Ex. PGS 2009
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`Ex. PGS 2009
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`
`QEECDLOGY-GEOPHYSICS
`MBRARY
`
`E]
`
`‘
`
`1:995:
`
`aiaaizversity of Wisconsir:
`Madiscm
`
`80:-‘1xS5—3nP
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`GE'D1C'g':Jx".-GE‘C|F'h'='§-1':-5 Lit-r‘-at"-H
`1215 N DFIWTOH ST
`I‘-1nDI:-EON MI 53705-1600
`
`Ex_PGS 2009
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`Ex. PGS 2009
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`

`
`
`
`
`AAPG
`
`as
`
`
`On the cover: Late Cretaceous turbidites of the Canning. Formation
`
`are exposed within Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 Area —
`an important situation regarding completion of a new U.S. Geological
`
`Survey assessment of oil and gas resources, due to be released at the
`AAPG annual meeting in Salt Lake City. Story on page 8. Photo courtesy
`of David Houseknecht.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Two government resource assessments, one recently
`published and one soon to be released, involve the most
`controversial and politically sensitive prospective areas of the
`United States.
`
`The AAPG Executive Committee has approved an
`Association Position Paper in support of access to the National
`Petroleum Reserve in Alaska for exploration and production.
`
`Time is running out: The preregistration deadline for this
`years AAPG annual meeting in Salt Lake City is at hand.
`
`Quantitative geochemical logging
`cased holes is a new weapon in the
`
`in both open and
`downhole geology arsenal.
`
`A special theme issue of the BULLETIN, spotlighting Gulf
`be mailed to all members
`of Mexico Petroleum Systems, will
`and subscribers in May, free of charge.
`
`A question of ethics: How would you answer this month's
`ethics situation?
`
`8
`
`14
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`18
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`22
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`43
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`51
`
`Geophysical Corner
`
`International Bulletin Board
`
`Business Side of Geology
`
`Professional News Briefs
`
`Kenneth F. Wantland
`
`Education Calendar
`
`Foundation Update
`
`
`Readers‘ Forum
`54
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`26
`
`Meetings of Note
`
`In Memory
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`Membership and Certification
`
`Classified Ads
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`Director's Corner
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`55
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`55
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`55
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`57
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`59
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`32
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`34
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`36
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`39
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`40
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`46
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`L353
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`
`
`Communications Director
`Larry Nation
`e—mail: Ination@aapg.org
`
`Managing Ed“°|'
`Vein Sielalilc
`e—mail: vstefan@aapg.org
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`Communications Assistant
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`e—mail: jdawes@aapg.org
`
`Correspondents
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`e—mail:
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`ea
`
`
`11.!
`
`
`
`lact
`In Different Ways
`
`(Editor's note: Roy Nurmi, of
`Schlumberger, is this month's guest
`columnist.)
`
`By ROY D. NURMI
`AAPG Vice President
`As we progress through our
`careers as petroleum geologists,
`AAPG membership means different
`things to different people. I was
`interested in this question, so I
`asked each of my fellow Executive
`Committee officers and a number of'
`other people:
`What do you and I get from the
`AAPG?
`Why should you or I spend the
`money?
`What kind of return is there on our
`dollar?"
`
`D AAPG president Eddie David
`has often told the story of how going
`to a Jan Busch lecture led to a much
`better geological understanding of
`one of his best prospects.
`However, when together we
`examined what AAPG membership
`meant to him now as a senior and
`very experienced member, it was
`clearly not about power, prestige or
`even recognition and
`acknowledgment.
`Eddie's membership and his life
`in general are now about service, as
`typified by his belief that "you get out
`of life what you put into it."
`
`[I Dick Bishop, the president-
`elect, feels that publications are the
`most important aspect of AAPG
`membership.
`This was once true for me, but I
`am now interested in what is new
`right now, not when it is published in
`the BULLETIN later.
`
`CI Editor Neil Hurley says that he
`very much values the AAPG
`conventions and meetings for
`staying up on new technology and
`other technical information, and also
`for contacts with friends and for
`making new business contacts.
`
`III Ron Nelson, a member of the
`Advisory Council and former
`president of the Houston Geological
`Society, despite employment by a
`major oil company that provides
`considerable internal resources,
`believes that his AAPG activities
`"truly Ieverage" his experience and
`knowledge of the world of petroleum
`geology.
`Ron believes that when he
`lectures to a diverse group of AAPG
`geoscientists, he winds up learning
`much more than he gives them.
`On the other hand, through his
`interactions in his local society
`(HGS), he develops the close
`colleague relationships needed to
`network as a modern professional.
`
`interested mainly in the hot
`exploration plays in his own area and
`says, "there is not enough of this or it
`is too late when it makes it into the
`BULLETIN or AAPG books, both
`which may be too scientific for my
`needs"
`
`El Eric Mason is chairman of the
`Reservoir Development Committee,
`and his committee is laying out plans
`for an AAPG research symposium on
`horizontal and extended reach wells
`in both reservoirs and exploration, to
`be held in Houston, perhaps co-
`hosted by Erik's local society, the
`New Orleans Geological Society, and
`the Houston Geological Society.
`The goal is to disseminate the
`leading—edge, worldwide efforts on
`the successful use of such wells
`around the world. The meeting will
`share with American AAPG members
`what has been learned outside of
`North America regarding the new
`techniques and technology of such
`wells.
`British Petroleum has committed
`to share its experience with the
`super-long extended reach wells, the
`Middle East will share their
`experience with the highest
`technology horizontal wells, and
`Canadian geologists can share what
`they have learned with the largest
`number of horizontal wells in the
`world.
`
`Thus far, geologists working in
`India, Alaska, Venezuela, California,
`the Far East, the Rocky Mountains,
`Egypt, Michigan and China have
`responded positively.
`So far, it is not yet clear what will
`be Erik's greatest challenge.
`Perhaps it will be determining how
`big a room to reserve for members
`who want to come to the symposium.
`These meetings and the resulting
`publications, which will be in
`electronic and hard copy format, are
`what your AAPG membership gives
`you.
`
`Cl As you get older you may work
`for a smaller company or an
`independent, according to Dan
`Smith, chairman of the AAPG House
`of Delegates. This is when the AAPG
`continuing education programs really
`become important.
`However, as a Iong—time Amoco
`employee, Ron Nelson says that
`"through his AAPG interactions" he
`"gains a breadth of experience on
`how petroleum geology is done
`outside of Amoco and a local
`geographic region."
`Our senior members after
`retirement, such as past president
`Bob Cowdery, are doing service and
`volunteer work — and also are
`
`planting seeds to create and nurture
`the AAPG student chapters to
`encourage future geoscientists to
`work in one of the greatest careers
`on Earth.
`
`For many of our past presidents, I
`am happy to report that AAPG
`membership is about service. It is
`more about job satisfaction than
`wealth, although most are happy that
`
`
`
`Vol. 19, No. 4
`The AAPG EXPLORER (ISSN 01952986) is published monthly for members. Published at AAPG headquarters, 1444 8.
`Boulder Ave., P.O. Box 979. Tulsa, Okla. 74101, (918) 584-2555. e-mail address: postmaster@aapg.org
`Periodicals postage paid at Tulsa, Okla. and at additional mailing offices. Printed in the USA.
`Note to members: $6 of annual dues pays for one year's subscription to the EXPLORER. Airmail service for members:
`$45. Subscription rates for non-members" $50 for 12 issues; add $45 for airmail service. Advertising rates: Contact
`Brenda Merideth. AAPG headquarters. Subscriptions: Contact Veta McCoy, AAPG headquarters. Unsolicited
`manuscripts. photographs and videos must be accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed envelope to ensure return.
`
`The American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) does not endorse or recommend any products or services
`presentations at events associated with AAPG.
`that may be cited. used or discussed in AAPG publications or in
`
`Copyright 1998 by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.
`
`POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to AAPG EXPLORER, P.O. Box 979, Tulsa, Okla.
`
`Cl My neighbor Jimmy Jay Jones,
`a Houston independent (president of
`the Lafayette Geological Society in
`1974) and AAPG member of 30
`years, likes our BULLETIN but loves
`the EXPLORER.
`Like me, Jimmy wants to know
`See President, page 19
`what is happening right now. He is
`
`EX. PGS 2009 APRIL 1998
`
`Ex. PGS 2009
`
`

`
`
`-., ._,:j :
` ,____
`
`This material may be protected by Copyright law (Title 17 U.S. Code)
`
`
`Normal Moveout
`
`An Effect, Process
`
`(Editors note: The Geophysical
`Corner is a regular column in the
`EXPLORER and is produced by the
`AAPG Geophysical integration
`Committee. This months column is the
`first of a two—part series on "/l/Ioveout:
`What Is it, and What's Norma/About
`it?’‘)
`
`By CHRISTOPHER L. LINER
`Petroleum seismology is, and
`always has been, changing very
`quickly.
`You might have heard whispers
`about exotic topics like crosswell
`tomography, wavelet transforms,
`cluster analysis, texture segmentation
`impedance inversion, geostatistical
`estimation, etc.
`So why in this high—tech age is
`someone writing about something as
`ancient as normal moveout’?
`The answer involves the
`importance of understanding
`fundamental concepts, the natural
`lead—in that normal moveout provides
`to the juicier topic of dip moveout (to
`be covered here next month), and a
`chance to do it without any equations.
`Normal moveout has two meanings
`— it is both:
`CI A seismic effect.
`[II A seismic processing step.
`By itself, the term “moveout" goes
`back to the earliest days of reflection
`
`seismology in the 1910s. in those
`days a seismic shot consisted of a
`source (dynamite) sending waves into
`the earth to bounce around and return
`to a few geophones. The data were
`preserved as wiggly lines (traces) on
`a rotating drum of paper, or as dark
`lines on a photographic record.
`The human eye is wonderfully
`adept at seeing patterns and
`relationships in very confusing data,
`e.g. recognizing a face across a
`crowded room full of strangers. Early
`seismic records were like that — lots of
`noise, not much signal. But the signals
`were there, and skilled interpreters
`could recognize them.
`Some of these signal events came
`in straight lines across the traces;
`others formed curves. But whatever
`the shape, each kind of signal showed
`a delay from trace to trace as we
`move away from the source — and thus
`was known as moveout.
`
`A Normal Example
`
`A shot record isgthe collection of
`seismic traces generated when one
`source shoots into many receivers, as
`shown in Figure 1.
`In this example, the upper black
`
`continued on next page
`
`—
`
`Figure 1 — A shot
`record showing
`source, receivers,
`rays, reflection points
`and midpoints. The
`increase of travel time
`with offset (source-
`receiver distance) is
`the normal moveout
`effect.
`
`
`
`~2U00
`
`0
`
`(mi
`UFF3et
`2000
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`i—-Time(sec)
`
`2.5
`
`Figure 2 — Aland shot record from Alaska
`(courtesy of SEG). Several kinds of events,
`in addition to reflections, are marked on the
`right side of the record, indicating the path
`and wave type from source to receiver.
`Graphics courtesy of Christopher Liner
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`“The Kingdom Company!”
`
`APR|L 1998
`
`EX. PGS 2009
`
`Ex. PGS 2009
`
`

`
`
`
`O
`
`C C O O C O 0
`
`Figure 3 — A seismic line is acquired by rolling the shot and receivers a certain
`distance forward. This gives more than one ;trace with the same midpoint.
`
`Figure 4 - All the traces that live at the Same CMP location will be processed
`idgeihei as 3 iamiiY- Uiiimaieil The)’ Wi” be added (Stacked) i0 make One Stack
`trace that lives at this location. The process of Normal MoveOut (NMO) helps
`prepare the traces before they are added together.
`
`.1
`
`continued from previous page
`
`line is the acquisition surface and the
`lower one is the reflector. Dots below
`the reflector show subsurface
`reflection points. Halfway between the
`source and a receiver is a point on the
`ground called the midpoint. These are
`shown as black dots above the
`acquisition surface.
`Where there is no dip, the midpoint
`is directly above the reflection point.
`As the offset (source to receiver
`distance) increases, so does the
`travel time from source to receiver.
`This characteristic delay of
`reflection times with increasing offset
`is called normal moveout.
`In Figure 2 (page 26), reflections
`can be seen in real data along with
`other kinds of events.
`There are receivers on both sides
`of the shot in this case. The right side
`has been marked—up to identify
`different kinds of events — direct
`arrivals (p-wave, s—wave, air wave,
`surface wave), head waves and (a
`few) reflections. The left side is
`uninterpreted.
`The reflection events have a
`
`hyperbolic shape characteristic of
`normal moveout.
`
`Making the Earth Flat
`
`80 now we know something about
`normal moveout, the effect.
`What about normal moveout, the
`process?
`For this we will use the acronym
`NMO (Normal MoveOut) since for
`most people this term implies the
`process, not the effect.
`What is NMO? The short answer is:
`A seismic processing step whereby
`tetteetten events are flattened tn e
`common midpoint gather in
`Piepaiailod id’ 3i3Ckl“9~
`(If this makes sense then you can
`move along to the next article.
`Oihelwisev _i9<'=}d 9”)
`A seismic line is generated by
`ntetttngv tne snot and receivers
`forward a certainldistance and firing
`again. As shown in above Figure 3,
`this generates a second shot record
`Wiilch Pa”'a"Y_ 0V9i'al0S the iiisi
`_
`Note that six of the seven reflection
`
`points from the blue shot were also
`reflection points for the red shot. This
`occurs by design and is called
`Common Midpoint (CMP) Shooting.
`As the shots roll along there will be
`many source—receiver pairs with the
`
`same CMP location, and the CMP fold
`is the total number of traces that live
`at any given CMP.
`
`See Geophysical Corner, page 28
`
`A I I I .
`
`A
`
`I o.
`
`7
`
`I. I A
`
`I
`
`I '
`
`-
`
`The simple questions about a reservoir can be the most difficult to answer
`
`Smedvig Technologies has the products and the expertise to help you
`
`characterize your reservoir. Our software can quantify uncertainty and guide
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`skills that allow you to perform cost—benefit comparisons for various drilling
`and We” Comptetton Strategies
`
`Smedvig Technologies — we have the answers
`
`Smedvig Technologies is an international provider ofinnovative well
`construction, fie/d development and reservoir management solutions
`
`visit our Web site http://www.smedtech.com
`
`Smedvig Technologies
`
`-
`
`Ex. PGS 2009 ApR||_1993
`
`R
`
`i
`
`:0
`
`s
`
`s
`
`Ex. PGS 2009
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`

`
`
`
`BPLORER
`
`Geophysical
`Corner
`
`from previous page
`
`CMP fold can vary from as few as
`six (low-told land 3-D) up to several
`hundred (2—D marine).
`The reason for gathering multifold
`data is that we get redundant
`information about the reflection point
`down in the earth, and this
`redundancy can be used to reduce
`noise and create a more reliable
`image. Our goal is to eventually
`process all these traces as a family
`and add them together (CMP stack) to
`make one trace that lives at this CMP
`location.
`NMO is aimed at removing the
`hyperbolic curvature in reflection
`events. Basically, it is removing the
`effect of offset. If this is done properly
`then the reflection should come in at
`the same time for all offsets (since we
`have removed any travel time delay
`due to offset).
`In short, reflection events should
`be flat after NMO.
`Figure 5 shows the data after NMO
`processing (and air wave removal). In
`this case, we see the events are pretty
`well flattened by NMO, but there are a
`couple of interesting areas.
`The blue box shows some
`disturbing behavior along a flattened
`reflection. This has nothing at all to do
`with NMO, but is related to lateral
`changes in the near surface layers
`(termed a static problem).
`The red box shows what NMO
`does to the direct arrivals. Since these
`were linear and not hyperbolic, NMO
`has not flattened them. Also, note how
`
`-26100
`
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`
`U
`
`0.5
`
`1
`
`E
`£1‘
`
`1.5
`
`2
`
`ljtffset.
`
`2001::
`
`-:'m':r
`
`DFFset
`
`2000
`
`(in)
`
`l
`
`-2000
`
`0
`
`0
`
`0.5
`
`?/,1 1
`2
`$1‘
`
`1.5
`
`2
`
`2.5
`Figure 5 — Data from Figure 2 after Normal MoveOut
`processing (and air wave removal). The blue box highlights
`static problems; the red box shows stretched direct arrivals
`and head waves. Reflection events are flat (more or less).
`
`J
`
`2.5
`Figure 6 — Data after NMO with a 25 percent stretch mute.
`Note that the nasty events in the red box of Figure 5 have
`been removed.
`
`fat (not flat) these events look after
`NMO. This is because NMO actually
`operates by stretching the trace — and
`the shallower something is the more it
`stretches.
`Since our goal is to eventually
`flatten all these traces and add them
`together to make one trace, keeping
`this kind of stuff would wipe out
`shallow reflections. It needs to go.
`We get rid of these events by
`muting — which is nothing more than
`replacing the offending data with
`
`zeros. We could do this by hand, but a
`seismic line may contain many
`thousands of CMP gathers.
`It turns out we can let NMO itself
`do the muting for us. The idea is to
`keep track of how much stretch NMO
`is doing to the trace. The stretch
`changes down the trace — biggest at
`the top, smallest at the bottom. So the
`idea of an NMO stretch mute is to set
`a limit on how much stretch we are
`going to allow.
`If the stretch gets bigger than our
`
`limit, then the data values are
`replaced by zeros in that part of the
`trace. Figure 6 shows the result of
`allowing a 25 percent stretch in the
`NMO process.
`
`What About Dips?
`
`At this point more than one astute
`reader is saying, “Yeah, yeah, you
`
`continued on next page
`
`The Newest, Highest Resolution
`Gravity and Bathymetry in the Gulf of Mexico
`
`New, single-survey gravity from TGS Phase 45 program
`
`Shown: Deep water bathymetry recorded December, 1997 - 13 fold,
`50 x 50m grid to 3,000m -tgdepths - recordedwith gravity and magnetics
`
`See us at AAPG '98, booth
`
`#401
`
`LCT, Inc. - Houston
`Tel: +(‘l) (281) 558-8383
`Fax: +(l) (281) 558-8384
`Email: info@lct.com
`
`LCT-MGAI. - UK
`
`Tel: + (44) (o) 1908 286 100
`Fax: + (44) (o) 1908 286 101
`Email: info@mga|.co.uk
`
`Web Site: www.lct.com
`
`C & C Technolagiesm
`Lafayette
`Tel: + (1) (318) 261-0660
`Fax: + (1) (318) 251-0192
`Email: tsc@cctechnol.com
`Web Site: www.cctechnol.com
`
`:: C~“'C Technologies
`SURVEY SERVICES
`
`APRIL 1998
`
`L;.j__
`
`EX. PGS 2009
`
`
`Ex. PGS 2009
`
`

`
`
`
`(fl
`
`(D
`
`000
`
`3
`
`in:-vgsi ;i;‘r.'tl w'1}‘.s~.~::i.r;t -.111
`:.‘I.Z’.lb1.!liill}.{ an a :'.L'f<-
`
`2
`
`f:.‘.».':-. Qt :.-.~ 5.-. 9.
`
`Figure 7 — When the reflector is dipping, midpoints are not vertically above
`reflection points. Compare Figure 4. NMO can handle this case, but breaks down
`when multiple dips are present in the subsurface.
`
`continued from previous page
`
`academic types are all alike — ignoring
`the real world. What about dipping
`beds?”
`
`Figure 7 gives a hint of things to
`come.
`
`The basic problem is that when the
`bed dips, midpoints are not vertically
`above reflection points. Furthermore,
`the reflection points become unevenly
`spaced along the reflector.
`The fact is that NMO has a
`If
`constant dip assumption built in.
`every bed were dipping at the same
`angle, say 23 degrees, it turns out we
`could do NMO just fine. The real
`problem comes where there are many
`dips in the subsurface. In this case,
`NMO acts like a dip filter —
`preferentially passing some dip the
`processor chooses while suppressing
`others.
`This was particularly notorious in
`places like the Gulf of Mexico, where
`gently dipping beds often meet steep
`salt domes. You could do NMO in
`such a way as to get a good image of
`one or the other, but not both.
`This was the situation up until about
`1981 or 1982. Then something new
`came on the scene. it was called —
`you guessed it — dip moveout.
`That is our next article.
`
`(Editors note: Liner is associate
`professor of geosciences at the
`University of Tulsa. He may be
`contacted via e—mail at c//@utu/saedu,
`or
`
`http://douze. utu/sa. edu/~c///Chr/sL/her.
`html)
`
`1998
`Short Course On
`NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIRS
`Dr. Roberto Aguilera, Instructor
`Golden, Colorado, April 20-24
`Calgary, Alberta. May ll-15
`Calgary, Alberta. October 26-30
`Golden Colorado, November I6-20
`
`- Geologic Aspects
`- Well Testing
`- Fractured Sltales
`- Primary Recovery
`- Case Histories
`
`- Log Interpretation
`- Completion Methods
`- Horizontal Wells
`- Secondary Recovery
`- Economic Considerations
`
`Servipelral Ltd.
`736-6 Ave. SW, Suite I640
`Calgary, AB TZP 3T7
`Phone: (403) 266-2535
`Fax: (403) 264-8297
`email: uguiIera@1gLne!
`http://www. agt. neflpublic/aguilera/servqzetrol. htm
`
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