`Ex. PGS 2013
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`EX. PGS 2013
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`2/15/2015
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`Fact Sheet and Seismic Terms
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`Fact Sheet and Seismic Terms
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`ABOUT PETROLEUM GEOSERVICES
`Petroleum GeoServices (PGS) offers a broad range of products including; seismic and electromagnetic services, data acquisition,
`processing, reservoir analysis and interpretation, and MultiClient library data. We help oil companies to find oil and gas reserves
`worldwide, offshore and onshore.
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`PGS was founded in Norway in 1991, with 2 seismic ships and some highly innovative ideas on how to reshape the industry. Today we share the
`same drive to innovate as inspired our founders, though the team is bigger:
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`16 offshore seismic vessels
`9 onshore crews on 4 continents
`23 data processing centers
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`PGS has offices in over 30 countries with regional centers in London, Houston and Singapore. Our headquarters is in Oslo, Norway and the PGS
`share is listed on the Oslo stock exchange (OSE:PGS).
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`ABOUT PGS ONSHORE
`The Onshore business of PGS is engaged in seismic acquisition operations on land, in shallow water and in transition zones. With capacity for up
`to 13 crews in 10 countries, As well as North America PGS Onshore has widespread international operations with exposure in Asia, Africa, and
`South America and has an extensive presence in Mexico supported through longterm contracts. Its geographic capabilities vary from the severe
`desert conditions of the Middle East and North Africa to mountain, jungle and swamp regions where it manages the logistics of high manpower
`crews in traditionally challenging environments. PGS Onshore also operates effectively in the environmentally sensitive terrain of the Arctic. Its
`high channel capability allows the efficient acquisition of extremely high density land surveys, and its transition zone capabilities enable the
`recording of continuous data sets from onshore out to operational streamer depths.
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`PGS Onshore also has an extensive MultiClient library with over 5,500 square miles mapped, covering Texas, Alaska, Oklahoma and Wyoming,
`as well as significant equipment including approximately 85,000 channels and 84 vibroseis units.
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`ABOUT GEOKINETICS
`Geokinetics is a leading provider of seismic data acquisition, processing and interpretation services to the oil and gas industry worldwide with over
`25 years of experience operating in hard to penetrate markets and expertise in tough, challenging operating environments. It provides seismic data
`acquisition services by collecting 2D, 3D and multicomponent seismic data in land, TZ and shallow water OBC environments. In addition, it
`performs work for seismic data library companies. Geokinetics provides seismic data acquisition services in the United States, Western Canada,
`the Canadian Arctic, Central and South America, Africa, the Middle East, Australia, New Zealand and the Far East. Geokinetics’ global strategy
`and presence allows the easy redeployment of assets to the most attractive regions. Crews use the latest technology and most appropriate
`methodology and equipment for each operating environment and are able to move easily between land and TZ environments. With a channel
`count of approximately 122,000, it has capacity to operate up to 25 total crews worldwide. For more information of Geokinetics, visit
`www.geokinetics.com.
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`Fact Sheet and Seismic Terms
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`SEISMIC TECHNIQUES
`Seismic surveying is a method of gathering information about the Earth’s subsurface by measuring the reflection properties of acoustic energy
`transmitted through the subsurface layers.
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`The principal method geologists use to explore for oil and gas, besides the direct and expensive process of drilling, is through the use of sound
`waves. Sound waves traveling through the earth are called seismic waves. Just as ultrasound is used to investigate the shapes of organs in the
`human body, seismic waves are used to map out the geological structures of the earth. Seismic surveys use low frequencies and long wavelengths
`that penetrate many kilometers into the earth.
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` A
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` controlled pulse is sent into the ground and a range of detectors or listening devices pick up the reflected signals as they come back to the
`surface. In the marine environment the main source of energy is a group of pistons which let out a pulse of compressed air. On land vibrating trucks
`are the most common acoustic source. These send a controlled sweep of sound through a vibrating plate pressed onto the ground.
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`WHAT IS ONSHORE SEISMIC
`Onshore seismic covers operations that occur on land. Seismic sensors (geophones) have to be laid out by hand at specific locations. The logistics
`of land operations can be complex, time consuming and expensive, particularly in mountainous, jungle or remote terrain where materials often have
`to be moved by helicopter or carried by a large number of workers. In deserts and arctic areas specialized vehicles have to be used to cope with
`the terrain and the extremes of temperature. Also activities may take place many hundreds of kilometers from the nearest town. Roads may have
`to be built, to allow access and base camps established to support hundreds of workers.
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`WHAT IS OBC SEISMIC
`Ocean Bottom Cable or OBS seismic is a method of recording seismic data in which receiver cables are placed on the seabed. The OBC method
`allows the recording of seismic data in shallow or obstructed areas, without access for towed streamer vessels. This method uses both geophone
`and hydrophone sensors, to record both pwave and swave data.
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`WHAT IS TRANSITION ZONE SEISMIC (TZ)
`Specialist TZ operations cover wet areas where traditional dry land operations end to where the water depth is deep enough to use towed
`streamer recording equipment. These areas often involve operational challenges such as sensitive environments, changing tidal conditions, and
`navigation obstacles.
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`MARINE SEISMIC RECORDING CABLE
`A device which records reflected seismic waves. It consists of a several kilometer long cable sometimes called a streamer, and contains many
`hundreds of pressure sensitive recording instruments.
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`LAND SEISMIC RECORDING CABLE
`A specifically designed cable in sections used to connect individual seismic sensors and to transmit the data collected to a central recording system.
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`SEISMIC SOURCE
`A device that sends out acoustic energy. In onshore seismic this signal may be created by a buried dynamite charge, or a by vibration of metal
`plate placed on the ground. The plate is mounted on a source vehicle referred to as a Vibrator or Vibe. The size and characteristics of the source
`vehicle may be highly specialized to favor the area of operation and to minimize environmental footprint.
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`SEISMIC SENSORS: GEOPHONE
`This is a type of seismic sensor (or receiver) that is placed on land or on the seafloor. It records seismic waves by detecting particle movement.
`Geophones can be made to record both Pwave and Swave data
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`SEISMIC SENSORS: HYDROPHONE
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`A marine seismic receiver that records seismic waves by detecting pressure changes. It only records P waves.
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`PWAVES
`Pressure waves are generated and recorded by seismic survey equipment. Pwaves are the only form in which acoustic energy propagates in
`liquids.
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`SWAVES
`Shear waves are a form in which acoustic energy can travel through solids and fluid bearing formations.
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`MULTICLIENT DATA
`A survey acquired by a seismic contractor, where the contractor retains ownership of the data. The survey may cover licensed acreage, unlicensed
`acreage, or a combination of both. Licenses for the use of the data are sold to a number of clients on a non exclusive basis, hence the name
`‘MultiClient’.
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`SEISMIC PROCESSING
`Processing centers contain clusters of extremely powerful computers with sophisticated software. Highly trained personnel with specialized skills
`turn the raw, recorded data into the final image of the subsurface geology used by the seismic interpreter to make their drilling decisions. A large
`part of their task is the removal of erroneous or false signals, or false timings. Noise from other activities in the area can mask the signals and has
`to be identified and removed. On land differences in topography and degree of weathering cause some signals to be delayed.
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`CHANNEL COUNT
`The number of individual seismic data gathering and transmitting devices either available on a crew or in total within a company.
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`SEISMIC CREW
`Team of trained employees and equipment required to carry out a seismic survey.
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