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`SUMIC: Multicomponent sea-bottom seismic surveying in the North Sea—
`Data interpretation and applications
`
`Eivind Berg*, Bjornar Svenning, and James Martin, Statoil Research Center, Norway
`
`1W5
`
`SUMMARY
`
`A new concept, named SUMIC (subsea seismics), of
`acquiring four component data at the seabottom has been
`developed. The development stage included an offshore
`acquisition of a 2D SUMIC seismic line using seismic detectors
`deployed at the seabottom. The survey was undertaken over a
`reservoir in the North Sea where the main objective was to image
`the deep reservoir units through a gas chimney in the overburden
`above the reservoir. This has been an insoluble mapping problem
`for previously acquired conventional towed streamer 3D survey
`data.
`
`The image produced of the reservoir intervals from the
`vertical velocity component Vz data showed similar distortion to
`that obtainable from the conventional towed streamer data,
`because of P-wave misfocusing and attenuation introduced by
`propagation through the gas chimney. A more reliable image and
`interpretation of the resevoir intervals was produced from the
`X-component data which predominantly consist of inline
`S-waves. A Graben structure was identified at the top of the
`reservoir structure using S-waves for the first time from a marine
`seismic survey. Shear—waves are less affected by the presence of
`gas than P—waves.
`Statoil has demonstrated that SUNHC
`surveying is an effective tool with significant advantages over
`conventional marine seismic methods. The results have very
`interesting strategic implications for the use of this technology for
`structural and stratigraphic
`definition of reservoirs and
`exploration prospects.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`A new concept, named SUMIC, of acquiring four
`component seismic data at the seabottom has been developed
`since 1988 and is the subject to four patents owned by Statoil.
`The SUMIC method involves measuring the X, Y & Z
`components of the velocity field at the sea-bed using three
`component geophones, and the pressure field using hydrophones.
`Assuming ahomogeneous plane layered earth, the Z component
`is dominated by P-wave energy and the X and Y components by
`S‘, and Sh shear-wave energy respectively (Aki and Richards,
`1980)
`
`The development stage included a series of major
`experiments at many locations in the North Sea. We have gained
`much knowledge about S-wave generation and the applicability
`of SUMIC technology in the North Sea environment. We have
`also learned how to interpret best SUMIC data to enhance our
`structural interpretation in diffith data areas and directly detect
`hydrocarbons through the use of interpretation tools such as
`Vp/Vs—ratios (Ensley, 1984, Robertson and Pritchett, 1985,
`Tatham, 1985).
`The SUMIC concept’s main goals concern the utilization
`of pressure (P) and shear (S) waves to: (1) reduce exploration
`costs by increasing the find rate through improved detection and
`
`
`
`mapping of stratigraphic traps, (2) reduce the number of dry
`exploration wells for both structural and stratigraphic prospects,
`(3) reduce reservoir estimate uncertainty at an earlier stage in the
`field development programme by improving the reservoir
`description, and (4) reduce the number of appraisal wells during
`field development.
`The data acquisition procedure required a two boat
`operation (see Figure 1). One boat, the receiver boat, remains
`stationary aside the seabottom geophone detector array taking
`care of geophone stick deployment, retrieval and data recording.
`The second boat, the shooting boat, tows and fires an airgun
`array along the shooting line to give a split-spread inline
`common- receiver gather.
`A North Sea reservoir was chosen by Statoil, as part of its
`on-going SUMIC development programme, to measure the
`potential of SUMIC seismic surveying as a means of providing
`cost effective solutions to specific geophysical problems which
`carmot be solved using conventional seismic methods. The chosen
`reservoir has an exploration target which lies beneath a gas
`chimney. Previous conventional
`towed streamer seismic surveys,
`which rely on PP energy propagation, produced untenable
`images, because of the distortion and misfocusing introduced as
`the P—waves passed through the gas chinmey where some of the
`rock pore fluid has been replaced by the gas.
`Dining previous SUMIC experiments (Berg et a1., 1994)
`we found that PSS energy was the dominant mode of propagation
`observed on the X and Y components in the North Sea, where
`the conversion from P to S takes place either at, or within the
`near surface of, the sea-bottom. The propagation velocity of such
`PSS energy is less affected by the presence of gas than that of PP
`energy. The seismic image resulting from a SUMIC PSS survey
`would, therefore, be less distorted than that from a PP survey by
`propagation through a gas chimney.
`A continuous and regular 2D seabottom line of 12 km
`length passing over two wells was acquired. The well data will
`enable us to correlate and calibrate our multicomponent data,
`improving the reliability of our interpretations. Pressure data from
`a conventional towed hydrophone streamer were also acquired
`over the same seismic line to provide a direct comparison with
`the SUMIC seabottom survey.
`The data from the SUMIC acquisition phase were
`somewhat oversampled, with respect to fold, inter-trace spacing
`within each common—mid—point gather and offset range, when
`compared with conventional marine 2D and 3D surveys. One of
`the purposes of our survey, however, was to provide an
`oversampled SUMIC dataset so that a number of degradations
`could be undertaken during data processing, to test their impact
`on the structural and lithological interpretability of the data. A
`fairly conventional data processing sequence was applied to the
`full dataset to achieve the main geophysical objective of the
`survey, namely to “see through” the gas chimney lying above the
`reservoir’s target level. The conventional towed streamer dataset,
`which provided the benchmark, was processed using a similar
`sequence with only necessary data dependent parameter changes.
`
`477
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 1
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 1
`
`

`

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`SUMIC: Multicomponent seismic surveying
`
`RESULTS
`
`In general, the quality of the multi-component data was
`excellent at all
`locations along the 2D line as the seabottom,
`geological conditions and water depth varied.
`The seabottom data were of significantly better quality
`than the surface towed hydrophone data. Observations of the
`seabottom geophone components:
`the vertical particle velocity
`V2 and the horizontal particle velocities Vx and Vy indicate a
`clear and distinct separation of the pressure (P) and shear (S)
`wave modes in their respective common receiver gathers. The
`common receiver gathers of the vertical partical velocity Vz are
`dominated by pressure wave data while the inline Vx horizontal
`particle velocity gathers are dominated by shear waves. The other
`horizontal component, Vy, shows mainly weak out of plane shear
`wave energy with a low signal/noise ratio.
`Low frequency and dispersive boundary waves (Scholte
`waves) propagating along the seabottom, similar to ‘ground roll’
`seen during land seismic exploration, were found to be extremely
`weak on all SUMIC components.
`The component separated data have undergone a
`conventional processing sequence and CMP velocity analysis.
`The SUMIC and conventional data reflection events have been
`calibrated and correlated using well log data. We have been able
`to identify major lithological boundaries and the SUMIC survey
`had enabled us to extrapolate our detailed log interpretations to
`more distant locations.
`It is quite clear from these analyses that the main shear
`wave mode is SS and conversion of pressure energy from the
`airgun source takes place at the seabottom.
`Figure 2 shows a migrated stacked section of the
`conventional 2D towed streamer data. The reservoir targets of
`interest are the reflections between 3s and 3.55 in the Top
`Ekofisk chalk interval and possible Jurassic prospects below 3.75
`in the mid-part of the section. But as illustrated,
`it is quite
`difficult to produce reliable structural interpretations from these
`data. The reflections loose continuity and are completely broken
`up the middle part of the section. The reflection collapse is
`caused by the gas chimney which rises from the domed and
`faulted reservoir sediments above an intruding salt dome and
`extends to approximately 1.05 in the shallow section. These
`effects of the gas chimney are caused by propagation of the
`P—waves through sediments with only 2—4% gas saturation which
`heavily misfocuses the ray paths because of the rapid and
`“stochastic” behaviour of the velocity field above the reservoir
`level.
`
`On Figure 3, the V, component SUMIC data acquired in
`the surveyed area is shown as the migrated stacked version. As in
`Figure 2,
`the distortions of reflectivity pattern in the reservoir
`interval of interest are the same even if the gas chimney
`influenced area is narrower than on the conventional section. This
`is achieved due to more optimal acquisition with the split-spread
`configuration compared to the surface conventional data.
`Otherwise, outside the disturbed gas chirrrney, the data quality
`and continuity of the reflections are comparable and in parts
`better than the surface conventional data shown in Figure 2. All
`events observed on the surface conventional data are recognized
`on the V1 P—wave section in Figure 3. The structural
`image
`quality in Figures 2 and 3 is comparable to that seen from the
`conventional 3D survey data.
`
`exploration prospects.
`
`the stacked Vx component SUMIC data
`In Figure 4,
`illustrates clearly another situation compared with Figures 2 and
`3. The first 95 of the data are shown, but they are plotted at half
`scale with respect to the conventional data shown in Figure 2.
`Even if we didn’t have well control with S—wave logs,
`the
`correlation of events between the P—Wave sections (Figure 2 and
`3) and S—wave section (Figure 4) is easily seen for the main
`events and structural features.
`In the reservoir zone a more reliable image from S-wave
`data in the central part of the section is achieved. The reservoir
`zone lies between 5.55 to 65 and a faulted pattern can be indicated
`across the crest of the dome. Shear wave propagating will only be
`slightly distorted by the presence of gas,
`their velocity of
`propagation through a given medium being affected only by the
`density changes occuring when the “fluid” within the medium is
`altered.
`
`Figure 5 shows the stacked migrated version of the Vx
`component SUMIC data with the improved structural definition
`of the reservoir zones at 5.55 in the middle part of the section.
`The top of reservoir, the top Ekofrsk horizon (A), can be
`interpreted through the reservoir with a downfaulted Graben
`structure at the top of the dome.
`The results of our SUMIC experiments and surveys show
`that this technology can be used to solve a series of related
`mapping problems in bad data areas where for instance we have
`hard seabottom, shallow gas and gas chimneys.
`In other experiments, we have also experienced that
`multicomponent SUMIC data have a potential
`to be used to
`predict
`lithology and directly detect hydocarbons, even in
`stratigraphic traps with limited well control. We are continuing to
`develop fiirther and implement novel applications of SUMIC
`technology.
`
`CONCLUSIONS
`
`The results from the application of the SUMIC concept of
`acquiring multicomponent seismic data at the seabottom have
`demonstrated that it is possible to “see throug ” gas chjrnneys
`and produce a more reliable seismic interpretation of a Graben
`structure at the top of the reservoir for the first time from a
`remote seismic survey.
`The seismic quality of the multicomponent seabottom
`data, as also confirmed by other experiments,
`is better than
`conventional marine seismic surveys with respect to S/N-ratio
`and resolution.
`As the main objective of the SUMIC method is to reduce
`risks in the exploration phase and reduce uncertainty in reservoir
`mapping, the data results demonstrate that the first application of
`the SUMIC technique has shown significant advantages over
`conventional
`seismic methods.
`The results from the experiments demonstrate the
`tremendous potential of SUMIC technology. SUMIC can be used
`to address a series of related mapping problems where pressure
`waves have so far been the only data upon which to provide
`structural and stratigraphic definition of reservoirs and
`
`478
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 2
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 2
`
`

`

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`SUMCCMuMnoMbomn pdsriGmmrsqisgn ic s u rveyi n g
`
`ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
`
`The authors would like to thank Den norske stats
`
`Airgun array
`
`Shooting Boat
`
`Recording Boat
`A:
`
`
`
`Figure 1. Two boat operation for SUMIC 2D-line data
`acquisition.
`
`)ljeselskap a.s. (Statoil) for the permission to publish this paper.
`
`REFERENCES
`
`Aki, K. and Richards, PG, 1980, Quantitative seismology,
`Theory and methods, Volume I, W.H. Freeman & Co.
`
`Berg, E., Svenning, B. and Martin, J., 1994, SUMIC - A new
`srategic tool for exploration and reservoir mapping, presented at
`he 56th annual EAEG meeting.
`
`Ensley, RA, 1984, Comparison of P— and S-Wave seismic data:
`A new method for detecting gas reservoirs. Geophysics, 49,
`1420-1431.
`
`Robertson, J .D. and Pritchett, W.C., 1985, Direct hydrocarbon
`detection using comparative P—wave and S-Wave seismic sections.
`Geophysics, 50, 383.393.
`
`Tatham, RH, 1982, Vp/V! and Lithology Geophysics, 4’7, 336.
`
`“ ritiimrm
`a «761mm«may
`
`
`
`
`
`NW"
`tuttiI-
`
`.
`
`harmwl
`l
`«‘ Nag-“l “3:4:
`fillvtl‘a‘
`
`Figure 2. Migrated stacked section of the conventional towed 2D
`streamer data acquired over the surveyed reservoir.
`
`Figure 3. Migrated stacked section of the SUMIC V;
`component.
`
`479
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 3
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 3
`
`

`

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`
`Sumic: Multicomponent seismic surveying
`
`Figure 4. Stacked section of the SUMIC V‘-component
`
`Figure 5. Migrated stocked section of the SUMIC V_-componem
`
`with interpretation of the top of the reservoir reflector.
`
`480
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 4
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 4
`
`

`

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`EIIEQESE‘QEB
`5”in Berg, 31mm Stamina, and James Martin (1994) SUMIC:
`:3 Digg This
`Multicomponent sea-bottom seismic surveying in the North Sea—Data
`I. Delicious
`interpretation and applications. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts
`1994: pp. 477-480.
`doi: 10.1190f1.1932132
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`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 9
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`

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`SUMIC: Multicomponenlsea- bottom seismicsurveying inthe N orih Sea—D at: inlet pr elation and applicatiors : SE6 Technical Program Expanded Ah...
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`ISSN (print): 1052-3812
`ISSN (online): 1949-4645
`Copyright Year: 1994
`Pages: 1679
`Publisher: Society of Exploration Geophysicists
`Authors: Eivind Berg, Bjornar Svenning, James Martin
`Statoil Research Center, Norway
`Perrnalink: httpszdxdoiorgHO.1190141932132
`SUMIC: Multicotnponent mhottotn sekrnle srmeying in the North Sea—
`Data interpretation and applications
`
`IM|.6
`Eivind Berg‘. Bjomtl Svcnning. and James Martin. Stator'l Research Center. Nonmy
`
`mapping of stratigraphic traps. (2) reduce the numhcr of thy
` SUMMARY
`
`espiontion wells for both stmetural and stratiyaphie prospects.
`t3) retiree reservoir estimate tliccrtainty at an earlier stage it the
`A new concept. named SUMIC (suhsea seisrnics). of
`
`field development programme by improving the resenoi
`
`acquiring four component data at the seahottom has been
`
`desorption and “Induce the mmberotappaisal sells dur’ng
`detcloped. The detelopment stage included an offshore
`
`
`held desekptnent.
`acquisition ofa ZD SUMIC seismic line rising seismic detectors
`
`The data acquisition procedure required a tvio boat
`
`deployed at the seabottom 'lhe suney was undeniren over a
`
`operation (see Figure I). One bod. the receiver bod. remains
`
`mnoirind'teNonhSeawhtredterna'nobjeaitenmtoinge
`
`staionary aside the seabottom goophone detcctu array taking
`
`die deep resenoir units throug- a gas dummy in the m'erhurden
`mofgmplmstickdtploymmmrinalanddumeaditg.
`
`
`more the rcsenoir. Tlis Ins teen an ittohible mapping pnrllem
`The second boat. the shooting boat. tows and fires an airgtm
`[or previously acquired consemioml toned streamer JD survey
`
`
`data.
`array along the shooting line to give a split-spread inline
`
`
`oommw receiver gotta.
`ANonhSearesaVoirwasdtosmbySutolaspandits
`
`ton-going SUMIC development programme. to matte the
`potential of SUMIC seismic surveying as a mum of providing
`cost effective solutions to specific geophysial pttblans which
`antelbesolwd ua'ngmnsentionai seismicrnethods'l'heclnsen
`resen'oir has an exploration target which lies beneath a gas
`dunney. mm. contention! timed stem seismic sineys.
`which rely on PP energy propagation. produced untenable
`images. because of the distortion and misfocusing introduced a
`theP-wavespnscdtluoughthegasdtimeynheresomeofme
`tuck porefltidhasheenreplaced bythega
`Dining previous SUMIC exper'mcns (Berg et 1. I995)
`whendthl PSSer-etgywasthcdonimrtnmdedpropeptim
`trimmed on the X and Y cotnponerns it the North Sea. where
`the ermversinn from P to 8 takes place either at. or within the
`narnltaeeoi.heseamn1heprqngaionselocitydsuch
`PSSenetgyisIessatfertedbytheprncneedpsthantlototl’l’
`owgy. The seiunic inwe resulting from a SUMIC PSS whey
`mldthael’oreJeIessdistomdthanthotftunaPPsurveyby
`manor thrwgh a gm chimney.
`A eont'mious and regular 2|) sedaotrorn line oi I2 km
`length tossing over M0 wells was acquired. The well data nill
`enable us to correlae and alihme our nulicomponent data.
`inproving the relidtiliy 0! our itleqxetxiors. Pressure drta from
`a «intentional tossed hydrophone strurner “we also acquired
`trier the same seismic line to provide a diect comparison with
`tie SUMK.‘ seahitun suney.
`The data from the SUMIC aetprisition please were
`mentor interrupted. with respect to fold inn-trace spring
`within each common-nid-point pther and otl'set range. when
`compwed with eomentional maine 2D and JD meys. One of
`the purposes of our survey. however. was to provide an
`otersamfled SUMIC thtasct so that a number of degradabns
`otatld be undertaken (hiring data ptuecss'ltg. to test their impact
`on the structural and Iithological interpretability of the din A
`fairty conventimal dun processing sequmec was applied to the
`full datrnet to achieve the main geophysical objectite ol‘ the
`unto-v Mme-h m We» then-If" lisp tr- rhimw Iv'ma abun- tho
`
`The image produced ofthe resenoir itttervals from the
`
`vertical \eloo’ty eonponent Vz daa shined similar distortion to
`that obtainable from the conventional timed manner data.
`
`
`because at P-wase nisfocusing and attentntim introduced by
`
`Wmthroughthegasdtirmey.Amorercliflleinmead
`
`intervention of the resevoir itlervals was induced from the
`
`
`X-eomponcnt data which predominantly consist of inline
`
`S-waves A Graben structure was identified at the top ot‘ the
`
`reset-suit strum" usirg S-vmes tor the fun time from a main:
`
`seismic stIvey. Shel-wates are less affeaed by the presence of
`
`gas than P-waves. Statoil has demonstrated that SUMIC
`
`
`surveying is an effectise tool with significant arlvatlagcs over
`
`conventioml marine seismic methods. The resuls have very
`
`
`irleteuitg sutIegic implicniorn for the use of this teetemlogy for
`
`structural and stratigraphic
`definition of resenoirs md
`
`aphntim Wk
`
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`
`
`A new concept. naned SUMIC oi acquiring tutu
`
`
`component seismic data at the sebum ha been developed
`
`
`since I988 and is the subject to four patents owned by Statoil.
`
`
`The SUMIC method involves tneasuritg the X. Y & 2
`components of the velocity field at the sen-bed rising three
`eotrwnetl geophotres. and the pessrtre field using hydrophates.
`Assuming a homogeneous plane layered earth. the 2 component
`isdarinardbyP-ureenngyandtle Xand Ycumponentsby
`S. and 8. shear-wave energy respectively (Alti and Richrds.
`I980).
`
`
`
`
`
`The dewlopment stage included a series of major
`
`aperimrsatmanoneationsindiethSeaWchawyrined
`
`trench humledge about S-vme genrntion and the applicability
`
`ot‘ SUMIC technology in the North Sea environment. We have
`
`also leaned how to interpru best SUMIC data to uthance our
`
`structui interpretlion in diflintl drta arms and directly detect
`
`hydrocarbons through the use of intapretation tools such as
`
`VpNa-ntior (Ensley. I984. Robertson and Pritchctt. I985.
`Tatham. l985t
`
`htlpztllibrarys eg.orgldoifabs!10.11mt1.1332132
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 10
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 10
`
`

`

`11mm SUM | C: Multicom ponen‘k 5 ea- behom s eis mi c s urveyi ng in the N oflh S ea—D at: interpretation and appl icatiors : SE6 Technical Program Expanded Abi i.
`mu}. lull-AI} m we mung-I u; E“ nun-"‘3 'fu'l‘ an»; up.
`mm‘oi‘x large! lcwl. Thc (um-minim loved stream datum.
`The SDHC “‘0th min N15 currcm (Ir utilimjm
`which provided the hmchnurk. u.“ pruccwcd using a simiknr
`of pressure I?) and shut IS) waves to: (I) mducc uploauun
`
`0"“ h)
`incnw'mg "W find m: “”9“!“ "PM“1 “Nb“ W \cqxncc “it: only nmcmry «Lu: dcpmdcnl mmwla chmgcx
`‘77
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`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 11
`
`7.8
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 11
`
`

`

`11’25/2014
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`SU MIC: Multicomponent sea- bottom seismic surveying in the North Sea—Data interpretation and applications : SEG Technical Program Expanded Ab...
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`Literatum
`
`http://Iibrary.seg.orgldoilabsl1 0.1 1 90/1 .1 932132
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 12
`
`WesternGeco Ex. 1010, pg. 12
`
`