throbber
ARC/INFO”:
`
`_
`
`GIS Today and Tomorrow"
`
`
`
`ESRI WHITE PAPER SERIES
`
`SEPTEMBER T992
`
`
`
`ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCHINSTITUTE.INC
`
`Page 1 of 53
`
`CORELOGIC EXHIBIT 1022
`
`Page 1 of 53
`
`CORELOGIC EXHIBIT 1022
`
`

`

`Copyright © 1992 Environmental Systems Research Institute. Inc.
`All Rights Reserved.
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`The information contained in this document is the exclusive property of Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
`This work is protecmd under United States Copyright law and other international copyright treaties and conventions. No
`part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical. including
`photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as expressly permitted in writing
`by Environmental Systems Research Institute. Inc. All requests should be sent to Environmental Systems Research
`Institute, Inc, 380 New York Street, Redlands, CA 92373 USA, Attention: Contracts Manager.
`
`The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.
`
`RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND
`Use, duplication and disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in FAR § 52.227-14 (JUN
`1987) Alternate III (g)(3) (JUN 1987), FAR §52.227-I9 (JUN 1981'), orDFARS § 252227-7013 (c)(l)(ii) (OCT 1988)
`of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause, as amlicable. ContractorManufacturer is Environmental
`Systems Research Institute, Inc., 380 New York Street, Redlands, CA 92373 USA.
`
`ESRI, ARCflNFO, and PC ARCIINFO are registered trademarks of Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. The
`ESRI logo. ARCHNFO COGO, ARCJ'INFO NETWORK, ARCIINFO TIN, ARCIWPO GRID, LIBRARIAN.
`ARCEDIT, ARCPLOT, ARC Macro Language, DATABASE INTEGRATOR, IMAGE IN'I‘EGRATOR, ArcView,
`ArcCAD, ARC News, ARCwar-e, FonnEdit, PC ARCEDIT. PC ARCPLOT. PC OVERLAY. PC NETWORK,
`PC DATA CONVERSION, and PC ARCIINFO STARTER KIT are trademarks of Environmental Systems Research
`Institute, Inc. ARCMAIL is a service mark of Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
`
`PostScript and Adobe Illustrator are registered trademarks of Adobe Systems. Inc. Apple and Macintosh are registered
`trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Autodesk and AutoCAD are registered trademarks of Autodesk, Inc. CalComp is a
`trademark of CalComp, Inc. AViiON is a trademark of Data General Corporation. DEC, DECstation, DEC/VAX,
`VAXstation, and Rdb are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. ERDAS is a registered u'ademark and Live Link
`is a trademark of ERDAS, Inc. INFO is a trademark of Hence Software, Inc. Hewlett—Packard, HP, and HP Apollo are
`registered trademarks of Hewlett~Packard Company. IBM and IBM PC AT are registered trademarks and RISC
`SystemftSOOO, DBZ, SQU400, SOLIDS, and Viaduct are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation.
`INFORMIX is a registered trademark of INFORMIX Software, Inc. INGRES is a registered trademark of INGRES
`Corporation. Intergraph is a registered trademark of lntergraph Corporation. Microsoft and MS-DOS are registered
`trademarks and Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. NEC is a registered trfiemark of Nippon Electric
`Corporation. ORACLE is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation. OSFfMotif is a trademark of Open Software
`Formdation, Inc. Prime is a trademark of Prime Computers, Inc. Scitex is a registered trademark of Scitex Corporation.
`Ltd. Silicon Graphics is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc. SPARCstation is a trademark of SPARC
`International, Inc. Sun Microsystems is a registered trademark and Sun-3 and Sun-4 are trademarks of Sun
`Microsystems, Inc. SYBASE is a registered trademark of SYBASE, Inc. UNIX and OPEN LOOK are registered
`trademarks of UNIX Systems Laboratories, Inc. Versatec is a trademark of Versatec, Inc. Other companies and
`trademarks herein are trademarks of their respective companies.
`
`Page 2 of 53
`
`Page 2 of 53
`
`

`

`—6—H H102”?
`
`ARC/INFO
`GIS Today and
`Tomorrow
`
`This white paper provides the basic information needed to evaluate
`ARCJ'INFO® software, the world‘s leading geographic information
`system (GIS). It explains GIS concepts and describes how
`ARCHNFO provides GIS solutions. When you have finished reading
`this document you will know how ARC/INFO works and how it is
`supported, and understand its underlying design philosophy.
`
`ARC/INFO was developed and is supplied by Environmental Systems
`Research Institute. Inc. (ESRI). This white paper also describes
`ESRJ‘s commitment to GIS and the organizational structure that
`supports ARCflNFO.
`
`6185 are recognized today as useful and necessary tools, and are
`widely used in many organizations, public and private, around the
`world. Utility companies use them for facilities management.
`Politicians use them to adjust political boundaries. Delivery
`companies use them to route vehicles. Environmental scientists use
`them to manage wildlife. Police departments use them to study crime
`patterns.
`
`As a user, as well as a supplier of GIS technology, ESRI is aware of
`the ever-increasing need for integrated systems. Future GISs must
`openly accept new functionality, flexibly adapt to virtually any
`application or technology, and present information through a
`SOphisticated, yet easy-to—use, style of interaction. ARC/INFO is the
`future of GIS.
`
`Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
`380 New York Street, Redlauds. CA 92373
`E
`
`(714) 793-2353
`FAX (3’14) 793-5953
`Telex 910 332 131?
`
`Page 3 of 53
`
`LIBMR?
`
`Page 3 of 53
`
`

`

`W—
`
`Contents
`
`Section
`
`'
`
`Page
`
`ARC/INFO: An Integrated Answer
`
`Five Parts of a G18
`
`Trends
`
`ESRI Software Philosophy
`
`Data Models
`
`Data Types
`
`ARC/INFO Tools
`
`Graphic User Interface
`
`Supported Hardware Environments
`
`Software Connections
`
`ARC/INFO Applications
`
`ESRI
`
`2
`
`3
`
`5
`
`6
`
`1 1
`
`25
`
`27
`
`37
`
`40
`
`41
`
`44
`
`45
`
`Environmental Systems Research Institute. Inc.
`330 New York Street. Redlauds. CA 923273
`
`(714) 793-2853
`FAX {714) 793-5953
`Telex 910 332 131?
`
`Page 4 of 53
`
`Page 4 of 53
`
`

`

`ARCHNFO: GIS Today and Tomorrow
`
`2
`
`614153107“?
`
`ARC/INFO: An
`Integrated Answer
`
`In making a decision on implementing a comprehensive GIS solution,
`a number of questions are likely being asked about the competing GIS
`systems and the respective companies that develop and support them.
`
`Which GIS Is Best for
`
`I
`
`My Applications?
`
`Which vendor can offer me the most technically advanced
`product?
`
`Which vendor can provide me with the best technical and user
`support?
`
`Which vendor has the highest quality documentation and user
`education program?
`
`Which vendor has the largest customer installation base for
`sharing of data and ideas?
`
`Which vendor is most committed to research and development?
`
`Which vendor can provide the various components of my
`organization with the most integrated geoprocessing system?
`
`Which vendor can be most trusted to support my system over the
`long term?
`
`Which vendor leads the industry with technological
`breakthroughs?
`
`Which vendor has the greatest market share?
`
`Which vendor has the best reputation in the GIS industry?
`
`Which vendor is most stable financially?
`
`Which vendor literally invented commercial GISs?
`
`This document describes the ability of ESRI and its ARCHNFO
`software to meet your requirements and more. In keeping with
`ESRI's commitment to technological advances and indusuy-leading
`geoprocessing breakthroughs, this document is written with special
`
`September 1992
`
`Page 5 of 53
`
`Page 5 of 53
`
`

`

`6-14 IB.D2.DTWP
`
`The Future of GIS
`
`Five Parts of a GIS
`
`Applications
`
`ARCIINFO: GIS Today and Tomorrow
`
`3
`
`emphasis on how the latest enhancements to the ESRI® ARCHNFO
`software will satisfy y0ur geoprocessing'rieeds.
`
`As GIS becomes more widely used in many industries and
`organizations for an ever-increasing number of applications, it
`becomes more apparent that the system needs to be more integrated
`and less modular. Disparate applications must all function under the
`umbrella of a single. integrated system. The key to the future of GIS
`is the ability of the data model to openly accept new functionality and
`flexibly adapt to virtually any application. ARCIINFO is the future of
`GI S.
`
`A GIS is more than just hardware and software. At ESRI, we believe
`these technologies must merge with data, people, and applications to
`make a fully functional geoprocessing system. ESRJ provides more
`than just technology; we provide complete GIS solutions. The five
`parts of a GIS—applications, people, data, hardware. and software“
`also describe ESRI‘s commitment to GIS.
`
`Organizational needs define the goals of the GIS, and these needs vary
`from site to site. To be effective, the GIS must provide core
`functionality, yet be adaptable and extensible to the unique
`requirements of each application. ARCfINFO software's ARC Macro
`Language (AML)“‘ capabilities allow for the development of simple
`and easy-to-use or sophisticated applications designed specifically for
`your organization, using your own terminology and procedures. Our
`off-the—shelf applications systems can help you to get started quickly
`in applications as diverse as redistricting or crime analysis-
`ARCIDJFO software's open architecture allows for easy integration of
`custom applications written in C or FORTRAN. ESRI offers custom
`software application development services to focus GIS precisely on
`your needs.
`
`People
`
`ESRI is a highly skilled and dedicated group of people, educated and
`experienced in many disciplines. ESRI personnel resources are
`available to help your GIS personnel become experts. A complete
`training program, clear and concise documentation, and responsive
`
`— E
`
`nvironmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
`380 New York Street, Rediands, CA 92373
`
`(714) 793-2353
`FAX (T14) 'i'93-5953
`Telex 910 332 I317
`
`Page 6 of 53
`
`Page 6 of 53
`
`

`

`ARCIINFO: GIS Today and Tomorrow
`
`—4
`
`GM mean”?
`
`Data
`
`Hardware
`
`
`
`technical support services ensure that your people thoroughly
`understand ARCHNFO and GIS, and can apply it knowledgeably to
`solve complex problems within your organizatiOn.
`.
`
`The geographic database is the most expensive and long-lived
`component of the GIS, thus making data entry 3 very important
`consideration. Because ARCHNFO integrates a variety of data types
`from a variety of sources, it provides multiple data entry options.
`ARC/MFG offers efficient data entry methods for automating paper
`maps and other nondigital data sources. To take advantage of the vast
`collection of geographically referenced data that already exist in digital
`format, ARCHNFO provides the most comprehensive data conversion
`capability of any GIS on the market. ARCIINFO software's
`integrative capabilities also allow data sharing with other applications
`without the need for data conversion.
`
`ARCHNFO'S hardware independence offers you several distinct
`advantages. Hardware independence lets you choose the computer
`platform that best meets the needs of your organization by allowing
`you to take advantage of your existing hardware investment or giving
`you the freedom to choose a new system based on your requirements,
`such as performance, expandability, support, cost, and so forth.
`
`I ARCIINFO software runs on all four major classes of computers
`(PCs, engineering workstations. minicornputers, and mainframes)
`using native operating systems.
`
`I ARCIINFO software runs on more than twenty different hardware
`platforms, including Sun, Hewlett—Packard, IBM, Digital
`Equipment Corporation, Silicon Graphics, Prime, NBC, Data
`General, Intergraph, and others.
`
`I ESRI has established reseller relationships with hardware
`vendors, allowing us to propose complete turnkey GIS systems
`if so desired by the client
`
`September 1992
`
`Page 7 of 53
`
`Page 7 of 53
`
`

`

`ARCJINFO: GIS Today and Tomorrow
`
`— G
`
`l 4 ”3.02.07“?
`
`5
`
`Software While the investments in applications, people, data, and hardware far
`exceed the investment in software, the software ties it all together.
`ESRI's software serves as an integrative force in an organization,
`allowing multiple and scattered sources of information to be accessed
`from a single workstation using one software system. The ESRI
`product line includes ARC/INFO, ARC/INFO COGOW, ARC/INFO
`TIN”, ARCHNFO NETWORK“, ARCHNFO GRID”, ArcView‘",
`ArcCADm, and PC ARC/lNFO® software. In addition to off-the-
`shelf technology, ESRJ offers a full suite of software services to meet
`the specific needs of individual clients. ARCfINFO adheres to
`industry standards and open systems, and is designed to keep pace
`with technological and organizational trends.
`
`Trends
`
`At least once a year, and often more frequently, ESRI releases an
`ARCJ'INFO revision to provide enhancements requested by
`ARCIH'JFO users, and to incorporate appropriate new technology and
`functionality designed and deveIOped by ESRI's renowned software
`engineering group. Trends in the computer industry, in general, and
`the GIS industry, in particular, also influence ESRl's decisions to
`release revisions of ARCIINFO.
`
`Advances in
`Technology
`
`Technological advancesh-wsuch as the dropping cost of computer
`power, new developments in workstation and network architecture,
`advances in graphic user interface technology, the move toward an
`instrumental universe, and the adoption of new industry standards—
`give GIS more power and versatility to solve problems. Recent
`advances in desktop computer technology have brought sophisticated
`software within the reach of many more people. ESRI has developed
`new geoprocessing tools designed to take advantage of the latest
`technology, and to bring sephisticated GIS capabilities to your
`desktop.
`
`Complex With the maturation of GIS technology and the realization of many
`Problems
`new sophisticated uses for it, GISs are continuing to solve very
`simple problems, but increasingly are also expected to solve more
`complex problems.
`
`Environmental Systems Research Institute. Inc.
`330 New York Street, Redlauds, CA 92373
`
`(714) 793—2853
`FAX (714) 193-5953
`Telex 910 332 1311
`
`Page 8 of 53
`
`Page 8 of 53
`
`

`

`ARCIINFO: GIS Today and Tomorrow
`
`—6
`
`G-Iamnzmwp'
`
`Data
`
`Variety
`
`Data
`
`Volume
`
`GIS users take advantage of many types of data to solve these
`complex problems—not just multiple vector data types (such as DXF.
`DLG, TIGER, etc.), but other types of data (various raster files,
`scanned documents, satellite images, video images, etc..). That 6153
`must employ a wide variety of data is apparent.
`
`Dara volume, along with data variety, is also increasing. The
`amount of data in the world is growing at an explosive rate. Large
`and varied data sets are required to solve more complex problems.
`6183 create data and must also use existing data from a wide variety
`of applications.
`
`ESRI Software
`
`Philosophy
`
`While industry trends influence ESRI's software development
`decisions, the most influential factor is our users. At ESRI, our users
`are our most important advocates and sources of ideas. When they
`ask us for enhancements to ARCHNFO software, we respond.
`
`ESRl's philosophy is to provide our users with the types of
`technologically advanced geoprocessing tools they need to get their
`jobs done. ESRI's continued success in the global GIS market can be
`attributed to a number of factors that spring from this philosophy.
`
`I ARCIINFO software engineering is based on open systems and
`enables adaptation to technological trends, allowing you to take
`advantage of the latest technological developments.
`
`I ARCIINFO combines a simple data model with a highly
`sophisticated set of geoprocessing tools, thus providing you with
`the most advanced geographic modeling and analysis capabilities
`available in the GIS market.
`
`I ARCIINFO software‘s simple, yet practical, data model integrates
`many types of data—raster, vector, image, CAD, tabular, surface,
`and video—providing you with a single geoprocessing system
`performing the functions that require a number of separate
`products from other vendors.
`
`—S
`
`eptember 1992
`
`Page 9 of 53
`
`Page 9 of 53
`
`

`

`6-] l- ] £102.03“?
`
`ARC/INFO: GIS Today and Tomorrow
`
`7
`
`I ARCHNFO software's SOphisticated tools for development of
`application macros enable it to adapt to almost any requirement,
`giving you an easy avenue for developing and customizing the
`software to suit your specific needs.
`
`I ARCHNFO adheres to industry standards, letting your GIS talk
`to, and work with, other standard applications-
`
`ESRI's commitment to research and development is unequaled in the
`GIS industry. As an ARCflNFO user, you not only have access to
`breakthroughs in GIS technology before anyone else, but you also
`play an important role in the development of these breakthroughs.
`
`AROINFO is designed to be open and evolutionary. Based on
`proven technology but highly extensible, ARCIINFO incorporates
`new technologies as they develop- Careful, sophisticated, and highly
`structured software engineering has allowed us to revisit and advance
`the data model. functionality, and user interface of our product
`
`Open, Evolutionary,
`and Adaptive
`
`Toolbox
`
`ARCfINFO continues to prove itself adaptable to highly varied user
`requirements and current technology trends. The ARCIINFO toolbox,
`a generic nonapplication-specific approach to GIS, allows ARCJINFO
`to adapt to virtually any situation.
`
`— E
`
`nvironmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
`330 New York Street. Redlands. CA 92373
`
`(714) 793—2853
`FAX (714) 793-5953
`Telex 910 332 13!?
`
`Page 10 of 53
`
`Page 10 of 53
`
`

`

`ARCHNFO: GIS Today and Tomorrow
`
` 8
`
`GI ll-l1'3..1'.Z'2.l.'i’.i'\'a"]i'
`
`Related Symbol
`
`Database
`
`
`
`Specific applications for almost any organization can and are being
`developed by ESRI and our cooperative business partners, using
`ARCJ'INFO software's comprehensive collection of tools. Moreover,
`these organizations all benefit from the unifonn implementation of the
`ARCfINFO system.
`
`ARCJINFO software is both integrative and integrated. ESR]
`strives to make ARCJINFO an integrative tool within organizations.
`A common GIS database used for multiple purposes has proven to be
`a cost effective approach to multidisciplinary problem solving.
`ARC/INFO is also designed to be an integrated set of tools,
`allowing the user to perform varied functions from within a single.
`common geoprocessing system. Optional features are implemented as
`fully integrated extensions to the core package.
`
`Integration
`
`September 1992
`
`Page 11 of 53
`
`Page 11 of 53
`
`

`

`ARCIINFO: GIS Today and Tomorrow
` Gel-1.113.020?“
`
`Open Look
`
`Graphic User Interface
`
`Management
`Tools
`
`DATABASE
`
`
`
`Standards
`
`ESRl sees standards as important because they give you more
`opportunity to choose among technical alternatives and preserve
`investments in data and expertise. Standards are advantageous to us
`as well because they ensure that software will be extensible into the
`future. Standard interfaces enable ARCXINFO software to work
`
`seamlessly with other products. ESRI adheres to relevant industry
`standards, and has played an important role in establishing now-
`recognized standards where none previously existed. For example,
`ESRI recently developed the new standard data format (VPF) for the
`Defense Mapping Agency. ESRI supports all standards applicable to
`GIS, and ESRI personnel are members of the national and industry-
`based committees that develop many of the standards. ESRI has been
`influencing and designing standards for GIS for longer than most
`other GIS vendors have been in business-
`
`Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
`380 New York Street. Redlands. CA 92373
`
`(714) 793-2853
`FAX (714] 793-5953
`Telex 910 332 131?
`
`Page 12 of 53
`
`Page 12 of 53
`
`

`

`ARCIINFO: GIS Today and Tomorrow
`
`— 1
`
`G “10.02.01“?
`
`0
`
`Research and
`Development
`
`Software
`Engineering
`
`Summary of ESRI's
`Software Philosophy
`
`Emphasis on research and development “all“: key to the long-term
`viability of GIS software. Without a strong commitment to research
`and development, the software cannot grow as fast as the needs of its
`users. At ESRI, we do more than stay Current with industry trends
`and standards; we create them. With ARCHNFO, GIS users have the
`opportunity to use and apply sophisticated tools that will not be
`available from competing software packages for months or years.
`Every year, ESRI dedicates approximately 20 percent of its total
`revenue to research and development. ARC/INFO software was the
`world's first commercial GIS, and ESRI is committed to maintaining
`ARCJ'INFO as the GIS leader through the most comprehensive
`research and development program in the industry.
`
`ARCHNFO software is founded on machine independence, and runs
`equally well on any platform. This is why ARCHNFO runs so well
`under so many different operating systems on so many different
`computers, from PCs to workstations and from minicomputers to
`mainframes. When the focus of the computer industry shifted from
`minicomputers to workstations, ARCHNFO was rewritten to take full
`advantage of the capabilities of each hardware vendor's UNIX®
`environment. ARC/1NF0 is fully optimizedfor each supported
`hardware platform and takes advantage of variations in specific
`hardware vendor implementations of the UNIX operating system.
`
`ESRl's software philosophy has resulted in a superior product that
`has withstood the tests of time and competition. This is apparent
`when considering the role that ESRI's research and development
`efforts play in defining major new directions in GIS technology. and
`considering the ease with which these enhancements are implemented
`in the ARCIINFO data model.
`
`September 1992
`
`Page 13 of 53
`
`Page 13 of 53
`
`

`

`G—le‘lflZflTWF
`
`l 1
`
`ARCIINFO: 018 Today and Tomorrow
`
`Data Models
`
`
`
`The backbone of ESRI‘s ARCfINFO GIS is the data model.
`ARCHNFO is based on a georelational daia model, which abstracts
`geographic information into a series of independently defined layers or
`coverages. This approach borrows heavily from the concepts of a
`relational database management system (DBMS). The integration of
`ARCIINFO with numerous leading DBMSS further extends the
`strengths of the georelational data model. In this section, the concept
`of a data model is introduced and its importance explained. The
`ARCHNFO data model is then defined in more detail.
`
`Data Models
`versus Reality
`
`A data model is aformal system, in which a set of precisely defined
`objects can be manipulated in accordance with a set of precisely
`defined rules, without any regard for the "meaning" or real-world
`interpretation of those objects or rules. Reality is an informal
`system. a system of immense complexity. The difficulty in defining a
`comprehensive and useful data model is to find a formal system
`whose behavior mimics the informal behavior of the real world as
`
`closely as possible.
`
`The GIS
`Data Model
`
`A 615 is a formal collection of spatial operators that act on a spatial
`database in order to relate the user to the real world. A GIS models
`
`geographic reality, specifically those 215me of interest to an
`application. An accurate data model enables display and analysis of
`geographic reality in ways impossible without a computer. A GIS
`data model must represent and relate both graphic and tabular data. In
`addition, a 618 can be used to simulate extremely complex real-world
`events and situations. This complexity puts an even greater strain on
`the formal 618 model to accurately imitate the informal behavior of
`reality.
`
`The ARC/INFO The basic ARCflNFO data model is generic and very simple—it
`Data Model
`describes abstract geographic featurekpoints. lines, and areas—
`whose attributes are kept in relational tables. The ARCIINFO data
`model is a hybn'd geonelational data model based on a cartographic
`database. Data are stored using a topological data structure in a
`collection of coverages. Coverages are basic units of vector data
`storage and can represent several types of geographic features.
`
`Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
`380 New York Street. Redlands. CA 9233'3
`
`(714) 793-2853
`FAX (714) T935953
`Telex 910 332 1317
`
`Page 14 of 53
`
`Page 14 of 53
`
`

`

`ARCflNFO: GIS Today and Tomorrow
`
`— 1
`
`Iii-1413.02.”
`
`2
`
`The power of ARCflNFO can be attributed to the strength and
`flexibility of the data model. Each ARCITNFO application builds a
`specific data model on the base generic data model. For example, a
`transportation application specifically models roads using the generic
`line data entity.
`
`A detailed description of the ARCfINFO data model can be divided
`into the following specific areas:
`
`Cartographic database
`Geomlational data model
`
`Coverage concept
`Feature class concept
`Topological data structure
`Map library
`
`In developing an understanding of the data model, it is important to
`keep in mind the basic definition of ARC/INFO; that is, the integration
`of graphic data and information. "ARC" is a generic term referring to
`graphic data. “INFO" is an abbreviation referring to information
`of many types, including vector data, tabular data. surfaces, video,
`raster data, scanned images, documents, and so forth. The acronym
`"ARCHNFO" refers to the integration of a variety of graphic and non-
`graphic data types and sources by a single geoprocessing system.
`ARCfINFO represents the integration of maps and all other
`"infonnation" data sets.
`
`ESRI's ARCIINFO software is a cartographic database system built
`around a hybrid data model. It organizes geographic data using a
`georelational and topological model, as described in detail in the next
`two sections. This facilitates efficient handling of the two generic
`classes of spatial data: locational data. graphically describing the
`location and topology of point, line, and area features; and attribute
`data, the information describing the characteristics of these features.
`ARCJ'INFO software's cartographic database is a collection of spatial
`data and related descriptive data organized for efficient storage and
`retrieval by many users.
`
`Cartographic Database
`
`September 1992
`
`Page 15 of 53
`
`Page 15 of 53
`
`

`

`ARCIINFO: 613 Today and Tomorrow
`
`G- I 45 ”3.02.07“?
`13
`
`Soils
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`.
`........
`'
`
`
`
`
`Land Use
`
`Geology
`
`Fioodplain
`
`Etc-
`
`— Load parcels
`- Utility lines
`- Planimatric features
`
`- Graphic symbology
`
`
`
`Explicit
`Integration
`
`
`
`Topologically Structured
`Cartographic Data Display
`and Manipulation
`
`
`Tabular Data Integration
`and Manipulation
`(using a Relational Database
`Management System)
`
`Environmental Systems Research Institute. Inc.
`380 New York Street, Redlands. CA 92318
`
`(714) 793-2853
`FAX (T14) 793-5953
`Telex 910 332 131?
`
`Page 16 of 53
`
`Page 16 of 53
`
`

`

`ARCJINFO: 013 Today and Tomorrow
`
`G I 4 | 3.02.07“?
`14
`
`Polygons
`
`Lines
`
`Points
`
`Coordinate
`Data
`
`
`
`
`
`
`VAR
`1
`
`VAR VAR
`2
`3
`
`Georelational Data
`Model
`
`The georelational approach involves abstracting geographic
`information into a series of independently defined layers or coverages,
`each representing a selected set of closely associated geographic
`features (e.g.. roads, streams, and forest stands). With this approach,
`users can combine simple features in the data model quickly and
`flexibly to create complex feature sets representing complex
`relationships in the real world. This approach borrows heavily from
`the concepts of relational DBMSs and is typically closely integrated
`with such systems.
`
`September 1992
`
`Page 17 of 53
`
`Page 17 of 53
`
`

`

`ARCJDIFO: GIS Today and Tomorrow
`
`G- momma-r
`15
`
`
`
`The Georelational Model
`
`ESRI has implemented an advanced georelational approach to GIS in
`its ARCIINFO software because it gives our users the most powerful
`and flexible data management and analysis tools available for working
`with geographic data. This georelational approach also allows the
`software to be used successfully for a broad range of applications.
`
`The basic unit of data management in ARCHNFO software is the
`coverage, which defines locational and thematic attributes for map
`features in a given area. A coverage is a digital version of a single
`map sheet layer and usually describes One type of map feature. such as
`roads. parcels. soil units, or forest stands. The coverage concept is
`based on the topological model of geographic information and may
`contain several types of geographic information in the fonn of various
`feature classes of data.
`
`Coverage Concept
`
`— E
`
`nvironmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
`380 New York Street. Redlands. CA 92373
`
`(714) 793—2853
`FAX (T14) 793-5953
`Telex 910 332 131':'
`
`Page 18 of 53
`
`Page 18 of 53
`
`

`

`ARCIINFO: 018 Today and Tomorrow
`
`B-HlflflZflTWP
`16
`
`Node
`Label Point
`
`-
`
`Polygon
`
`Annotation
`
`
`Coverage SOILS
`
`Feature Attn'bute Table SOILSPAT
`
`In a coverage. map features are stored as simple points, arcs, or
`polygons. The locational data about these features may be represented
`explicitly (as a series of x,y coordinates) or topologically (as a
`combination of other features). For example, city streets might be
`represented by a set of arcs and stored as sets of ordered x,y
`coordinates that define each street, whereas each city block might be
`defined by the set of streets comprising its border.
`
`— S
`
`eptember 1992
`
`Page 19 of 53
`
`Page 19 of 53
`
`

`

`ARCIINFO: GIS Today and Tomorrow
`
`Guinean-twp
`17
`
`A coverage is stored as a set of
`files. Note that not allfites need
`to be presentfor every coverage.
`
`Dlreetory Organizatlort ot a Coverage
`'
`
`
`
`The feature class is the fundamental unit of the ARC/INFO geographic
`database. A coverage can contain several feature classes. A feature
`class represents a specific type of geographic data Each feature class
`may have associated attribute tables. Each table defines the attributes,
`called items, for all features of that class in the coverage. Each
`individual feature has a record in its attribute table. The feature
`
`attribute tables are an integral part of the coverage and are processed
`by ARC for all ARCIINFO commands that affect the coverage. The
`basic feature classes used in ARCIINFO and the Specific types of
`geographic information that they represent are summarized below.
`
`I Are. An arc is a continuous string of x,y coordinate pairs
`(vertices) beginning at one location and ending at another location,
`having length but no area. An arc is a digital line.
`
`— E
`
`nvironmental Systems Research Institute. Inc.
`330 New York Street. Rediamds, CA 92373
`
`[714) 793-2853
`FAX (714) 7935953
`Telex 910 332 1317
`
`Feature Class Concept
`
`Page 20 of 53
`
`Page 20 of 53
`
`

`

`ARCIINFO: GIS Today and Tomorrow
`
`18
`
`GAl-ilBflZflTW'P
`
`Node. Nodes are the beginning and ending locations of an arc,
`and are topologically linked to all arcs 'tfiat meet at the node.
`
`Polygon. A polygon is an areal feature topologically defined by
`the series of arcs comprising its boundary; it contains a label point
`inside its boundaries, and has attributes-
`
`Label point. Label points are used to represent point features
`(e.g., telephone poles, well sites, or mountain peaks), or to
`identify a polygon so that additional attribute information can be
`related to the feature-
`
`Annotation. Annotation is descriptive text used to label
`coverage features, is not topologically linked with other features,
`and is used only for display purposes, not for analysis.
`
`Tic. A tie is a registration or geographic control point.
`
`Route. A route is a linear feature on which attributes are defined
`or on which events are referenced. Routes are created along arcs
`by combining sections.
`
`Section. A section represents a whole or part of an arc.
`
`Link. Links are two-point segments that represent from- and to-
`locations in coordinate adjustment
`
`I Coverage extent. The coverage extent is the bounding limit of
`the coverage.
`
`— S
`
`eptember 1992
`
`Page 21 of 53
`
`Page 21 of 53
`
`

`

`ARC/INFO: 618 Today and TomorrOw
`
`(in ] # 115.02.”?
`19
`
`Common ties can be used to
`
`register adieu-en: coverages, as
`well as "layers" ofcoverages
`for the 5m area.
`
`Topological Data
`Structure
`
`
`
`Topology is the spatial relationships between connecting or adjacent
`coverage features (e. g.. arcs, nodes, polygons. and points). For
`example, the topology of an arc includes its from- and to—nodes
`(beginning of an arc and ending of an arc) and its left and right
`polygons. Topological relationships are built from simple elements
`into complex elements: points (simplest elements), arcs (sets of
`connected points), and areas (sets of connected arcs). Redundant data
`(coordinates) are eliminated because an arc may represent both a linear
`feature (or part of a linear feature) and part of the boundary of an area
`feature.
`
`Example of arcwnode topology
`
`1
`
`l
`
`2
`
`4
`
`2
`
`- 1 Node ll 1
`
`4
`
`5
`
`g;
`
`An: it 4 digitized
`in the direction
`of the armw
`
`
`
`
`ARC
`it
`
`moon
`a
`
`1
`2
`3
`4
`5
`
`1
`4
`4
`2
`4
`
`move
`a
`
`
`
`
`2
`1
`3
`S
`5
`
`ARCHNFO software explicitly represents all map features by sets of
`arcs and label points and as topological relationships between
`connected lines and points. For example. a polygon in ARCIINFO is
`defined by the set of arcs that makes up its boundary. In this case. an
`arc is the borde

This document is available on Docket Alarm but you must sign up to view it.


Or .

Accessing this document will incur an additional charge of $.

After purchase, you can access this document again without charge.

Accept $ Charge
throbber

Still Working On It

This document is taking longer than usual to download. This can happen if we need to contact the court directly to obtain the document and their servers are running slowly.

Give it another minute or two to complete, and then try the refresh button.

throbber

A few More Minutes ... Still Working

It can take up to 5 minutes for us to download a document if the court servers are running slowly.

Thank you for your continued patience.

This document could not be displayed.

We could not find this document within its docket. Please go back to the docket page and check the link. If that does not work, go back to the docket and refresh it to pull the newest information.

Your account does not support viewing this document.

You need a Paid Account to view this document. Click here to change your account type.

Your account does not support viewing this document.

Set your membership status to view this document.

With a Docket Alarm membership, you'll get a whole lot more, including:

  • Up-to-date information for this case.
  • Email alerts whenever there is an update.
  • Full text search for other cases.
  • Get email alerts whenever a new case matches your search.

Become a Member

One Moment Please

The filing “” is large (MB) and is being downloaded.

Please refresh this page in a few minutes to see if the filing has been downloaded. The filing will also be emailed to you when the download completes.

Your document is on its way!

If you do not receive the document in five minutes, contact support at support@docketalarm.com.

Sealed Document

We are unable to display this document, it may be under a court ordered seal.

If you have proper credentials to access the file, you may proceed directly to the court's system using your government issued username and password.


Access Government Site

We are redirecting you
to a mobile optimized page.





Document Unreadable or Corrupt

Refresh this Document
Go to the Docket

We are unable to display this document.

Refresh this Document
Go to the Docket