Apple's Newton MessagePad PDA at Twenty | TIME.com
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`Newton, Reconsidered
`A hands-on assessment of Apple's pioneering, ill-fated Personal Digital Assistant, twenty
`years after its original unveiling.
`By Harry McCracken @harrymccracken
`
`June 01, 2012
`
`1 Comment
`
`In the grand scheme of things, 1992 is such recent
`history that it barely qualifies as history. When it
`comes to portable gadgets, however, it’s an era that’s
`nearly unrecognizable to us 21st-century humans.
`
`Sure, there were pocketable gizmos back then: The
`Game Boy, for instance, had been around since
`1989, and the Sony Watchman was hot stuff. There
`were even miniature computers, such as HP’s 95LX.
`But in 1992, nobody had an MP3 player. Or a GPS
`handheld. Or a smartphone. (Less than five percent
`of people in North America had a mobile phone,
`period.)
`
`Marie Domingo
`
`And in 1992, nobody had a PDA. That’s Personal Digital Assistant, in case
`you’ve forgotten, and even though nobody had one, lots of people were
`talking about them. Apple CEO John Sculley had coined the term in the keynote speech he made at the Consumer
`Electronics Show in Las Vegas on January 7. He announced that Apple would release PDAs–pocket-sized
`information devices, easier to use than a PC and selling for under $1000–in 1993.
`
`Twenty years ago this week, on May 29, 1992, Sculley spoke again at another CES, in Chicago. This time, he didn’t
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`Apple's Newton MessagePad PDA at Twenty | TIME.com
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`just talk about PDAs. He brought one with him. It was a Newton, a prototype of the device which Apple planned to
`start selling in early 1993. Actually, Apple had multiple Newtons on hand that, which was good: The first one it
`unveiled on stage had dead batteries and didn’t work.
`
`Using a second unit, Steve Capps, one of Newton’s creators, showed how you could use it to order a pizza by
`moving topping icons onto a pie and then sending out a fax. In 1992, that was show-stopping stuff.
`
`The hype surrounding Sculley’s CES announcement of the Newton was immense, a precursor of the hoopla that
`would later accompany Steve Jobs‘ keynotes for iPods, iPhones, iPads and other post-Newton gadgets. But it
`didn’t change anything right away. Sculley, in fact, was demoing vaporware: The Newton was nowhere near ready.
`Apple held another unveiling fourteen months later at Macworld Expo in Boston, when the product which it
`officially called the MessagePad finally went on sale on August 2, 1993. (It was one of what was supposed to be a
`line of Apple products based on “Newton Intelligence,” most of which never came to be; Apple also licensed
`Newton technology to other companies.)
`
`The earliest MessagePad reviews tended to accentuate the positive, but public sentiment quickly turned against
`Apple’s PDA, so much so that the Newton, like Microsoft Bob, remains convenient shorthand for “technology
`flop.” People remember that the handwriting recognition didn’t work–or, more specifically, that Garry Trudeau’s
`Doonesbury featured a week-long sequence in August of 1993 in which the handwriting recognition on Mike
`Doonesbury’s Newton-like PDA didn’t work. They recall that the Newton didn’t sell in huge numbers. They know
`that Steve Jobs axed it when he returned to Apple in 1997.
`
`But simply dismissing Newton as a failure is unfair. Microsoft gave up on Bob after about a year; Apple, by
`contrast, stuck with Newton for six years. It released seven distinct models and worked with companies such as
`Sharp and Motorola, which released their own Newton-based gizmos. If someone other than Jobs had been in
`charge of Newton in 1998, the year it went away, it’s at least conceivable that there might be Newtons of some sort
`even now.
`
`What Newton wasn’t was a hit. Apple sold 50,000 MessagePads in the device’s first three months on the market;
`the company trumpeted this figure as evidence that the gadget was selling briskly, but it was more likely a major
`disappointment. (In July 1992, MacWEEK‘s Jon Swartz reported that the company expected to sell a million
`Newtons in the first year.)
`
`A lavish 1993 coffee-table book on the Newton project was titled Defying Gravity, but Newton’s problem was that
`it never quite took flight. In the six years between its premature debut and untimely death, it wobbled and
`sputtered like a leaky balloon, neither soaring nor crashing.
`
`Of course, most of the people who have only a foggy understanding of why the first Newton failed to live up to the
`early irrational exuberance have a good excuse: They never actually used one. Including me.
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`I was a working technology journalist in 1992, but I paid only scant attention to the Newton’s launch. I didn’t try
`to get my hands on one when they went on sale in 1993, and didn’t bother to attend the unveiling at Macworld
`Expo Boston even though I worked nearby. In 1995, I bought my first PDA, Psion’s wondrous 3c; I don’t
`remember a Newton even being on my list of possibilities.
`
`Several years later, I reviewed some of the final descendants of the original model, such as the MessagePad 2000,
`and met with the Apple executives who ran the Newton business. But when it dawned on me that 2012 marked the
`20th anniversary of the Newton, I still felt like I wasn’t in a position to express informed opinions about it.
`
`So I bought one.
`
`Thanks to the modern miracle known as eBay, it’s not hard to acquire a Newton. I lucked upon a remarkable
`specimen: a first-generation model, the MessagePad H1000, running version 1.0 of Newton OS. It wasn’t just in
`mint condition, in the original boxes with all the original accouterments and documentation, plus a
`shrinkwrapped introductory videotape. There was no sign that it had ever been booted up. By buying such a
`virginal example, I would get the same Newton experience that the earliest adopters got when they plunked down
`their $699 in 1993.
`
`eBay turned out to be an embarrassment of Newton riches. As long as I was shopping around, I bought a vintage
`external Newton fax/modem, capable of operating at a blistering 2400-bps. And a memory card called the
`Newton Enhancement Pack. And the Newton Connection Kit, which included hardware and software for hooking
`the MessagePad up to a Windows PC.
`
`A few weeks later, my sister-in-law–who didn’t know of my Newton experiment–told me that she’d uncovered her
`own MessagePad H1000 and asked if I wanted to check it out. It turned out to be in nearly as pristine condition. I
`gratefully borrowed it as a backup.
`
`This article isn’t a history of the Newton-here’s a good one–but rather my notes after six weeks as a Newton user,
`at long last. I had fun and wound up with a new appreciation for this groundbreaking gadget. But I also got a
`better sense of why it wasn’t the epoch-shifting breakthrough that Apple promised and pundits predicted.
`
`Looming Large
`
`Even before I used my new H1000 for the first time, I realized how unfamiliar I was with it. For one thing, I didn’t
`know it was so big. As the Wall Street Journal‘s Walt Mossberg pointed out in his 1993 review, it’s roughly the
`size of a VHS videotape. Technically, you can squeeze it in a coat or pants pocket–as long as you don’t mind
`everyone knowing that you have something roughly the size of a VHS tape stuffed in your pocket. A shirt pocket,
`however, is out of the question.
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`The MessagePad is an example of the gadget category which many people (including Steve Jobs) have disparaged
`as “tweeners.” Neither truly pocketable nor capable of replacing a full-blown PC, tweeners have never gone away.
`Current examples include Amazon’s Kindle Fire and Samsung’s Galaxy Tab 7.7.
`
`That might help explain why so many people appeared to be oblivious to my MessagePad when I used it in
`meetings, on airplanes and at a fancy banquet: At first glance, a reasonable person might mistake it for a Kindle or
`a Nook, especially when its screen is shut off. At one point, I silently sat it on the table during a lunch I had with
`an employee of a legendary Silicon Valley company. (No, not Apple.) She didn’t exclaim “Hey, a Newton!” Instead,
`she gestured at it knowingly when we discussed the current tablet boom, as if it were an example.
`
`Once I’d put four AAA batteries and a watch-battery backup into the MessagePad for the first time, powering it up
`felt like bringing it out of cryogenic suspension. Newtons, it turns out, begin their lives believing that it’s 5am on
`January 1, 1993. And the only way to set the year to 2012 is to flip the calendar forward, one month at a time. I
`tapped the MessagePad’s screen 230 times to set the date, watching the months flutter by like pages falling off a
`calendar to indicate the passage of time in some old movie.
`
`As I did, I was already struck by a fact about the PDA’s screen: It’s terrible. Terrible.
`
`This surprised me. Back in 1993, reviewers had plenty of beefs with the Newton, but display quality wasn’t one of
`them. Critics apparently thought the screen–monochrome, 240-by-336 pixels, no backlight–was okay. High-
`quality color LCDs already existed, but they were the stuff of $4000 laptops; nobody would have expected one on
`a $699 gizmo.
`
`The H1000’s display is greenish gray on grayish green; there’s a contrast setting, but it only lets you choose
`between gradations that amount to bad, worse and illegible. In optimal light, with contrast set just right, the
`MessagePad’s screen is readable but unappealing. Anywhere else, it can be a challenge to make out. At a cocktail
`party in a murky bar– the sort of place where I generally peek at my iPhone a dozen times an hour–it was
`hopeless.
`
`The screen doesn’t even look too impressive in the introductory video which came on a VHS tape with new
`MessagePads.
`
`20/20 hindsight may make the MessagePad’s screen look worse than it seemed in 1993; its battery life, however,
`benefits from a couple of decades of diminished expectations. Back in the 1990s, people squawked that the
`MessagePad H1000 drained its four AAA batteries too quickly. I found, however, that I could go for a couple of
`weeks on a set. In an age of smartphones that conk out after less than one day, that was more than enough to keep
`me happy.
`
`Now, about that handwriting recognition. (It was, incidentally, developed by a team of Russian computer
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`scientists who later went on to create Evernote, the gem of a note-taking app for the iPhone and other devices.)
`The H1000’s core apps include a note taker, a calendar and an address book, and the principal means of entering
`information into all of them is to write it with the PDA’s stylus. The original Newton TV commercials certainly
`played up the feature.
`
`And in this excerpt from a 1993 episode of public TV’s Computer Chronicles, Apple product manager Tony
`Espinoza shows off the recognition working correctly–albeit slowly–and demonstrates most of the PDA’s other
`major features.
`
`As you write words on the screen using the stylus, in either cursive or block letters, Newton OS checks them
`against its dictionary, which contains 10,000 words, plus any you add yourself. If the software manages to
`understand your scrawls, and the word is in the dictionary, it’ll convert it into editable text. But if it fails to
`decipher the characters you wrote–or it does decipher them, but the word isn’t in the dictionary–you’re toast.
`
`(There’s an option you can turn on which, in theory, lets the MessagePad recognize words that aren’t in the
`dictionary, but in my experience it didn’t work. Ever.)
`
`It’s difficult to say exactly what percentage of the time the PDA has managed to correctly turn my handwriting
`into text, in part because it theoretically gets better at the job as it goes along. When I write painstakingly and use
`words that are in the Newton dictionary, the handwriting recognition works, sometimes. Manually adding words
`it doesn’t know–like my own last name–helps.
`
`Overall, though, the MessagePad is iffy for words even if they’re in the dictionary. It only seems to know proper
`names if they’re extremely commonplace ones, such as “John” or “Perkins.” And it’s downright abysmal for brand
`names. Especially ones that didn’t exist in 1993–strangely enough, “Google” and “Facebook” aren’t in its
`dictionary.
`
`All of this is crippling, and leaves me thinking that one piece of conventional wisdom about the Newton–that it
`was doomed by crummy handwriting recognition–is correct. How could Apple have expected a PDA with an
`unusable input system to sell? How could anybody?
`
`Sculley and company weren’t the only ones who failed to flag the recognition as a product-destroying flaw.
`The Wall Street Journal’s Mossberg cautioned that it was “probably still a bit too imperfect for most people” but
`still praised it as by far the best he’d ever seen. Investment fund manager Roger McNamee, who would eventually
`help run Palm, told the New York Times’ John Markoff that the MessagePad had “the best handwriting
`recognition that I have used.” InfoWorld‘s Stewart Alsop declared that “the handwriting recognition beats
`everything I’ve seen hands down (and I’ve seen them all).”
`
`Mossberg, McNamee and Alsop were right: The Newton did have the finest handwriting recognition anyone had
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`seen up until that point. But that didn’t really matter. It needed to be good enough to be useful, and in its original
`form, it wasn’t.
`
`By the time Apple started selling the MessagePad H1000, it may have understood that the recognition was a
`disaster in the making. My friend Phil Baker–who’s worked on interesting gadgets as old as Polaroid’s SX-70 and
`as new as the Barnes & Noble Nook–led the team that built the second-generation Newton, the MessagePad 110.
`(His industrial designer was a new Apple recruit: the not-yet-legendary Jonathan Ive.)
`
`Phil and his team were already at work on the 110 before Apple had unveiled the first MessagePad, and were
`startled by the favorable reviews in publications such as PC Magazine. At the original model’s launch, he told me,
`“I got worried when the marketing manager was entering words in the dictionary by hand an hour before the
`demo.”
`
`Graffiti to the Rescue
`
`Once I got tired of entering words into my Newton’s dictionary, I turned to a magnificent piece of software called
`Graffiti. It felt like a homecoming: The streamlined form of handwriting recognition, which has you enter
`simplified characters one-by-one, was the primary means of input on Palm’s PalmPilot PDAs for years, including
`several models which I owned. But before Palm put Graffiti on PalmPilots, it offered it as an app for the Newton
`and other early pen-based handhelds. (It developed the software after its own Newton-esque PDA, the Zoomer,
`crashed and burned within months of its 1993 launch.)
`
`Graffiti may have been a tiny company’s attempt to rectify the Newton’s most glaring weakness, but it had a
`Cupertino seal of approval. An Apple division called StarCore distributed the software as part of the Newton
`Enhancement Pack, in packaging that called it “fast, accurate and frustration-free.” Even Apple, it seems,
`acknowledged that the standard Newton recognition was sluggish, inaccurate and full of frustration.
`
`It had been eight years or so since I retired my last Graffiti-based PalmPilot, but the Graffiti characters were still
`lodged in the back of my brain. I was able to immediately begin writing on the MessagePad at a rapid clip, with
`nearly flawless accuracy. If every MessagePad had come with Graffiti preinstalled, I concluded, the early history of
`the Newton could have been radically different–and Garry Trudeau wouldn’t have had nearly as much fun.
`
`Having mastered text entry, I moved on to the MessagePad’s built-in applications. They aren’t bad, and in many
`ways they’re roughly equivalent to the notepads, calendars and address books on modern smartphones. The
`gestures remain engaging–especially the zig-zag you draw to delete items, which self-immolate in a puff of smoke.
`
`NewtonOS also has a feature called Assistant, a sort of proto-Siri which may be the single most wildly ambitious
`thing in the software. Instead of tapping your way around the apps, you can enter plain-English commands such
`as “Call Bryan at home” and “Remember order paper clips.” It’s hobbled by the balky handwriting recognition, but
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`with Graffiti, it works.
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`11/23/15, 3:26 PM
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`Little reminders that Newton software is twenty years old do lurk everywhere. There’s no unified home screen
`with icons for all your applications in one place; in fact, there’s no icon for the Notepad at all. And bopping
`between programs is an odd experience–applications and dialog boxes pile up on top of each other like a stack of
`Post-It Notes. You’ve got to close them one at a time to work your way back to the ones on the bottom. Clearly, the
`Newton’s creators were still getting a sense of how a mobile operating system should behave.
`
`They were also swatting bugs, or failing to do so. My MessagePad keeps slipping into a strange limboland–I can
`draw on the screen, but the PDA doesn’t respond to any input until I reboot it. It sometimes claims it’s out of
`memory when it isn’t. Neither of the Getting Started memory cards that came with either of the Newtons in my
`possession work in either unit; this may be due to a defect that was discovered after the first MessagePads
`shipped. And ActionNames, a calendar program on the Newton Enhancement Pack card, spawns error messages
`every time I try to use it. (Its manual acknowledges the possibility of problems and cheerfully suggests upgrading
`to a MessagePad 110.)
`
`I’m still not sure if all of these glitches bedeviled the first owners of MessagePads, but if they did, they couldn’t
`have helped the device’s reputation.
`
`Figuring out how to get additional software onto the MessagePad was no cakewalk. The Newton Connection Kit
`I’d bought reminded me how much computers have changed since the early-to-mid 1990s. The cable used a DB9
`serial connector, an archaic standard long ago nudged aside by USB. As for the software, it came on a stack of 3.5″
`floppy disks–which didn’t really matter, since it was a Windows 3.1 program which likely wouldn’t run on a 21st-
`century computer anyhow.
`
`In theory, it should have been possible to hook it up to my 2012 MacBook Air using special software and an
`adapter that let the MessagePad’s serial jack connect to one of the MacBook’s USB ports. After failing repeatedly
`to get it to work for more than a half-second at a time, I gave up. And then I remembered that I had the Zenith
`laptop I used in the mid-1990s boxed up in my garage.
`
`The Zenith had a serial port and a floppy drive, and it ran Windows 3.1. It worked fine with the Connection Kit. I
`ended up using my MacBook to download Newton apps — including a faux Tetris and an e-book of Alice in
`Wonderland — and then transferring them to the Zenith. Then I’d copy them to the MessagePad.
`
`I had faint hopes of using my MessagePad and fax/modem for e-mail. It had come with a post card you could snail
`mail to Apple requesting a starter kit for the NewtonMail service; Apple apparently used the postcard as a means
`of buying some time, since NewtonMail wasn’t ready until months after the first MessagePads shipped. But
`NewtonMail is the only e-mail program that’s compatible with NewtonOS 1.0, and I assume that Apple
`discontinued it at some point in the past two decades. Even if it didn’t, it ran on Sprintnet, a dial-up network
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`that’s no longer with us.
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`Unable to use my fax/modem to get online, I jotted a note on the MessagePad, then faxed it to myself.
`That worked perfectly.
`
`A Newton Post-Mortem
`
`Even by Newton standards, my original model, running 1.0 software, is a relic. Eventually, Newtons would enter
`the Internet age; clever people have even used later models to tweet and connect to wi-fi networks. And as Phil
`Baker explained to me, Apple was busy refining the MessagePad hardware and software even before the first
`MessagePad was sold.
`
`Like Bullwinkle repeatedly declaring that he’s about to pull a rabbit out of his hat–“this time for sure!”–the
`company kept releasing new Newtons which looked like they might be the model that would make the
`MessagePad a bona-fide success. There was the 110, the 120, the 130, the 2000 and the 2100, plus a fascinating
`proto-netbook called the eMate 300.
`
`Newton hope tended to spring eternal. In March of 1994, the New York Times titled John Markoff’s story on the
`MessagePad 110 “Apple’s Newton Reborn: Will It Still the Critics?” A year and a half later, a Markoff piece on
`NewtonOS 2.0 was called “Apple’s Newton Poised for a Rebirth.” But neither the 110 nor OS 2.0 nor any of Apple’s
`other improvements did the trick.
`
`Along the way, the Newton handwriting recognition got much, much better. That didn’t help enough–which may
`be a sign that consumers simply aren’t as interested in taking handwritten notes on an electronic device as Apple
`expected. After all, the only major post-Newton attempt to popularize handwritten input, Microsoft’s Tablet PC,
`also fizzled.
`
`Even back in the 1990s, I remember becoming convinced that Apple was energetically pushing the Newton in the
`wrong direction. Sheer technological potency wasn’t the problem: Compared to the first model, the final Newton
`PDA, 1997’s MessagePad 2100, had fifteen times the clockspeed, 90 percent more pixels and more than twelve
`times as much RAM. It also had vastly better software.
`
`But the 2100 moved the Newton even deeper into tweener territory. It was taller, wider and thicker than the
`H1000, resulting in an even less pocketable gadget. It started at $1000; the H1000 had been $699. And it still
`didn’t come standard with the hardware and software you needed to exchange data with a PC.
`
`Might Apple have served the Newton better by moving it in a different solution? We don’t have to treat that
`question as an imponderable. We just need to look at the case study provided by Jeff Hawkins’ Palm Computing.
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`After Palm’s big-time partners, Radio Shack and Casio, bailed on the Zoomer II, the company retrenched. With
`almost no resources, it got to work on a PDA that was far smaller, simpler and cheaper than the Zoomer. The new
`gadget used Graffiti instead of conventional handwriting recognition, and it came with a docking station and
`software that made syncing calendar and contacts with a PC a breeze.
`
`Palm called its creation the…Taxi. But only briefly. When that moniker turned out to have trademark problems,
`the company changed the name to Pilot, shortly before the first units went on sale in 1996. Starting at just $299,
`the Palm Pilot became the phenomenon that the Newton was supposed to be but never was. It eventually evolved
`into the Treo, which was one of the two most significant pre-iPhone smartphones, along with the BlackBerry.
`
`There was certainly some Newton in the Pilot. And there’s an awful lot of Pilot in the iPhone 4S, the iPad and
`every Android device–starting wtth the home screen’s grid of icons and the way apps run in full-screen mode. Had
`Apple followed Palm’s path–smaller, simpler, cheaper–it might have made all the difference.
`
`Or maybe not. Newton fans took Steve Jobs’ 1998 decision to discontinue Apple’s PDA badly. They accused him of
`bearing a grudge against the gadget based on its origin as the brainchild of John Sculley, the man who had fired
`him in 1985. Perhaps so. But various other Apple executives had flirted with shuttering or selling Newton for years
`before the company’s co-founder returned. (Sculley was sacked by the Apple board just over two months after the
`first Newtons went on sale, in part because he was spending too much time being a visionary and not enough time
`selling Macintoshes.)
`
`Another point to consider: Jobs didn’t seem to have any problem with plenty of other products and technologies
`which originated during the Sculley era, including PowerBooks, FireWire and QuickTime.
`
`“The Newton achieved cult status, but the market was not big enough to see it become a success,” says ZDNet’s
`mobile-gadget guru James Kendrick, who owned an original MessagePad back in the day. “It was too expensive
`and big and clunky to become a mainstream hit. Jobs killed it out of necessity as the situation Apple was in when
`he returned was too bad to continue the expensive Newton line.”
`
`Still, Kendrick sees hints of Sculley’s failed experiment in Jobs’ blockbuster gadgets. “I believe that Siri,
`introduced on the iPhone 4S, has a direct lineage with the Newton,” he told me. “The natural language
`interpretation was begun way back when on the Newton, as Apple tried to make the Newton work in a natural
`way.”
`
`When Jobs decided to shut down the Newton division, color screens were still unaffordable, touch input was
`crude and wireless data didn’t get much more exciting than two-way paging. When he launched the first iPhone
`nine years later, technology allowed Apple to build the sort of devices it wanted to create in the 1990s, but
`couldn’t. He may have killed Newton, but he didn’t kill the dream behind it so much as press a giant pause
`button–and after finally spending quality time with a MessagePad, I’m more convinced than ever that he made
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`the right call.
`
`[MORE APPLE NOSTALGIA: Earlier this year, the Apple II turned 35.]
`
`© 2015 Time Inc. All rights reserved.
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