Network Working Group Bill Croft (Stanford University)
`Request for Comments: 951 John Gilmore (Sun Microsystems)
` September 1985
`
` BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL (BOOTP)
`
`1. Status of this Memo
`
` This RFC suggests a proposed protocol for the ARPA-Internet
` community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
` Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
`
`2. Overview
`
` This RFC describes an IP/UDP bootstrap protocol (BOOTP) which allows
` a diskless client machine to discover its own IP address, the address
` of a server host, and the name of a file to be loaded into memory and
` executed. The bootstrap operation can be thought of as consisting of
` TWO PHASES. This RFC describes the first phase, which could be
` labeled ’address determination and bootfile selection’. After this
` address and filename information is obtained, control passes to the
` second phase of the bootstrap where a file transfer occurs. The file
` transfer will typically use the TFTP protocol [9], since it is
` intended that both phases reside in PROM on the client. However
` BOOTP could also work with other protocols such as SFTP [3] or
` FTP [6].
`
` We suggest that the client’s PROM software provide a way to do a
` complete bootstrap without ’user’ interaction. This is the type of
` boot that would occur during an unattended power-up. A mechanism
` should be provided for the user to manually supply the necessary
` address and filename information to bypass the BOOTP protocol and
` enter the file transfer phase directly. If non-volatile storage is
` available, we suggest keeping default settings there and bypassing
` the BOOTP protocol unless these settings cause the file transfer
` phase to fail. If the cached information fails, the bootstrap should
` fall back to phase 1 and use BOOTP.
`
` Here is a brief outline of the protocol:
`
` 1. A single packet exchange is performed. Timeouts are used to
` retransmit until a reply is received. The same packet field
` layout is used in both directions. Fixed length fields of maximum
` reasonable length are used to simplify structure definition and
` parsing.
`
` 2. An ’opcode’ field exists with two values. The client
` broadcasts a ’bootrequest’ packet. The server then answers with a
` ’bootreply’ packet. The bootrequest contains the client’s
` hardware address and its IP address, if known.
`
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`RFC 951 September 1985
`Bootstrap Protocol
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` 3. The request can optionally contain the name of the server the
` client wishes to respond. This is so the client can force the
` boot to occur from a specific host (e.g. if multiple versions of
` the same bootfile exist or if the server is in a far distant
` net/domain). The client does not have to deal with name / domain
` services; instead this function is pushed off to the BOOTP server.
`
` 4. The request can optionally contain the ’generic’ filename to be
` booted. For example ’unix’ or ’ethertip’. When the server sends
` the bootreply, it replaces this field with the fully qualified
` path name of the appropriate boot file. In determining this name,
` the server may consult his own database correlating the client’s
` address and filename request, with a particular boot file
` customized for that client. If the bootrequest filename is a null
` string, then the server returns a filename field indicating the
` ’default’ file to be loaded for that client.
`
` 5. In the case of clients who do not know their IP addresses, the
` server must also have a database relating hardware address to IP
` address. This client IP address is then placed into a field in
` the bootreply.
`
` 6. Certain network topologies (such as Stanford’s) may be such
` that a given physical cable does not have a TFTP server directly
` attached to it (e.g. all the gateways and hosts on a certain cable
` may be diskless). With the cooperation of neighboring gateways,
` BOOTP can allow clients to boot off of servers several hops away,
` through these gateways. See the section ’Booting Through
` Gateways’ below. This part of the protocol requires no special
` action on the part of the client. Implementation is optional and
` requires a small amount of additional code in gateways and
` servers.
`
`3. Packet Format
`
` All numbers shown are decimal, unless indicated otherwise. The BOOTP
` packet is enclosed in a standard IP [8] UDP [7] datagram. For
` simplicity it is assumed that the BOOTP packet is never fragmented.
` Any numeric fields shown are packed in ’standard network byte order’,
` i.e. high order bits are sent first.
`
` In the IP header of a bootrequest, the client fills in its own IP
` source address if known, otherwise zero. When the server address is
` unknown, the IP destination address will be the ’broadcast address’
` 255.255.255.255. This address means ’broadcast on the local cable,
` (I don’t know my net number)’ [4].
`
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`RFC 951 September 1985
`Bootstrap Protocol
`
` The UDP header contains source and destination port numbers. The
` BOOTP protocol uses two reserved port numbers, ’BOOTP client’ (68)
` and ’BOOTP server’ (67). The client sends requests using ’BOOTP
` server’ as the destination port; this is usually a broadcast. The
` server sends replies using ’BOOTP client’ as the destination port;
` depending on the kernel or driver facilities in the server, this may
` or may not be a broadcast (this is explained further in the section
` titled ’Chicken/Egg issues’ below). The reason TWO reserved ports
` are used, is to avoid ’waking up’ and scheduling the BOOTP server
` daemons, when a bootreply must be broadcast to a client. Since the
` server and other hosts won’t be listening on the ’BOOTP client’ port,
` any such incoming broadcasts will be filtered out at the kernel
` level. We could not simply allow the client to pick a ’random’ port
` number for the UDP source port field; since the server reply may be
` broadcast, a randomly chosen port number could confuse other hosts
` that happened to be listening on that port.
`
` The UDP length field is set to the length of the UDP plus BOOTP
` portions of the packet. The UDP checksum field can be set to zero by
` the client (or server) if desired, to avoid this extra overhead in a
` PROM implementation. In the ’Packet Processing’ section below the
` phrase ’[UDP checksum.]’ is used whenever the checksum might be
` verified/computed.
`
` FIELD BYTES DESCRIPTION
` ----- ----- -----------
`
` op 1 packet op code / message type.
` 1 = BOOTREQUEST, 2 = BOOTREPLY
`
` htype 1 hardware address type,
` see ARP section in "Assigned Numbers" RFC.
` ’1’ = 10mb ethernet
`
` hlen 1 hardware address length
` (eg ’6’ for 10mb ethernet).
`
` hops 1 client sets to zero,
` optionally used by gateways
` in cross-gateway booting.
`
` xid 4 transaction ID, a random number,
` used to match this boot request with the
` responses it generates.
`
` secs 2 filled in by client, seconds elapsed since
` client started trying to boot.
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`RFC 951 September 1985
`Bootstrap Protocol
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` -- 2 unused
`
` ciaddr 4 client IP address;
` filled in by client in bootrequest if known.
`
` yiaddr 4 ’your’ (client) IP address;
` filled by server if client doesn’t
` know its own address (ciaddr was 0).
`
` siaddr 4 server IP address;
` returned in bootreply by server.
`
` giaddr 4 gateway IP address,
` used in optional cross-gateway booting.
`
` chaddr 16 client hardware address,
` filled in by client.
`
` sname 64 optional server host name,
` null terminated string.
`
` file 128 boot file name, null terminated string;
` ’generic’ name or null in bootrequest,
` fully qualified directory-path
` name in bootreply.
`
` vend 64 optional vendor-specific area,
` e.g. could be hardware type/serial on request,
` or ’capability’ / remote file system handle
` on reply. This info may be set aside for use
` by a third phase bootstrap or kernel.
`
`4. Chicken / Egg Issues
`
` How can the server send an IP datagram to the client, if the client
` doesnt know its own IP address (yet)? Whenever a bootreply is being
` sent, the transmitting machine performs the following operations:
`
` 1. If the client knows its own IP address (’ciaddr’ field is
` nonzero), then the IP can be sent ’as normal’, since the client
` will respond to ARPs [5].
`
` 2. If the client does not yet know its IP address (ciaddr zero),
` then the client cannot respond to ARPs sent by the transmitter of
` the bootreply. There are two options:
`
` a. If the transmitter has the necessary kernel or driver hooks
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`RFC 951 September 1985
`Bootstrap Protocol
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` to ’manually’ construct an ARP address cache entry, then it can
` fill in an entry using the ’chaddr’ and ’yiaddr’ fields. Of
` course, this entry should have a timeout on it, just like any
` other entry made by the normal ARP code itself. The
` transmitter of the bootreply can then simply send the bootreply
` to the client’s IP address. UNIX (4.2 BSD) has this
` capability.
`
` b. If the transmitter lacks these kernel hooks, it can simply
` send the bootreply to the IP broadcast address on the
` appropriate interface. This is only one additional broadcast
` over the previous case.
`
`5. Client Use of ARP
`
` The client PROM must contain a simple implementation of ARP, e.g. the
` address cache could be just one entry in size. This will allow a
` second-phase-only boot (TFTP) to be performed when the client knows
` the IP addresses and bootfile name.
`
` Any time the client is expecting to receive a TFTP or BOOTP reply, it
` should be prepared to answer an ARP request for its own IP to
` hardware address mapping (if known).
`
` Since the bootreply will contain (in the hardware encapsulation) the
` hardware source address of the server/gateway, the client MAY be able
` to avoid sending an ARP request for the server/gateway IP address to
` be used in the following TFTP phase. However this should be treated
` only as a special case, since it is desirable to still allow a
` second-phase-only boot as described above.
`
`6. Comparison to RARP
`
` An earlier protocol, Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) [1]
` was proposed to allow a client to determine its IP address, given
` that it knew its hardware address. However RARP had the disadvantage
` that it was a hardware link level protocol (not IP/UDP based). This
` means that RARP could only be implemented on hosts containing special
` kernel or driver modifications to access these ’raw’ packets. Since
` there are many network kernels existent now, with each source
` maintained by different organizations, a boot protocol that does not
` require kernel modifications is a decided advantage.
`
` BOOTP provides this hardware to IP address lookup function, in
` addition to the other useful features described in the sections
` above.
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`RFC 951 September 1985
`Bootstrap Protocol
`
`7. Packet Processing
`
` 7.1. Client Transmission
`
` Before setting up the packet for the first time, it is a good idea
` to clear the entire packet buffer to all zeros; this will place
` all fields in their default state. The client then creates a
` packet with the following fields.
`
` The IP destination address is set to 255.255.255.255. (the
` broadcast address) or to the server’s IP address (if known). The
` IP source address and ’ciaddr’ are set to the client’s IP address
` if known, else 0. The UDP header is set with the proper length;
` source port = ’BOOTP client’ port destination port = ’BOOTP
` server’ port.
`
` ’op’ is set to ’1’, BOOTREQUEST. ’htype’ is set to the hardware
` address type as assigned in the ARP section of the "Assigned
` Numbers" RFC. ’hlen’ is set to the length of the hardware address,
` e.g. ’6’ for 10mb ethernet.
`
` ’xid’ is set to a ’random’ transaction id. ’secs’ is set to the
` number of seconds that have elapsed since the client has started
` booting. This will let the servers know how long a client has
` been trying. As the number gets larger, certain servers may feel
` more ’sympathetic’ towards a client they don’t normally service.
` If a client lacks a suitable clock, it could construct a rough
` estimate using a loop timer. Or it could choose to simply send
` this field as always a fixed value, say 100 seconds.
`
` If the client knows its IP address, ’ciaddr’ (and the IP source
` address) are set to this value. ’chaddr’ is filled in with the
` client’s hardware address.
`
` If the client wishes to restrict booting to a particular server
` name, it may place a null-terminated string in ’sname’. The name
` used should be any of the allowable names or nicknames of the
` desired host.
`
` The client has several options for filling the ’file’ name field.
` If left null, the meaning is ’I want to boot the default file for
` my machine’. A null file name can also mean ’I am only interested
` in finding out client/server/gateway IP addresses, I dont care
` about file names’.
`
` The field can also be a ’generic’ name such as ’unix’ or
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`Bootstrap Protocol
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` ’gateway’; this means ’boot the named program configured for my
` machine’. Finally the field can be a fully directory qualified
` path name.
`
` The ’vend’ field can be filled in by the client with
` vendor-specific strings or structures. For example the machine
` hardware type or serial number may be placed here. However the
` operation of the BOOTP server should not DEPEND on this
` information existing.
`
` If the ’vend’ field is used, it is recommended that a 4 byte
` ’magic number’ be the first item within ’vend’. This lets a
` server determine what kind of information it is seeing in this
` field. Numbers can be assigned by the usual ’magic number’
` process --you pick one and it’s magic. A different magic number
` could be used for bootreply’s than bootrequest’s to allow the
` client to take special action with the reply information.
`
` [UDP checksum.]
`
` 7.2. Client Retransmission Strategy
`
` If no reply is received for a certain length of time, the client
` should retransmit the request. The time interval must be chosen
` carefully so as not to flood the network. Consider the case of a
` cable containing 100 machines that are just coming up after a
` power failure. Simply retransmitting the request every four
` seconds will inundate the net.
`
` As a possible strategy, you might consider backing off
` exponentially, similar to the way ethernet backs off on a
` collision. So for example if the first packet is at time 0:00,
` the second would be at :04, then :08, then :16, then :32, then
` :64. You should also randomize each time; this would be done
` similar to the ethernet specification by starting with a mask and
` ’and’ing that with with a random number to get the first backoff.
` On each succeeding backoff, the mask is increased in length by one
` bit. This doubles the average delay on each backoff.
`
` After the ’average’ backoff reaches about 60 seconds, it should be
` increased no further, but still randomized.
`
` Before each retransmission, the client should update the ’secs’
` field. [UDP checksum.]
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`RFC 951 September 1985
`Bootstrap Protocol
`
` 7.3. Server Receives BOOTREQUEST
`
` [UDP checksum.] If the UDP destination port does not match the
` ’BOOTP server’ port, discard the packet.
`
` If the server name field (sname) is null (no particular server
` specified), or sname is specified and matches our name or
` nickname, then continue with packet processing.
`
` If the sname field is specified, but does not match ’us’, then
` there are several options:
`
` 1. You may choose to simply discard this packet.
`
` 2. If a name lookup on sname shows it to be on this same cable,
` discard the packet.
`
` 3. If sname is on a different net, you may choose to forward
` the packet to that address. If so, check the ’giaddr’ (gateway
` address) field. If ’giaddr’ is zero, fill it in with my
` address or the address of a gateway that can be used to get to
` that net. Then forward the packet.
`
` If the client IP address (ciaddr) is zero, then the client does
` not know its own IP address. Attempt to lookup the client
` hardware address (chaddr, hlen, htype) in our database. If no
` match is found, discard the packet. Otherwise we now have an IP
` address for this client; fill it into the ’yiaddr’ (your IP
` address) field.
`
` We now check the boot file name field (file). The field will be
` null if the client is not interested in filenames, or wants the
` default bootfile. If the field is non-null, it is used as a
` lookup key in a database, along with the client’s IP address. If
` there is a default file or generic file (possibly indexed by the
` client address) or a fully-specified path name that matches, then
` replace the ’file’ field with the fully-specified path name of the
` selected boot file. If the field is non-null and no match was
` found, then the client is asking for a file we dont have; discard
` the packet, perhaps some other BOOTP server will have it.
`
` The ’vend’ vendor-specific data field should now be checked and if
` a recognized type of data is provided, client-specific actions
` should be taken, and a response placed in the ’vend’ data field of
` the reply packet. For example, a workstation client could provide
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`RFC 951 September 1985
`Bootstrap Protocol
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` an authentication key and receive from the server a capability for
` remote file access, or a set of configuration options, which can
` be passed to the operating system that will shortly be booted in.
`
` Place my (server) IP address in the ’siaddr’ field. Set the ’op’
` field to BOOTREPLY. The UDP destination port is set to ’BOOTP
` client’. If the client address ’ciaddr’ is nonzero, send the
` packet there; else if the gateway address ’giaddr’ is nonzero, set
` the UDP destination port to ’BOOTP server’ and send the packet to
` ’giaddr’; else the client is on one of our cables but it doesnt
` know its own IP address yet --use a method described in the ’Egg’
` section above to send it to the client. If ’Egg’ is used and we
` have multiple interfaces on this host, use the ’yiaddr’ (your IP
` address) field to figure out which net (cable/interface) to send
` the packet to. [UDP checksum.]
`
` 7.4. Server/Gateway Receives BOOTREPLY
`
` [UDP checksum.] If ’yiaddr’ (your [the client’s] IP address)
` refers to one of our cables, use one of the ’Egg’ methods above to
` forward it to the client. Be sure to send it to the ’BOOTP
` client’ UDP destination port.
`
` 7.5. Client Reception
`
` Don’t forget to process ARP requests for my own IP address (if I
` know it). [UDP checksum.] The client should discard incoming
` packets that: are not IP/UDPs addressed to the boot port; are not
` BOOTREPLYs; do not match my IP address (if I know it) or my
` hardware address; do not match my transaction id. Otherwise we
` have received a successful reply. ’yiaddr’ will contain my IP
` address, if I didnt know it before. ’file’ is the name of the
` file name to TFTP ’read request’. The server address is in
` ’siaddr’. If ’giaddr’ (gateway address) is nonzero, then the
` packets should be forwarded there first, in order to get to the
` server.
`
`8. Booting Through Gateways
`
` This part of the protocol is optional and requires some additional
` code in cooperating gateways and servers, but it allows cross-gateway
` booting. This is mainly useful when gateways are diskless machines.
` Gateways containing disks (e.g. a UNIX machine acting as a gateway),
` might as well run their own BOOTP/TFTP servers.
`
` Gateways listening to broadcast BOOTREQUESTs may decide to forward or
` rebroadcast these requests ’when appropriate’. For example, the
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`RFC 951 September 1985
`Bootstrap Protocol
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` gateway could have, as part of his configuration tables, a list of
` other networks or hosts to receive a copy of any broadcast
` BOOTREQUESTs. Even though a ’hops’ field exists, it is a poor idea
` to simply globally rebroadcast the requests, since broadcast loops
` will almost certainly occur.
`
` The forwarding could begin immediately, or wait until the ’secs’
` (seconds client has been trying) field passes a certain threshold.
`
` If a gateway does decide to forward the request, it should look at
` the ’giaddr’ (gateway IP address) field. If zero, it should plug its
` own IP address (on the receiving cable) into this field. It may also
` use the ’hops’ field to optionally control how far the packet is
` reforwarded. Hops should be incremented on each forwarding. For
` example, if hops passes ’3’, the packet should probably be discarded.
` [UDP checksum.]
`
` Here we have recommended placing this special forwarding function in
` the gateways. But that does not have to be the case. As long as
` some ’BOOTP forwarding agent’ exists on the net with the booting
` client, the agent can do the forwarding when appropriate. Thus this
` service may or may not be co-located with the gateway.
`
` In the case of a forwarding agent not located in the gateway, the
` agent could save himself some work by plugging the broadcast address
` of the interface receiving the bootrequest into the ’giaddr’ field.
` Thus the reply would get forwarded using normal gateways, not
` involving the forwarding agent. Of course the disadvantage here is
` that you lose the ability to use the ’Egg’ non-broadcast method of
` sending the reply, causing extra overhead for every host on the
` client cable.
`
`9. Sample BOOTP Server Database
`
` As a suggestion, we show a sample text file database that the BOOTP
` server program might use. The database has two sections, delimited
` by a line containing an percent in column 1. The first section
` contains a ’default directory’ and mappings from generic names to
` directory/pathnames. The first generic name in this section is the
` ’default file’ you get when the bootrequest contains a null ’file’
` string.
`
` The second section maps hardware addresstype/address into an
` ipaddress. Optionally you can also overide the default generic name
` by supplying a ipaddress specific genericname. A ’suffix’ item is
` also an option; if supplied, any generic names specified by the
` client will be accessed by first appending ’suffix’ to the ’pathname’
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`RFC 951 September 1985
`Bootstrap Protocol
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` appropriate to that generic name. If that file is not found, then
` the plain ’pathname’ will be tried. This ’suffix’ option allows a
` whole set of custom generics to be setup without a lot of effort.
` Below is shown the general format; fields are delimited by one or
` more spaces or tabs; trailing empty fields may be omitted; blank
` lines and lines beginning with ’#’ are ignored.
`
` # comment line
`
` homedirectory
` genericname1 pathname1
` genericname2 pathname2
` ...
`
` % end of generic names, start of address mappings
`
` hostname1 hardwaretype hardwareaddr1 ipaddr1 genericname suffix
` hostname2 hardwaretype hardwareaddr2 ipaddr2 genericname suffix
` ...
`
` Here is a specific example. Note the ’hardwaretype’ number is the
` same as that shown in the ARP section of the ’Assigned Numbers’ RFC.
` The ’hardwaretype’ and ’ipaddr’ numbers are in decimal;
` ’hardwareaddr’ is in hex.
`
` # last updated by smith
`
` /usr/boot
` vmunix vmunix
` tip ethertip
` watch /usr/diag/etherwatch
` gate gate.
`
` % end of generic names, start of address mappings
`
` hamilton 1 02.60.8c.06.34.98 36.19.0.5
` burr 1 02.60.8c.34.11.78 36.44.0.12
` 101-gateway 1 02.60.8c.23.ab.35 36.44.0.32 gate 101
` mjh-gateway 1 02.60.8c.12.32.bc 36.42.0.64 gate mjh
` welch-tipa 1 02.60.8c.22.65.32 36.47.0.14 tip
` welch-tipb 1 02.60.8c.12.15.c8 36.46.0.12 tip
`
` In the example above, if ’mjh-gateway’ does a default boot, it will
` get the file ’/usr/boot/gate.mjh’.
`
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`RFC 951 September 1985
`Bootstrap Protocol
`
`10. Acknowledgements
`
` Ross Finlayson (et. al.) produced two earlier RFC’s discussing TFTP
` bootstraping [2] using RARP [1].
`
` We would also like to acknowledge the previous work and comments of
` Noel Chiappa, Bob Lyon, Jeff Mogul, Mark Lewis, and David Plummer.
`
`REFERENCES
`
` 1. Ross Finlayson, Timothy Mann, Jeffrey Mogul, Marvin Theimer. A
` Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. RFC 903, NIC, June, 1984.
`
` 2. Ross Finlayson. Bootstrap Loading using TFTP. RFC 906, NIC,
` June, 1984.
`
` 3. Mark Lottor. Simple File Transfer Protocol. RFC 913, NIC,
` September, 1984.
`
` 4. Jeffrey Mogul. Broadcasting Internet Packets. RFC 919, NIC,
` October, 1984.
`
` 5. David Plummer. An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol. RFC
`826, NIC, September, 1982.
`
` 6. Jon Postel. File Transfer Protocol. RFC 765, NIC, June, 1980.
`
` 7. Jon Postel. User Datagram Protocol. RFC 768, NIC, August, 1980.
`
` 8. Jon Postel. Internet Protocol. RFC 791, NIC, September, 1981.
`
` 9. K. R. Sollins, Noel Chiappa. The TFTP Protocol. RFC 783, NIC,
` June, 1981.
`
`Croft & Gilmore [Page 12]
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`Cisco Exhibit 1032 - Page 012
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`12 of 12
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`LG Electronics Exhibit 1034
`LGE, et al v Straight Path IP
`IPR2015-00209