are an·anged end to end.
`linear circuit -
`l. A circuit in which the output
`am from estandard is based on 525 lines to a complete
`~·ited Stat~ conductor of electrical energy. 3. The path
`voltage is approximately directly proportional to the input
`i~1ure. 2. ing spot in a cathode-ray tube. 4. A term
`voltage; this relationship generally exists only over a
`limited range of signal voltages and often over a limited
`Pf t)Je rnov angeably for maxwell. 5. A row of actual or
`0
`range of frequencies. 2. A circuit whose output is a
`5ed inter,chles at tight angles to the direction in which a
`11
`u·al 10
`L.
`·dth ·
`d ·
`continuous amplified version of its input. That is, the
`e advances. me wt
`ts measure m terms
`0ten
`~11oclted tapmum number of holes permissible, excluding
`output is a predetermined variation of its input. 3. A
`of the m~~t hole. 6. The interconnection between two
`circuit in which a proportional, or linear, relationship
`exists between the input and output. In manufacturers'
`the sl?rof devices. Usually used with reference to a long
`circuit classifications the term often includes all analog
`eJeet!f~ terconnecting cable, as from a microphone to
`run ° 10ecorder input. 7. In communications, describes
`circuits, both linear and nonlinear.
`linear control - A rheostat or potentiometer having
`itS tape;~Jephone lines, etc., over which data is transmitted
`uniform distribution of graduated resistance along the
`cables, received from the terminal.
`to ~nd advance - Also called line feed. The distance
`entire length of its resistance element.
`linear detection - Detection in which the output
`11ne n the centers of the scanning lines.
`bet~e: amplifier-!. An amplifier that supplies a pro-
`voltage is substantially proportionate to the input voltage
`over the useful range of the detector.
`lin transmission line or system with a signal at a spec(cid:173)
`g~aT )eve!. 2. Also called line stretcher. An amplifier,
`linear detector- A detector that produces an output
`signal directly proportionate in amplitude to the variations
`1 e 11
`remotely powered, used in a trunk Une in a dis(cid:173)
`~~~~~~i~n system to increase the strength of the signal in
`in amplitude (for AM transmission) or frequency (for FM
`transmission) of the rf input.
`tn der to drive an additional length of cable. 3. Also called
`0~gram amplifier. An amplifier for audio or video signals
`linear device- An amplifying-type analog device
`~at feeds a u·ansmission line. 4. An audio amplifier that
`with a linear input/output relation, as opposed to a
`·s used to provide preamplification of an audio alarm sig(cid:173)
`nonlinear digital device, which is either completely on
`~al before transmission of the signal over an alarm line.
`or completely off over large ranges of input signals.
`use of an amplifier extends the range of signal transmis(cid:173)
`linear differential transformer - A type of elec(cid:173)
`sion. 5. An amplifier that supplies an audio system or an
`tromechanical transducer that converts physical motion
`~udio long cable with a signal at a specified level, usually
`into an output voltage, the phase and amplitude of which
`between -10 and +4 dBv (245 millivolts to 1.23 volts
`are proportional to position. See also Unear motion trans(cid:173)
`rms). 6. An amplifier inserted in any part of the trans(cid:173)
`ducer.
`linear distortion- Amplitude distortion in which
`mission line following the downconverter to compensate
`signal losses caused by long lengths of coaxial cable or the
`the output and input signal envelopes are not proportion(cid:173)
`insertion of passive devices such as splitters. Line ampli(cid:173)
`ate, but no alien frequencies are involved.
`fiers are also used when the signal must drive a number
`linear electrical parameters of a uniform
`of television reeeivers.
`line-Frequently called the linear electrical constants.
`line and trunk group- A group consisting of four(cid:173)
`The series resistance and inductance, and the shunt
`wire line circuits, incoming trunks from private automatic
`conductance and capacitance, per length of a line.
`branch exchanges, and intertoll trunk groups.
`linear electron accelerator- An evacuated metal
`linear -1. Having an output that varies in direct
`tube in which electrons are accelerated through a series
`proportion to the input. 2. A ratio in which change in
`of small gaps (usually cavity resonators in the high(cid:173)
`one of two related quantities is accompanied by a directly
`frequency range). The gaps are so spaced that, at a specific
`proportional change in the other.
`excitation frequency, the electrons gain additional energy
`linear acceleration - The rate of change in linear
`from the electric field as they pass through successive
`velocity.
`gaps.
`linear accelerator- A device for speeding up
`linear feedback-control system -A feedback(cid:173)
`charged particles such as protons. It differs from other
`control system in which the relationship between the
`accelerators in that the particles move in a straight line
`pertinent measure of the system signals is linear.
`instead of in circles or spirals.
`linear integrated circ uit-Abbreviated LIC. 1. A
`linear accelerometer - A
`to
`transducer used
`circuit whose output is an amplified, linear version of its
`detect, measure, and record the rate of change in linear
`input or whose output is a predetermined variation of its
`velocity of accelerative forces.
`input. A class of integrated circuits that process analog
`linear actuator- An actuator that produces mechan(cid:173)
`information expressed as voltages or currents. 2. An
`ical motion from electrical energy.
`integrated circuit whose output remains proportional to
`linear amplification - Amplification in which the
`the input level. Generally the term is taken to mean
`output is directly proportional to the input.
`an analog IC, such as a voltage regulator, comparator,
`linear amplifier -1. An amplifier that operates on
`sense amplifier, driver, etc., as well as a linear amplifier.
`The operation of the circuit can be made nonlinear
`the linear portion of its forward transfer characteristic so
`by connecting the basic linear amplifier to external
`that its output signal is always an amplified replica of
`circuit elements that have thresholds or other nonlinear
`the input signal. 2. Amplifier whose gain is constant for a
`wide variation in amplitude of input signal-i.e., output
`characteristics.
`linearity -1. The relationship existing between two
`signal is proportional to input signal. 3. Amplifier that
`quantities when a change in a second quantity is
`has linear control characteristics and negUgible response
`directly proportionate to a change in the first quantity.
`time in the active bandwidth, provides a wide speed
`2. Deviation from a straight-line response to an input sig(cid:173)
`range, and usually requires minimal external circuitry
`nal. 3. The ability of a meter to provide equal angular
`to prevent instability caused by phase-shifted feedback
`deflections proportional to the applied current. Usually
`from reactive loads. Linear ampUfiers also generate little
`electrical noise.
`expressed as a percent of the full-scale deflection. 4. The
`linear array -l. An antenna array in which the
`relationship between the actual electrical energy input
`and the deflection of a meter pointer, as referenced to a
`elements are equally spaced and in a straight line. 2. A
`Page 3 of 4
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`

`
`linearity control -
`
`linear transducer
`
`theoretical straight line. Linearity is often confused with
`tracking. 5. In a modulator, the ability to generate a mod(cid:173)
`ulation envelope that reproduces the modulating signal
`without distortion. 6. The state of an output that incre(cid:173)
`mentally changes directly or proportionally as the input
`changes. 7. The closeness of a calibration curve to a spec(cid:173)
`ified straight line; the degree to which the output of a
`linear device is proportional to the input.
`linearity control -A control that adjusts the varia(cid:173)
`tion of scanning speed through the trace interval.
`linearity error- The deviation of a calibration curve
`from a specified straight line.
`linear
`logarithmic
`intermediate-frequency
`amplifier-An amplifier used to avoid overload or satu(cid:173)
`ration as a protection against jamming in a radar receiver.
`linear magnetostriction - Under stated condi(cid:173)
`tions, the relative change of length of a ferromagnetic
`object in the direction of magnetization when the magne(cid:173)
`tization of the object is increased from zero to a specified
`value (usually saturation).
`linear mobility-The synchronized incremental
`mobiJity of functionally transitional electrons in a semi(cid:173)
`conductor.
`linear modulation- Modulation in which the ampli(cid:173)
`tude of the modulation envelope (or the deviation from the
`testing frequency) is directly proportional to the amplitude
`of the modulating wave at all audio frequencies.
`linear modulator-A modulator in which the mod(cid:173)
`ulated characteristic of the output wave is substantially
`linear with respect to the modulating wave for a given
`magnitude.
`linear motion transducer-An insuumentation
`component that translates straightline (linear) mechanical
`motion into an ac analog that is usable as a feedback
`signal for control or display. A transformer-type device
`in which a movable magnetic core is displaced axially by
`the moving, component being monitored. When the core
`is moved in one direction from the center of its stroke,
`the output voltage is in phase with the excitation voltage,
`and when the core is moved in the opposite direction
`from the center, the output voltage is 180• out of phase.
`At the center, the output voltage is (virtually) zero. In
`either direction from center, the voltage increases as a
`precise linear function of probe displacement. Thus, the
`output signal has two basic analog components: phase
`relationship with the excitation voltage, indicating the
`direction of travel; and voltage amplitude, indicating the
`length of travel.
`
`--,
`
`I
`I
`I
`
`I M I
`
`~ -·-
`~...._---r---:-\-.... ,
`
`I
`
`PROBE
`(CORE WITH
`EXTENSION)
`
`Linear motion transducer.
`
`linear polarization - The polarization of a wave
`radiated by an electtic vector that does not rotate but that
`altemates so as to desctibe a line. Normally the vector is
`Page 4 of 4
`oriented either horizontally or vertically.
`
`linear polarized wave -At a point in a ho
`geneous isotropic medium, a transverse electromagnlll?,
`wave whose electlic field vector lies along a fixed Iinette
`linear power amplifier-A power amplifiere ..
`which the output voltage is directly proportionate to ~n
`input voltage.
`e
`linear predictive coding - 1. A method of ana)
`ing and storing human speech by determining from spe~'
`pattems a description of a time-varying digital filter lnodh
`eling the vocal tract. This filter is then excited by th'
`proper type of input, depending on the sound to be synth e
`sized. The output of the filter is passed through a digita~­
`to-analog converter whose output is the desired syntheij ·
`speech. 2. Speech synthesis technique based in the free
`quency domain. The quality of the synthesis improves ~
`the number of coefficients is increased. With ten coeffi.
`cients, an approximate number of bits per second required
`for speech is 1200. 3. A parameter-encoding technique
`that models the human vocal tract with a digital filter
`whose controlling parameters change with time. Changes
`are based on previous speech samples.
`linear programming -
`In computers, a mathemati(cid:173)
`cal method of sharin~ a group of limited r~s~mrces among
`a number of competing demands. All decJstons are inter.
`locking because they must be made under a common set
`of fixed limitations.
`linear pulse amplifier-A pulse amplifier that
`maintains the peak amplitudes of the input and output
`pulses in proportion.
`linear rectification-The production, in the recti(cid:173)
`fied cunent or voltage, of variations that are proportionate
`to variations in the input wave amplitude.
`linear rectifier-A rectifier with the same output
`current or voltage waveshape as that of the impressed
`signal.
`linear regression - A statistical function used when
`handling experimental data. It is especially used when per(cid:173)
`forming an experiment to find a mathematical relationship
`between two variables. Linear regression is the name of
`the procedure that is used to find the line that best fits the
`set of data points that have been found expetimentally.
`The procedure usually finds the equation of the straight
`line and also a parameter called the con-elation coefficient,
`which indicates how well the data fits the line.
`linear scan -A radar beam that traverses only one
`arc or circle.
`linear scanning-Scanning in which a radar beam
`generates only one arc or circle.
`linear sweep-In a television receiver, the move(cid:173)
`ment of the spot across the screen at a uniform velocity
`during active scanning intervals.
`Linearsyn -A linear displacement pickoff of the
`differential-transformer type consisting of a coil assembly
`and a movable magnetic core. Linear velocity units of
`high-coercive-force permanent magnetic cores that induce
`sizeable de voltages while moving concentrically within
`shielded coils; the voltage varies linearly with the core
`velocity (Sanbom Co.).
`line art-A computer-drawn graphic (without half(cid:173)
`tones) that can be clearly printed.
`linear taper-A potentiometer that changes the
`resistance linearly as it is rotated through its range.
`linear time base- In a cathode-ray tube, the time
`base in which the spot moves at a constant speed along
`the time scale. This type of time base is produced by
`application of a sawtooth waveform to the horizontal(cid:173)
`deflection plates of a cathode-ray tube.
`linear transducer-!. A u·ansducer for which the
`pertinent measures of all the waves concerned are related
`by a linear function (e.g., a linear algebraic differential