Mamdouh R. Cadallah and Ray L Fisher
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`We wish to dedica te this book to our wi ves—Jean Gadallah and Ileaine Fisher.
`It was because of their understanding that we were able to spend the necessary hours
`writing this book. Further, their encouragement in this endeavor was a giant factor in
`our completing it. So, we dedicate this book, with love and gratitude, to our wives.
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`Contents
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`Caption and Courtesy List
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`Preface .
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`.
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`Acknowledgments
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`1 Overview and Summary
`Introduction
`Seismic Refraction Exploration Overview
`Seismic Reflection Exploration Overview
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`2 Geological Background
`Introduction
`Uniformitarianism
`Law of Superposition
`Law of Horizontality
`Geologic Time Scale
`Internal Structure of the Earth
`Rocks in the Earth's Crust
`Deformation of Crustal Rocks
`The Nature of P etroleum
`Oil and Gas Accumulation
`Hydrocarbon Traps
`Workshop
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`3 Geophysical and Mathematical Background
`Basic Geophysical Theory
`Wave propagation
`Seismic amplitudes
`The seismic record
`Mathematical Theory and Concepts
`Sampled data
`Convolution and correlation
`Time and frequency domains
`Phase and its effect on waveforms
`Effect of bandwidth
`The F-K domain
`The Z-transform
`The radon transform
`The complex trace
`Workshop
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`xi
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`xxxiii
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`.xxxv
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`1
`1
`2
`2
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`• .7
`7
`7
`7
`8
`8
`9
`12
`14
`19
`21
`24
`29
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`33
`33
`34
`38
`39
`42
`42
`44
`46
`.50
`52
`55
`58
`60
`61
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`Applied Seismology
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`4 Seismic Refraction Exploration
`Introduction
`Refraction Methods
`Workshop
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`5 Seismic Reflection Data Acquisition
`Introduction
`Permitting
`Positioning
`Positioning summary
`Signal Generation
`Recording
`Noise
`Recording systems
`2-D Acquisition Parameters and Operations
`3-D Acquisition Parameters and Operations
`Workshop
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`6 Seismic Reflection Data Processing
`Introduction
`Preliminary processing for vibrator data
`Data Initialization
`Preliminaiy Signal Processing
`Noise Suppression
`Velocity Analysis
`Brute Stack
`Deconvolution
`Surface-consistent Scaling
`Time-variant Spectral Whitening (TVSW)
`Model-based Wavelet Processing (MBWP)
`Inverse-Q Filtering
`Residual Statics
`Pre-stack Multiple Attenuation
`CMP Stack
`Post-stack Multiple Attenuation
`Migration
`Gazdag's phase-shift migration input parameters
`Band-pass Filtering
`Time-to-depth Conversion
`Display
`Seismic Data Processing Summary
`Workshop
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`67
`67
`67
`70
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`71
`71
`72
`73
`83
`83
`99
`105
`110
`119
`125
`142
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`147
`147
`147
`154
`160
`167
`170
`185
`186
`199
`201
`204
`208
`211
`216
`241
`242
`246
`269
`279
`282
`282
`285
`287
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`7 Seismic Reflection Data Interpretation
`Introduction
`Modeling
`Seismic Inversion and Wavelet Processing
`Seismic Stratigraphy
`Modem Techniques and Future Applications of Sequence Stratigraphy
`High-resolution seismic data acquisition
`Vertical seismic profiling (VSP)
`Amplitude versus offset analysis (AVO)
`4-D seismic technology
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`Appendix A: Refraction Calculations
`Single horizontal layer, Vx > V0
`Two horizontal layers, V2 > V1 > V0
`N horizontal layers, V0 < Vx< V2<... <VN
`Single dipping layer, Vj > V0
`Two dipping layers, V2 > Vj > V0
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`Appendix B: SEG Standard Tape Formats
`Introduction
`Comments and notes
`Standard tape formats
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`Appendix C: Workshop Answers
`Geological background workshop answers
`Geophysical and mathematical background workshop answers
`Seismic refraction exploration workshop answers
`Seismic reflection data acquisition workshop answers
`Seismic reflection data processing workshop answers
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`Appendix D: Color Plates
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`Bibliography
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`Index
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`Contents
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`297
`297
`298
`310
`318
`361
`362
`362
`369
`385
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`393
`-393
`395
`396
`397
`399
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`401
`401
`402
`402
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`413
`413
`416
`417
`418
`421
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`427
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`445
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`455
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