Serving
`
`on the
`
` Maps
`Interne
`
`a ‘,3 Iaurxmmuimm .
`3 USd|'AEo:eMap
`J \'a"odd8a:eMw
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`
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`_' J7. amen c1'I1.Iu1nI£s
`
`Christian Harder
`
`'I l.'.!
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`I-..I.LT;?.’.€‘“""""'*“"' 5”"‘E’
`
`'
`
`INTERNET YELLOW PAGES
`
`PUBLIC ACCESS GIS
`
`SPATIAL DATA LIBRARY
`
`REAL ESTATE LOCATOR
`
`SCIENTIFIC DATA PUBLISHING
`
`SPATIAL DATA SERVER
`
`I-IIGHWAY INFORMATION SYSTEM
`
`ROUTE MANAGEMENT
`
`DISASTER RESPONSE
`
`AIRCRAFT NOISE REPORTING
`
`Page 1 of 132
`
`CORELOGIC EXHIBIT 1003
`
`

`
`Serving
`
`Maps
`Internet
`
`on the
`
`geographic information
`on the worid wide web
`
`Christian Harder
`
`Page 2 of 132
`
`

`
`Published by
`Environmental Systems Research Institute. inc.
`380 New York Street
`Redtands. California 92373-8100
`
`Copyright © 1998 Environmental Systems Research institute. inc.
`All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
`
`The information contained in this document is the exclusive
`
`property of Environmental Systems Research Institute, inc. This work
`is protected under United States copyright law and the copyright
`laws of the given countries of origin and applicable international
`laws. treaties. anditor conventions. No part of this work may be
`reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, eiectronic
`or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any
`information storage or retrieval system. except as expressly
`permitted in writing by Environmental Systems Research Institute.
`Inc. All requests should be sent to Aftenfion: Contracts Manager.
`Environmental Systems Research institute, |nc.. 380 New York Street.
`Redlands. California 92373-8100 USA.
`
`The information contained in this document is subject to change
`without notice.
`
`Restricted} Limited Rights Legend
`
`Any software. documentation. andior data delivered
`hereunder is subject to the terms of the License Agreement.
`in no event shall the Government acquire greater than
`RESTRICTEDILIMITED RIGHTS. At a minimum. use. duplication.
`or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as
`set forth in FAR §52.227-1:1 Aiternates I. II. and Ill (JUN 1987).‘
`FAR §52.227-19 (JUN 1987) andlor FAR §t2.21i;i2.2i2
`(Commercial Technical Dataicomputer Software): and
`I DFARS §252.22‘/‘-7015 (NOV 1905) (Technical Data) andfor
`DFARS §227.7202 (Computer Software). as applica bie.
`' Contractorilvlanufocturer is Environmental Systems
`Research institute. lnc.. 380 New York Street, Rediands.
`California 92373-8100 USA.
`
`In the United States and in some countries. ESRI. ARC/INFO. and
`Arcview are registered trademarks; ArcAtlas. ArcExpiorer. Avenue.
`Mapcafe, Mapobjects. NetEngine, SDE. Spatial Database Engine.
`the ESRI globe logo, the Arcview GIS logo, the ArcExp|orer logo.
`and the ArcData logo are trademarks; and ArcData and
`www.esri.com are service marks of Environmental Systems
`Research |nsi1'tute.lnc.
`
`Netscape. the Netscape N logo. and the Netscape Ship's Wheel
`logo are registered trademarks of Netscape Communications
`Corporation in the United States and other countries.The Microsoft
`Internet Explorer logo is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. The
`names of other companies and products herein are trademarks or
`registered trademarks of their respective trademark owners.
`
`Disclaimer: ESRI provides the WWW URLs in appendix B and
`throughout the text solely for the convenience of readers. These
`URLs are offered only as examples of organizations that have
`successfully implemented Internet mapping capabilities on their
`Web sites. and their inclusion in the text is not meant to suggest
`any official endorsement. either express or implied. of ESRI andtor
`ESRI Internet mapping technologies.
`
`Environmental Systems Research institute. Inc.
`
`Serving Maps on the Internet: Geographic Information on the
`World Wide Web
`
`ISBN 1 —8791Cl2—52-8
`
`Page 3 of 132
`
`

`
`Contents
`
`Preface
`
`vii
`
`Acknowledgments
`
`."X
`
`1
`
`Internet mapping: Serving geographic data
`on the Web
`7
`
`Internet G18
`
`1
`
`What's possibte with Internet GIS?
`
`2
`
`The many faces of Internet G38
`
`5
`
`Internet GIS technology 12
`
`Where it’s all heading 15
`
`2
`
`Public—eccess GIS
`
`19
`
`Ccrbarrus County 19
`
`The spirit ot e-gov 20
`
`Keeping the date current
`
`241
`
`.3
`
`Disaster response networks
`
`27
`
`Power to the people 27
`
`The TriNe1 Project 29
`
`During an actual emergency 31
`
`iii
`
`Page 4 of 132
`
`

`
`4
`
`A GIS on every desktop
`
`33
`
`Nel gains
`
`33
`
`Increasing GIS literacy 35
`
`ArcExplorer in action 36
`
`5
`
`Building an Internet—based spatial data library 39
`
`Managing coastal resources
`
`39
`
`The MapFinder project 40
`
`Data and product offerings
`
`£13
`
`6
`
`National real estatefmder
`
`-47
`
`Location, location, location 47
`
`Before REALTOR.com 48
`
`Results
`
`51
`
`7
`
`Bioregiomil geographic inf0i*miition server
`
`55
`
`Sharing daio for ihe common good 55
`The INFORAIN Web site
`56
`
`GIS data layers
`
`58
`
`iv
`
`Sewing Mops on The Ilniernei
`
`Page 5 of 132
`
`

`
`8
`
`Airport rwise and the commrmity
`
`63
`
`Breaking the sound barrier
`
`63
`
`Measuring aircraft noise
`
`{>6
`
`Visualizing the flight paths
`
`68
`
`The crirport’s Web site
`
`69
`
`9
`
`Service technician routing 73
`
`Glad to be of service 73
`
`The magic ot automated routing 75
`
`The map interface
`
`76
`
`10
`
`Highway management information systems
`
`8?
`
`On the road again 81
`
`Stephen Pfteale Data Center
`
`82
`
`The user interface 84
`
`H
`
`Internet yellow pages
`
`8‘?
`
`Sweden online
`
`8‘?
`
`Yellow pages and more 90
`A results Iist 92
`
`Contents
`
`Page 6 of 132
`
`

`
`l2
`
`Scientific data publishing 97
`
`Science for :1 changing world 97
`
`The Live-ngood GeoExp1orer
`
`98
`
`Downloading data
`
`103
`
`I3
`
`Maps and data servers
`
`l05
`
`ArcDaIc: Online
`
`105
`
`What is ArcDcIta'?
`
`106
`
`Purchasing data online
`
`1 10
`
`AppendixA
`
`The ESRI Internet mopping story
`
`ll3
`
`Browser-based versus direct-access opplicafions
`
`113
`
`ArcExpiorer
`
`1 1:1
`
`Arcvlew Internet Map Server
`
`1 15
`
`Mupobiecis Internet Map Server
`SDE
`1 17
`
`1 16
`
`Future directions
`
`1 18
`
`Appendix 3
`
`Mapping applications on the Web
`
`ll‘?
`
`Appendix C
`
`Additional resources
`
`l23
`
`Glossary
`
`l25
`
`vi
`
`Serving Mops on the Internet
`
`Page 7 of 132
`
`

`
`Preface
`
`Systems for managing information
`
`or (318. Today there are at least a quarter
`
`Serving Maps on the Intemet presents case
`
`according to geography are, in one sense,
`
`of a million, and by early in the next
`
`studies of a dozen different private and
`
`as old as the earliest maps. Only recently,
`
`century there will be tens of millions.
`
`public organizations that are delivering
`
`however, with computer technology, have
`
`we been able to manage vast quantities of
`
`information with speed and flexibility.
`
`This is partly because of simultaneous
`
`improvements in Computing power,
`
`databases, measuring technologies, and
`
`Today, almost everything that moves or
`
`GIS software. But the change has become
`
`changes over time is being measured and
`
`exponential largely because of networking
`
`converted into digital information,
`
`technologies, the Internet in particular.
`
`enabling us to organize our activities and
`
`our environment at unprecedented levels
`
`of detail and accuracy.
`
`What’s emerging is something I call
`
`societal G15, an electronic web of
`
`geographic information that anyone can
`
`The rate of change in less than twenty
`
`access. Even people without computers
`
`years has been phenomenal. In the early
`
`can go to a library and make use of a vast
`
`1980s, there were several hundred people
`
`array of databases from around the globe.
`
`using geographic information systems,
`
`geographic information. Each case study
`
`shows how these organizations have
`
`extended their activities into the
`
`community and realized enormous and
`
`often unexpected benefits by openly
`
`sharing their data.
`
`Jack Dangermond
`
`Founder and president
`
`ESRI
`
`Vii"
`
`Page 8 of 132
`
`

`
`Acknowledgments
`
`This book could not have been written
`
`Michael Karman and Tim Ormsby edited
`
`Clem Henricksen, Rick Schneblin, Erin
`
`without the cooperation of the
`
`numerous versions of the manuscript
`
`Pearse, and the Arc]-Explorer Team were
`
`organizations that shared their
`
`and made contributions to the text.
`
`largely responsible for creating the
`
`applications and reviewed the material
`
`Michael Hyatt designed the book, laid
`
`content on the companion CD—ROM.
`
`for accuracy. You’ll find the individuals
`
`out and produced the pages, and did the
`
`from those organizations acknowledged
`
`copyediting and proofreading. Gina
`
`by name at the end of each case study.
`
`Davidson designed and produced the
`
`Kate Anger offered sage advice and moral
`
`support.
`
`cover, and Cliff Crabbe oversaw print
`
`Judy Boyd provided technical and human
`
`resources and Bill Miller set high
`
`standards for quality design. Finally,
`
`special thanks to lack Dangerrnond, who
`
`wrote the preface and also recognized the
`
`A number of people at ESRI also
`
`contributed time and expertise.
`
`production.
`
`In the early stages of development, Sandi
`
`Peterson, Bob Ruschman, Diane Sliirnota,
`
`Mike Tait, Art Haddad, Ming Zha o, and
`
`David Maguire of ESRI, along with
`
`Dr. Michael Shiffer of the Massachusetts
`
`Deane Kensock, Jirn McKinney, Charlie
`
`value of book publishing at ESRI.
`
`Barnwell, and Eric Culp all helped
`
`identify case-study candidates.
`
`Institute of Technology, provided
`
`technical information and reviewed the
`
`final manuscript. Peter C. Schreiber, Esq.,
`
`and Barbara Shaeffer of ESRI also
`
`reviewed the manuscript.
`
`Page 9 of 132
`
`

`
`Chapter 1
`
`an--Internet mopping: Serving
`geographic data on the Web
`
`The convergence of geographic information systems (GIS) and the World Wide Web has changed rnaprnaking
`forever. Once painstakingly produced by mechanical means, detailed maps can now be generated on demand
`from huge databases of spatial information and transmitted instantly across the globe. Suddenly (315, until
`recently a specialized tool of scientists and city planners, is dispensing all manner of geographic information to
`an enthusiastic Internet audience.
`
`Internet Gls
`
`The Internet doesn't change the funda-
`mental nature of (315, it just gets it online.
`But that’s comparable to saying that a
`printing press doesn't change the funda-
`mental nature of a book. The value of
`
`geographic information (like all forms of
`digital information) and the power of
`(318 applications to solve problems are
`proportional to their accessibility.
`
`Every day, millions of people access
`geographic information via the Internet.
`Most of them, like the ‘commuter who
`checks freeway conditions, the last-
`minute shopper looking for the nearest
`candy store, or the executive who needs
`directions to a business meeting, proba-—
`bly don’t realize they're using a geo-
`
`'-
`'
`
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`
`.
`
`_
`
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`
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`
`graphic information system. systems on the World
`
`Wide Web are changing
`the way people use maps.
`
`Page 10 of 132
`
`

`
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`_
`
`D What's possible with Internet GIS?
`
`What's possible with Internet GIS?
`
`So what are some of the things that can
`and will be done with this technology?
`The most common applications are
`
`location services like the chapter locator
`on the Service Corps of Retired Executives
`(SCORE) Web site developed by Geo—
`graphic Services Corp. Typing an address
`or street intersection into a simple form
`gets the Web user a map of the nearest
`SCORE chapter.
`
`Routing and direction services are also
`becoming wildly popular. The zip2.com
`Web site offers point-to«point routing for
`any address in the United States. Similar
`services are coming online for other parts
`of the world as companies develop the
`highly accurate digital street databases
`required.
`
`Even the age-old atlas has gone electronic.
`The ArcAtlasTM: Our Earth digital atlas
`from ESRI includes finished maps, inter-
`active maps, and multimedia content
`linked to points on the maps.
`
`Some map-based Web sites exist just to
`notify people about things like road con-
`struction in their neighborhood, or the
`shipment routes of nuclear waste in
`America.
`
`Page 11 of 132
`
`
`ish
`
`Electronic atlases
`
`Public notification
`
`Serving Mops on the Internet
`
`

`
`Many public agencies are opening their
`databases to the public. The City of
`Ontario, California, has set up an appl_ica~
`tion that allows people to query the city’s
`parcel tax database for a specific owner or
`tax ID number and get a map of the
`parcel along with a detailed tax history of
`that subject.
`
`The Berkeley Police Departinenfs Interac-
`tive Crime Maps Web page allows citizens
`to see various crime patterns {like mur»
`der) in relation to other crime patterns
`(like auto theft) and to where they live.
`
`Other Interns-t—based geographic inforrna-
`tion systems map demographics. One
`sophisticated new program is the
`CIESIN® ]'ava“"‘~based Demographic Data
`Viewer, a research tool that provides rapid
`
`access to census data coupled with a fast
`and powerful mapping application.
`
`What's possible with Internet GIS? 4
`
`Database query
`
`
` Maps that show patterns
`
`Geademographic maps
`
`Chapter 1
`
`Internet mopping: Serving geographic doto on the Web
`
`Page 12 of 132
`
`

`
`P What's possible with Inlemel GIS?
`
`Measuring technologies (known as
`remote sensing in GIS circles) new track
`and record an incredible variety of natural
`and human phenomena. These measure-
`ments result in useful databases, like the
`
`real-time Southern California traffic maps
`that retrieve data from roadway sensors
`and show actual traffic speed on a Web
`page. Not a bad thing for a commuter to
`check before hopping onto the freeway for
`the drive home (or not, if too many red
`dots line the route}.
`
`Another by-product of the wealth of avail-
`able earth data are maps that display envi-
`ronmental conditions. Like the map of
`fault lines in Southern California's desert
`
`seen on this page, these maps have great
`value to people who live, work, and build
`homes in a particular region.
`
`As Internet capacity increases and com-
`puters become more powerful, more and
`more sites will offer specialized GIS ser—
`vice. People will come to these sites
`looking for an answer to a question,
`such as "Show me the route to Chicago
`that passes the most national parks, then
`give me a list of kid-friendly hotels in
`Chicago.”
`
`Changing phenomena
`
`7
`
`- I435 [N (“_\H!‘_0R_NL_\
`MOJAVE REGION
`
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`
`-4
`
`Serving Mops on the Internet
`
`Environmental‘ condition maps
`
`Page 13 of 132
`
`1|
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`

`
`The many faces of Internet GIS
`
`Geographic information on the Web
`ranges from maps that are created for
`you, which you read as you would a
`paper map, all the way to sophisticated
`applications that you use to build com—
`plex queries like ”show me all the vacant
`corner properties that face streets that see
`at least thirty cars a minute going in each
`direction" or "make me a route from my
`hotel to the convention center that takes
`
`in as many sights as possible in a thirty-
`minute drive."
`
`Mops that only show Iocofion
`
`Simplest in terms of technology are the
`Web sites that present the digital equiva-
`lent of paper maps, such as the map of
`Marina del Rey (an affluent beachfront
`section of Los Angeles) found on the Ritz
`Carlton Hotel chain's Web site. Because
`
`the location of the hotel is unlikely to
`
`change anytime soon, a permanent map
`is all that's needed to help guests plan
`their trips.
`
`Maps such as these are often digitally
`scanned from a paper map, though they
`can also be drawn with a CAD program or
`created with a desl<top—rnapping program
`like ESRI’s ArcView® GIS software. The
`
`final maps are then saved as standard GIF
`or IPEG image files and served on the Web
`embedded in standard HTML documents.
`
`Chapter 1
`
`Internet mopping: Serving geographic data on the Web
`
`Page 14 of 132
`
`The many faces of Internet (915 4
`
`: Maps like this, while not
`‘
`interactive, do contribute to
`, distributing geographic
`information on the Web.
`
`HTML page with
`
`GtF or JPEG image
`
`

`
`D The many foces of Internet GIS
`
`Maps that show change
`
`Geographic information that changes
`over time (li ke weather patterns) can be
`shown with frequently updated maps.
`The example on this page, from the
`Weather Channe1’s Web site, is a satellite
`
`weather map, replaced hourly with a
`fresh image beamed down from low
`earth orbit. Many types of GIS data—lil<e
`
`traffic volumes or earthquake frequen-
`cies—also lend themselves to this type of
`presentation.
`
`running in the background replaces the
`image whenever a new one becomes
`available.
`
`From a technical standpoint, the maps are
`served just like the hotel map on the pre-
`ceding page—~as an embedded GIF or
`IPEG image. The difference is that a script
`
`The application seen here can also provide
`recent historical information by allowing
`
`the user to play back a string of images
`from the last few hours to create an ani-
`mated weather movie.
`
`Web
`server
`
`HTML page with
`automatically updated
`
`GIF image
`
`Satellite Pictures - Northwest Us.
`
`View gjher mags
`
`How To Read This Mg};
`
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`
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`
`O
`
`Sewing Mops on the Internet
`
`Page 15 of 132
`
`

`
`Maps that the user creates
`
`Much of the emphasis on the Irltemet
`these days is on delivering interactive
`content that users can manipulate. GIS
`provides the ability to generate maps ”on
`the fly” according to specific queries
`entered by the user.
`
`With the Massachusetts Electronic Atlas,
`
`for example, the user selects the data and
`Controls the geographic area to be dis-
`played (from statewide down to the town
`level). The map is updated or re-created
`each time a new request is sent to the
`
`-
`
`'=
`
`I fla1fl1& _flmiW:_111m
`
`'
`
`The many faces of Internet GIS G
`
`server. While the example shown displays
`just one variable (median household
`income), the entire database contains hun~
`
`dreds of variables that can be mapped in
`thousands of different combinations.
`
`Users send instructions about maps they
`want to see by submitting requests to the
`Web server. Using the TCP/LP protocol,
`the server connects to ArcView Internet
`
`Map Server, which renders the map and
`returns it as a GIF or ]PEG image embed-
`ded in an HTML document or Java
`
`application.
`
`Arcview
`Internet Map Server
`
`- SQWW
`- SHCIIID
`- fltllllil
`- wanna
`‘ SOIIDO
`
`A new map is created each time the user sends at request to the system.
`
`Chapter 1
`
`Internet mopping: Serving geographic doto on the Web
`
`Page 16 of 132
`
`Web server
`
`HTML pages
`
`or Java applets
`
`

`
`D The many faces of Internet GIS
`
`Maps that perform spatial analysis
`
`In mapping applications that perform
`spatial analysis, users not only generate a
`map based on a specific request and set
`of data, the also direct the s stem to
`
`analyze gecigraphic relationships.
`Common relationships include distance
`(for instance, from the airport to the
`hotel), containment (the number of
`medium-priced restaurants within 1 mile
`of the office), and networking (the quick-
`est route from the convention center to
`the beach).
`
`.
`The dealer locator example shown on H.115
`page was developed for a lawnmower
`manufacturer. When you want to locate
`the dealer nearest your home, you are
`prompted for details about the product
`you want and, most importantly, for your
`home address.
`
`_
`
`'
`
`'
`
`_
`
`In this example, the raw map
`data is stored in ESRI’s Spatial
`Database Engine‘'''‘*‘ (SDETM)
`s atial data access en ine in
`
`oIr)der to handle large§lata—
`bases and turn around spatial
`queries quickly. Like the
`example on the preceding
`page, users communicate with
`the system by sending
`requests to the server, which
`then returns a map and results
`to the user.
`
`The system locates the three
`nearest dealers based on
`driving time (the geographic
`analysis) and generates a
`map showing the location of
`your home and the selected
`dealers.
`
`_‘
`
`__
`
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`Map0biects
`Internet Map Server
`
` Spatial
`Database
`Engine
`
`
`
`Web server
`
`
`
`Some dynamic maps do
`get: rrrphfc analysis and
`display the results in
`mnpform.
`
`8
`
`Serving Maps on the Internet
`
`Page 17 of 132
`
`

`
`The many faces of lntemet GIS -1
`
`the rendered image. Because the image
`analysis takes place on a powerful UNIX®
`server, the work is done in a second or
`two and can be performed simultaneously
`for many concurrent users.
`
`ARWNFO
`
`Web server
`
`
`
`Maps that perform geoprocessing
`
`Yet another form of Internet mapping
`application is one that processes the
`geographic data or transforms it, like this
`hillshade image generator from the West
`Virginia Environmental Protection
`Agency
`I-Iillshading simulates the effect of sun-
`light on the earth's surface. By selecting 2:
`map quadrangle and a sun position (spec-
`ified in terms of azimuth and angle above
`
`horizon), the user can generate and dis»
`play an image of terrain in relief.
`
`Because there are tens of millions of possi-
`ble combinations of quadrangle and sun
`position, it would be impractical to store
`all these images on the server. Instead, the
`selections are passed to a (315 image
`analysis program (in this case, ESRI's
`ARC/INFO® software), which performs
`the analysis on the raw data and returns
`
`.1-_D'ig.frc__3jI; Elevation ode!
`'
`i_-iIlnIb¢I‘n_pl.lulIindl;klIliu_niuIiI'¢'thnunIltHI¢ihn
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`.qnn&u¢um‘¢wmvi-giimanlshur-s;i_nalhqun~a:a
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`I?J.urItl'lI'.Pli'."I"G;v!?'|0 -'1 r‘. :'~:'.'-'.-':=; T '.-'_'-: "_.'".— "-3.-‘—‘ '—-.
`serve up user-defined hittshade maps of West Virginia.
`
`-sanaah-mudauini
`' SpI‘I:'p:.D'ra.u'nh.aIidOnu[gu.-
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`Eninnhmidg-evalq
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`This generator uses rt powerful geopmcessing engine to
`
`Chapter 1
`
`Internet mopping: Serving geographic data on the Web
`
`9
`
`Page 18 of 132
`
`

`
`P The many faces of Internet GIS
`
`Public data sites
`
`As geographic information systems have
`become widespread over the past few
`years, a massive amount of geographi-
`cally referenced data has been placed on
`the Internet. These spatial data libraries
`are part of the Web (313 story for two reav
`sons: they are accessed through carto~
`graphic interfaces, and their contents are
`used to run many GIS applications.
`
`In appendix B, you’1I find some resources
`for locating the data you need to spatially
`enable your own Web site.
`
`Spatial data sites like those seen on this
`page generally work as follows: you
`browse the available data and select the
`
`variables and geography needed. The
`request is processed and the actual (318
`
`data (not a picture of a map) is down-
`loaded to you, so you can see the data and
`manipulate it using your own GIS or
`desktop-mapping programs.
`
`
`Data
`
`repository
`
`
`
`(._'.-=' Envirofacts.\f.p.:'.<.a'
`
`I
`
`':Jr.'.
`
`.'
`
`Local mapping and
`GIS programs
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The Environmental Protection Agency's Ermirofacts
`Warehouse and the Alexandria Digital Library are
`two of the more extensive spatial data repositories on
`the Web.
`
`THE ELEIINIDRCI IIIGTML Ll'BR-IIIW
`|.InM.-wit)‘ of Cahlulnli. Sanla Eavbalau
`12$ Ginrelr. Hal
`Sana Baal: an. 6.4 SSIIIE. USA
`TEL $6.693 ?‘l‘=fi"- nut Eafi.£6.IG.3IlI5
`LRL wM.a!unn\1!ia.uv:5b.ed'u
`
`
`
`
`
`"TO,
`
`Serving Mops on the Internet
`
`Page 19 of 132
`
`

`
`The many faces of Internet GIS 4
`
`inventory of specialized oil exploration
`data. The red areas seen on the Texas
`
`map are actually comprised of many
`individual “seismic lines” that indicate
`the likelihood of oil reserves.
`
`As more and more companies come to
`realize that their spatial data may be of
`use to others, vendor sites like this one
`
`will proliferate.
`
`Technically, commercial sites work much
`like the public data sites: they deliver raw
`data to the user who can use it directly.
`The difference is that a transaction server
`
`is also in place to facilitate an electronic
`payment.
`
`Commercial data
`repository
`
`
`
`
`E-commerce
`transaction server
`
`Commercial data sites
`
`Related to the tree data repositories seen
`on the preceding page are the commer-
`cial data vendor sites, like this one
`
`located at www.stic1<map.com. This
`application uses a map-based interface to
`allow users to search the company's
`
`The Internet is becoming an
`active marketplacefor many
`products. Spatial data
`vendors use map-based
`interfaces to sell data.
`
`1. @sticl‘(ri1ap.coTm
`
`
`
`.j_.-.-.c-_an-..v-J‘;
`
`"" '
`__._—.
`n
`.
`Seismic om siies for Geoiahysieal is-q.|m—.liion.
`D‘
`."-_'
`
`
`‘.-'
`
`
`
` Local mapping and
`
`(its programs
`
`Chapter I
`
`Internet mopping: Sewing geographic data on the Web
`
`Page 20 of 132
`
`

`
`I Internet ens technology
`
`Internet GIS technology
`
`In the rernainder of this chapter, you'll
`learn a bit about the history of Web-based
`GIS technology, how the current Internet
`
`supports mapping, and about the future
`direction of Internet mapping.
`
`Web G-I5 history
`
`The technology used to deliver interactive
`mapping applications to the Internet has
`come a long way in the five -years since the
`Xerox® Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)
`put up the first Web page-with an active
`map as an experiment in intzeractive infor-
`mation retrieval.
`
`As the first Internet mapping site, the
`developers had no easy way to provide
`the needed. functionality. There were no
`forms and no I11ternet—specific program-
`ming languages like Java. The page was
`pure HTML, with a series of links for
`selecting options such as Zoom In, Show
`Rivers, and so on. Every possible option
`was written as a separate HTML page,
`and each choice linked the user to the
`
`appropriate page.
`
`The Xerox PARC Map Viewer was discon-
`tinued in 199? after four years of service,
`but not before showing the way for the
`thousands of map servers to come.
`
`Page 21 of 132
`
`‘The Xerox PARC Map Viewer (now defunct) is widely recognized as the Internets
`first interactive map server.
`
`Serving Mops on the Intemet
`
`

`
`Clientlserver 101
`
`While this book is not a primer on setting
`up map-based Web applications, it’s
`impossible to talk about the technology in
`even the most general terms without some
`background on how the Internet, and spe-
`cifically the World Wide Web, actually
`works. Fortunately, at the conceptual
`level, it’s not that complicated.
`
`it’s all about clients and servers. A client /
`
`server system consists of two programs
`that communicate across a computer net-
`work following an established communi—
`cation language called a protocol.
`
`For the purposes of this book, the network
`is either the Internet or a secure closed
`
`network equivalent Called an iiIti'rmei. The
`protocol is called I-ITTP, for i-iyperTea<t
`Transfer Protocol.
`
`Internet G15 technology G
`
`The most common client program is
`called a Web browser. Netscape Naviga-
`tor® and Microsoft® Internet Explorer are
`the most popular commercial browsers.
`When a user types a specific Web address,
`called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator),
`
`into the Web browser, the browser pro-
`gram sends a request to the server com-
`puter located at that address. (An Internet
`address is a name or number that
`
`uniquely identifies a computer in the uni-
`verse of computers, just as a mailing
`address uniquely identifies a house in the
`universe of houses.) The server program
`then loads a file from its disk and trans-
`mjts it over the lnternet to the client
`
`browser.
`
`On the server side, there are often many
`technologies working together to provide
`an increasingly sophisticated blend of
`information and services. In the con text of
`
`Inap—based systems, it’s useful to think of
`
`the server side as consisting of databases
`and middleware technology. The data-
`bases are where the actual data is stored in
`raw form. The rniddleware tier includes
`
`the technologies like CGI, DCOM, and
`CORBA that break the information into
`
`small chunks (called packets) and check
`that the packets were received by the
`client computer on the other side of the
`transaction.
`
`Client side
`
`Server side
`
`Clients
`
`Clients
`
`clients
`
`
`
`DOOM
`COFIB-A
`
`_C._Gl
`
`Middleware
`
`_t_-‘telatlonal
`_ Data_ba_se
`-Mahaefement
`sy.stei_fi'
`
`Data base
`
`services
`
`Chapter I
`
`Internet mopping: Serving geographic data on the Web
`
`13
`
`Page 22 of 132
`
`

`
`Ir Internet GIS technology
`
`Object orientation
`
`Networked GIS
`
`Driving many of the developments in
`software programming these days is the
`notion of object—oriented technology.
`Objects are self-contained, reusable soft-
`ware components that are combined to
`create complete applications. For GIS
`
`application developers, objecboriented
`technology cleaves huge chunks of time
`from project timetables because it allows
`them. to reuse code and objects and to
`create new objects from existing ones.
`
`Objects are developed according to
`emerging component standards {like the
`Nlicrosoft COM architecture) that enable
`
`them to work together across networks,
`hardware, and operating systems. The
`availability of GIS component software
`
`has made possible the networked G15.
`
`The Internet is a global, public collection
`of computer networks. The term intranet
`describes a private network that operates
`on Internet standards, or protocols. The
`unifying protocol is the Internet Protocol
`(IP) that allows heterogeneous hardware
`to communicate effectively.
`
`In a networked environment, basic GIS
`
`functionality in the form of objects is trans»
`mitted over the Internet (or intranet) and
`
`executed individually. Networked GIS
`
`solves the bandwidth problem by assign-
`ing the actual geoprocessing—the ”heavy
`liftir1g"—to the local computer. And as the
`geoprocessing objects evolve they will
`deliver increasingly powerful functional-
`ity that any computer user can access.
`
`
`
` Messages
`
`1.4
`
`Serving Mops on the lnterrlet
`
`Page 23 of 132
`
`

`
`Where It’s all heading 41
`
`where it’s all heading
`
`Because of the obvious synergy created
`by Connecting GIS to the Internet, much
`research is now being conducted into
`how these systems will evolve. The Com-
`puter Rcsource Laboratory (CRL) of the
`MIT Department of Urban Studies and
`
`Planning has a number of research
`projects in the works that hint at what's
`
`in store. The laboratory's work suggests
`that geographic information systems,
`multimedia representational aids, spatial
`data access tools, and urban modeling
`software will blend into one seamless
`
`computing environment that will have a
`significant influence on the way people
`think and communicate about urban and
`
`regionalgflaces
`
`To stimulate discussion of these issues, the
`
`CRL has placed links to a number of its
`
`projects orlline at gis.rni!:.edu/ projects.
`
`This interactive Web interface allows users to
`click on a node on E‘! my to show :2 360-degree,
`panoramic view cfa place.
`
`
`
`
`hifl‘ Digital Onhopliota Browse-
`Cirk unybwnrsiefilrrsslloggtstxtsd (wagghbyphce and misc: leeywordsbalow):
`
`M551:-.5, .5
`as’!
`@533
`
`
`
`_
`
`_
`
`'
`Tins application does on—the~fly
`extm.:ti0n,fornm£ting, and downionding
`cfdigitnf ortko photosfrom a i'eposi(or_1;
`of orihos that are cataloged and
`documented in accordance with
`metndr.-ta standards.
`
`5'.
`IE!
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`Eu"§a%§
`,
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`"tap? mlflnfiiiflfl
`Iii"z$.".:' ea IIEII-iiiiennn
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`
`
`Chapter I
`
`lniemei mopping: Serving geographic data on the Web
`
`15'
`
`Page 24 of 132
`
`

`
`D Where it's all heading
`
`GIS in everyday life
`
`Thanks to the successful marriage of
`geographic information systems and the
`
`Internet, we are finally within reach of
`organizing our knowledge of the earth
`and integrating that knowledge into our
`daily lives. (315 has become fast, easy to
`
`use, affordable, accessible, and broadly rel-
`
`evant. The age of societal GIS is upon us.
`
`Societal G15 is a state in which geographic
`information is part of the framework of
`
`our conscious lives, and touches every
`aspect of daily existence.
`
`More than ever before, we now use elec—
`tronjc geographic information systems to
`answer the fundamental questions that
`affect much of human endeavor: Where is
`
`it? and How do I get there?
`
`As these systems evolve, people won’t
`
`even think about it in terms of using a
`
`GIS. They'll just have a geospatial ques-
`tion or problem they want answered or
`solved.
`
`Social
`Services
`
`\
`
`Locating a home,
`l°bs 0" 33"'VlC9
`
`N
`
`/
`
`.
`.
`awgatmg
`
`Pommunitr
`Involvement
`
`\
`
`T"3"5P°"tati°" *-~a~_
`
`Business __I_,.-—
`planning
`
`
`
`Recreation
`
`/
`
`\
`
`Education
`
`Entertainment
`
`Health care
`
`l6
`
`Se