A new look at simultaneous sources
`
`Craig J. Beasley *, Ronald E. Chambers, and Zerong Jiang - Western Geophysical
`
`Abstract
`Cost is one of the fimdarnental factors that determines where
`and how a seismic survey will be conducted. Moreover, the
`cost of 3-D seismic often plays a significant role in determining
`whether or not a prospect is economic. Costs of seismic data
`acquisition and processing have dropped dramatically as the
`technology has matured‘, however, these economies have raised
`demand for larger surveys, so there is still a great need to gain
`more efficiencies.
`In this paper we discuss a field experiment
`carried out to test the feasibility of employing sources activated
`simultaneously.
`Simultaneous source-firing has long been
`recognized as a possible strategy for achieving dramatic cost
`reductions in seismic data acquisition. Our approach is novel
`in that we do not require source signature encoding, but rather
`rely on spatial source positioning to allow for separation of the
`signals in subsequent data processing. We find that appropriate
`data processing sequences quite
`effectively separate the
`interfering signals and conclude that this approach may be an
`attractive econonric option for acquiring large 3-D surveys.
`
`Introduction
`A flmdamental factor in the cost of seismic data acquisition is
`the efficiency of source and receiver effort. On the receiver
`side, the increase in seismic channel count of recent years has
`resulted in increased spatial sampling and more efficient 3-D
`operations. Much has been done to increase source efficiency
`as Well.
`Simultaneous drilling and shooting operations and
`multiple vibrator groups are effective on land‘,
`flip-flop
`shooting for streamer surveys essentially doubles single-source
`production rates. The fundamental assumption in designing
`such field systems, that only one source can be active for a
`given seismic record,
`imposes an upper
`limit on source
`efficiency.
`In this paper we consider the possibility of using
`two or more sources simultaneously to achieve higher rates of
`3-D acquisition efficiency. Our approach differs from previous
`work on simultaneous-source operations in that we exploit
`spatial positioning of sources to enhance signal separation.
`
`Simultaneous sources
`Increasing field efficiency by recording more than one source
`has been explored by means of encoded vibrator sweeps that, in
`some sense, are orthogonal, (Garotta, 1983', Wornack et al.,
`1990).
`In theory, subsequent processing of the recorded data
`by crosscorrelation with the different sweeps separates the
`signals resulting from each source from the other and produces
`shot
`records equivalent
`to single-source acquisition. This
`approach has not been widely adopted in practice because of
`residual cross
`talk after
`separation.
`Sweep length and
`repeatability, harmonic distortion, and other factors have been
`identified as possible contributors to the cross talk. The
`
`1998 SEG Expanded Abstracts
`
`encoded sweep approach is also limited in that it does not apply
`direcfly to impulsive sources such as dynamite or air guns.
`
`In this paper we consider positioning the simultaneously
`activated sources so that processing ofthe data will enhance the
`signal fiom each. As an example, consider the CMP gather
`shown in Figure 1. The sources in this case were airguns
`placed almost symmetrically off the ends of a 2-D marine
`cable.
`As the cable moved forward,
`the sources
`fired
`simultaneously, each on station Because two sources are firing
`simultaneously, the concept of associating surface coordinates
`with a trace is ambiguous — quantities such as source position
`and common midpoint are dual valued. To form the CMP
`gather we selected the aft source and derived the CMP
`geometry using surface positions for it and the cable. A similar
`procedure can be used to generate CMP gathers based on the
`forward source. Because of NMO, the signals from the two
`sources exhibit significant local differences in time dip. As a
`result, geometry-related filters will separate the two signals.
`Figure 2 shows the CMP gather from Figure 1 after application
`of a geometry-related filter applied in the CMP domain. The
`filter is all-pass for data consistent with the aft source and
`rejects data that are inconsistent with this geometry.
`
`One particularly simple such filter is the CMP stack itself.
`Figure 3 shows a stack of a portion of the line acquired as
`described above. As in Figures 1 and 2, geometry relating to
`the aft source was assigned to the data to derive CMP locations
`prior to stacking. Since the moveout relative to the forward
`geometry is incorrect for the data related to the aft source, the
`NMO and stack process suppresses data fi'om the forward
`source. Although somewhat noisy, the stack is surprisingly
`good considering the amount of interfering signal evident in
`Figure 1. Now compare Figure 3 with Figure 4.
`In Figure 4
`we applied the geometry-related filter described above for
`Figure 2 prior to stacking. Note that prestack filtering has
`enhanced the stack quality. Figure 5 shows a difference section
`for Figures 3 and 4 and demonstrates that prestack filtering of
`the data has removed a substantial amount of the interfering-
`so11rce data that have survived the stacking process. Although
`this example shows that relatively little data fiom the forward
`source has leaked through the conventional stack in Figure 3,
`prestack analysis of the data
`clearly requires prestack
`separation ofthe signals.
`
`Other filtering processes
`In the simple example above, we have relied on NMO as a
`distinguishing characteristic for the data generated from two
`sources.
`This may be sufficient
`for simple geology, but
`complexity in the subsurface will distort the moveout. Even
`
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`WesternGeco Ex. 1011, pg. 1
`
`

`
`A new look at simultaneous sources
`
`assuming constant velocity, steeply dipping reflectors will
`exhibit little moveout. Moreover, complex velocity regimes
`yield distorted moveout trajectories. For these cases geometry-
`related filters become more complex than for the simple case
`shown above and may no longer be strictly related to the
`geometry alone.
`
`A possible solution to this complication is to take advantage of
`the filtering capabilities of imaging processes such as DMO
`and prestack migration. In the example above, NMO and stack
`were used to discriminate one source from the other.
`Imaging
`techniques more powerful than NMO and stack should have a
`more powerful effect on suppressing interfering shot noise.
`Figure 6 shows the result of applying DMO and stack after the
`data have been filtered as described in Figure 2. Note the
`considerable noise reduction.
`Sigrificantly,
`these data are
`obtained fiom applying only the afi source geometry to the
`data. The same processes can be applied using the forward
`source geometry and the two data sets combined, resulting in
`even more noise reduction. Similarly, processes such as 3-D
`prestack depth migration will impose powerful noise rejection
`on the signal from interfering shots.
`
`Discussion and conclusions
`
`One practical difficulty in carrying out the filtering processes
`described above is
`the likelihood of spatial aliasing —
`particularly on the high mergy early arrivals
`from the
`interfering shot.
`Interpolation can be used to reduce spatial
`
`aliasing and improve rejection characteristics of the various
`filtering processes. Another possible concern is the dynamic
`range of the recording system and processing algorithms. The
`strong first arrivals in the deep-water marine case above
`interfere with weaker reflections fiom the opposite source.
`High-fidelity recording and processing is required to separate
`the two types of events.
`
`We have demonstrated an approach to simultaneous-source
`acquisition that uses
`significant spatial
`separation of the
`sources to aid in processing the data.
`In the case considered,
`simple NMO was used to discriminate between the signals
`generated by two interfering sources. Although the CMIP stack
`did function as a filter, the data were irrproved by means of a
`prestack geometry-related filter. Further signal enhancement
`was obtained by applying DMO and stack. Such techniques
`may not be appropriate for all geological regimes, but the
`potentially large econorric impact of using simultaneous
`sources warrants fixrther investigation.
`
`Refdences
`
`Garotta, R., 1983, Simultaneous recording of several Vibroseis
`seismic
`lines:
`45”‘
`Eur. Assn.
`Expl. Geophys.,
`Expanded Abstracts, 35; and 53'“ Ann. Intemat. Mtg., Soc.
`Explor. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 308-310.
`Womack, J.E., Cruz, J.R., Ridgon, H.K., and Hoover, G.M.,
`1990, Encoding techniques for multiple source point seismic
`data acquisition: Geophysics, 55, 1389-1396.
`
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`Fig. 1. CMP gather fiom a line acquired with sources fired
`simultaneously.
`Sources we placed asymmetrically off the
`ends of a 2-D marine cable. The alt source position was used
`to determine CMP locations
`
`Fig. 2. CMP gather from Fig. 1 with geometry-related filter
`applied. Most of the energy from the interfering shot has been
`suppressed.
`
`§.9.
`
`OQ
`
`1998 SEG Expanded Abstracts
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1011, pg. 2
`
`

`
`A new look at simultaneous sources
`
`'
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`Fig. 3. CMP stack of aportion of the line described in Fig._1.
`N0 P‘"°°°55mg has 13"" 3PPl1°d °th°‘" than NM0 and stack ‘mth
`an aPPr°p‘iat° “”t°'
`
`Stack of the data used for Fig. 2 with a prestack
`Fig_ 4_
`geometry-related filter to remove data related to the forward
`source. Note improvements deeper in the data.
`
`Ff A
`
`c
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`icenseorcopyng
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`Fig. 5. Difference betweenFig. 3 and Fig.4.
`
`Fig. 6. DMO and stack of the data alter geometry-related
`filtering as in Fig. 2. Note the significant reduction in interfer-
`ing shot noise.
`
`§.9.
`
`OD
`
`1998 SEG Expanded Abstracts
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1011, pg. 3
`
`

`
`11f252D14
`
`A new look atsimultaneous sourcs :SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts: Vol. . No. (Society ofB<p|oration Geophysicists)
`
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`El Craig I. Beasley, Ronald E. Chambers, and Zerong Iiang (1998) A new look at
`I’. simultaneous sources. SEG Technical Program Expandedfiibstracts 1998: pp.
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`A new look atsim ullaneous source :SEG Technical Program B<panded Abstracts: Vol. . No. (Society of Exploration Geophysieists)
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`Publisher: Society of Explorati on Geophysicists
`Authors: Craig I. Beasley, Ronald E. Chambers Zerong Jiang
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`look simultaneous A new look at sltnullaneount sources
`
`Recently Searched
`
`encoded sweep approach is also limited in that it does not apply
`ditectly to irrpulsisv sources such tn dytnamite (I’ it guns.
`
`In this paper we consider positioning the sitnultarneour-ly
`activated sources so tbl processing of the data will enhance the
`signal from «eh. As an enunttgnle. consider tlne CMP gather
`
`in this use were airguns
`shown in Figure I. The ssntlctst
`placed altnost syrnunettically ofl the ends of a 2-D nmrine
`cable.
`As the cable mosed forwml.
`the scum fired
`simultaneously. each on station. Because two sources at: firing
`simultaneously. the concept of associating surface eoonlinates
`with a trace is ambiguous — quantities such as source position
`and cottnttnon midpoint are dual valued. To form the CMP
`gather we selected the aft source and derived the CMP
`geometry using surface potsiliotts for it and the cable. A similar
`procethnre can be used to generate CMP gathers based on the
`forvtatsl sotaoe. Because of NMO. the signals from tlne two
`sonrccs exhibit significant local ditfaeltces in time dip. As a
`result. geometry-related filters will separate the two signals.
`Figure 2 shows the CMP g;Iher [mm Figure I afier application
`ofa geometry-related filter applied in the CMP domain. The
`filter is all-press for data consistent with the aft source and
`rejects «Ha that are inconsistent with this geometry.
`
`sources Std - 644 Craig! Beasley‘ Rotnttflls‘ Cluuntbers, ondzerottg Jirttg - Western Geophysical
`o |Angwhere: sumic
`rnulticomponent| Am‘,
`- Cost is one of the fnandarnental [actors that detcmnitnes where
`AND An Where'
`and how a seismic stasey will be conducted. Moreover. the
`sea bottom I
`costol‘.1-D rzeisnic oflcn playsasignifnant role indeten-nining
`-
`-whether
`msped '
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`tcdnrnnlogyhas nutnaed: however. these economies have raised
`dermnd for larger snneys. so there is stillagrmt need to gain
`0 Anywhere: marinenmcctncacacncs.
`In thispqiernae discussalicld experiment
`SS
`1,efl e ction 3
`carried out to test the leasihility ot‘ errnploying sources activated
`LL simultaneously.
`Simultaneous source-firing has long been
`recognized as a possible strategy for achieving dramatic cost
`bottom velocifl
`ductiotts in seismic data acquisition. Our approach is novel
`ransition zone st
`L can we do not «quit some: sign-u-e cmdins- to «arm
`rely on spatial source positioning to allow [or separation of the
`- 7_I
`signals in stlnsequent dla processing. We find that qnptopriate
`data processing sequences quite cll’cctisely separate the
`interfering signals and ootndude that this approach may be an
`atractive economic option for acquiring lug: 3-D surveys.
`Introduction
`A fundamental factor in the cost of seismic data acquisition is
`thc efficiency of source and receiver eflort. 0n the receiver
`side. the increase in seismic channel count 0! recent years has
`resulted in increased spatial sampling and more efficient 3~D
`operaionn. Much has been done to increase source efficiency
`as smell. Sittnultmeous drilling and shooting opetaiotns and
`multiple vibrator groups are effective on land:
`flip~l|op
`shooting for streamer surveys essentially dodnlu tingle-source
`production ties. The fondarnenntal assumption in designing
`such field systenn-ts. that only one source can be active for a
`given seismic record.
`imposes an upper
`Iirnit on source
`efliciency.
`In this paper we consider the possibility of using
`two or more sourna simultaneously to achieve higher mes of
`3-D acquisition efliciency.
`(Xnr approach diflerx from previous
`worl; on sirranltarntotrs-source operations in that we exploit
`spatial pmitioning otsouroes to entrance signal sacparatiotn.
`Shrntnlaneoussnntreat
`lncrennaing field eflicienncy by recording more than one source
`has been explored by nuns of encoded vibrator sweeps that. in
`some sense. are orthogonal. (Garotta I983: Wormck ct aI..
`I990).
`ln theory. subsequent processing of the recorded data
`by ctosseorreluion with the dillerent sweqno separates the
`signals resulting front each source from the other and produces
`slnot
`records equivalent
`to
`acquisiion. This
`qnpromhhasnutbeenwidelyalopedinpracticebecattseof
`residual cross
`talk alter sqtttrliotn.
`Sweep lenflh and
`repeatability. harmonic distortion. arnd other {stars how been
`identified as
`contributors to the cross talk. The
`
`One particularly simple such filter is the CMP stack itself.
`Figure 3 shows a stack of a portion of the line xquired as
`daeribed above. As in Figures l and 2. geometry telaing to
`the all notice was assigned to the dla to derive CMP kncations
`prior to stacking. Since the motooul relative to the forssrd
`geornetryisineortect fortlnedatarelatedtothcaflsotaer.-.the
`NMO and stack process suppnesso data from the tons-anl
`source. Although somewhat noisy. the stack is surprisingly
`good oonsidaing the amount ot interfering signal esidernt
`in
`Figure I. Now compare Figure 3 with Figure J.
`In Figure 4
`we applied the geometry-related filter described drove for
`Figure 2 prior to stacking. Note tha prestaet filtering Ins
`enhanced the stair quality. figtre 5 shows a diflerencc section
`for Figures 3 and -l and dernonstracs that ptestaclt filtering of
`the data has rermsed a substantial tltroum of the interfering-
`sotree data that hate sursised the stacking process. Although
`this example shows that telatisely little dua from the forssard
`sonlce has learned tlnnouyt the connentioml stack in Figure 3.
`prestact
`analysis of the data clearly requires
`pnestacls
`separation of the signals.
`
`Other llleringpr-oeerner
`In the simple example above. we hate relied on NMO as a
`distinguishing characteristic Tor the data generated from two
`sonlces.
`This trany be sullicietl
`for sirple geology. but
`corrplentity irn the subsurface will distort the mmeout. Even
`
`l998SEG Expanded Abstracts
`
`htlp:.l!|ibtary.seg.orgfdoir‘al:s!1O.11ml1.18Z314D
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1011, pg. 9
`
`

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`A new look ztsimultaneous sour-:5 2 SEG Technical Program Expanded Ahstracts: Vol. . No. (Socieb; of Exploration Geophysicists)
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`I'tl'lp:.0‘|ibI ar5r.seg.orgfdoilabs!10.1193I”1 . 1820149
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`WesternGeco Ex. 1011, pg. 10
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`11/25/2014
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`A new look at simultaneous sources : SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts: Vol. , No. (Society of Exploration Geophysicists)
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`Literatum
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`httpzl/Iibrary.seg.org/doi/abs/10.1 190/1 .1 820149
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`WesternGeco Ex. 1011, pg. 11