Telektronikk 4.95
`
`Mubile teiecammunicatiun
`
`
`
`Google Ex. 1026, pg. 1
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`Google Ex. 1026, pg. 1
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`

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`Contents
`
`Feature
`
`Guest editorial, Per Hjalmar Lehne ............................. 1
`
`The basics of mobile communications,
`Knut Erik Walter, Per Hjalmar Lehne .......................... 3
`
`The history of mobile communications in Norway,
`Lavrans Grimstveit, Hans Myhre ............................... 15
`
`DECT field trial in Førde, Bjørn Erik Eskedal,
`Joar Løvsletten, Jan-Tore Deilkås .............................. 21
`
`The DECT system, Bjørn Erik Eskedal ...................... 25
`
`Satellite based mobile communication
`– today and in the future,
`Arvid Bertheau Johannessen, Svein Roger Skaland ... 30
`
`Cellular systems for mobile data, Stig Kaspersen ...... 38
`
`Standards for wide-area paging – the situation in
`Norway and Europe,
`Lars A. Børve, Per Hjalmar Lehne ............................. 48
`
`MOBSIM – a computer simulation program for the
`analysis of the traffic handling capabilities in a GSM
`network, Finn Trosby, Stein Svaet, Tore Berg,
`Hogne Solvoll, Jon Martin Furseth ............................ 63
`
`Train radio system for Norwegian State Railways,
`Bjørn Olav Solberg ..................................................... 73
`
`Intelligent Networks as a platform for provision of
`service in GSM and DECT,
`Endre Skolt, Ivar Oldervik .......................................... 82
`
`HIPERLAN – a decentrally organised wireless LAN,
`Christian Plenge ......................................................... 88
`
`Special
`
`Mathematical model and algorithms used in the
`access network planning tool FABONETT,
`Ralph Lorentzen ....................................................... 135
`Performance of packet switched services in
`spread-spectrum radio networks,
`Tore J. Berg, Peder J. Emstad ................................. 140
`Parameterized access modes in Apotram,
`Ole Jørgen Anfindsen .............................................. 153
`Using Apotram to alleviate problems in distributed
`database systems, Ole Jørgen Anfindsen ................. 163
`
`Status
`
`International research and standardization activities
`in telecommunication: Introduction, Endre Skolt ..... 173
`Migration from today’s IN, TMN and B-ISDN
`towards TINA, Thomas Rødseth .............................. 174
`Methods for dimensioning of Intelligent Networks,
`Terje Jensen .............................................................. 178
`Mobility applications integration in Intelligent
`Networks, Geir Olav Lauritzen ................................ 182
`EURESCOM P408 “Pan-European TMN – experi-
`ments and field trial support”, Pål Kristiansen ....... 185
`
`Code Division Multiple Access – hot topic in mobile
`communications, Jan Eriksen, Ole Dag Svebak ......... 99
`
`Kaleidoscope
`
`Multipath propagation and its influence on digital
`mobile communication systems,
`Rune Harald Rækken, Geir Løvnes .......................... 109
`
`UMTS – The Universal Mobile Telecommunications
`System,
`Dag Fredrik Bjørnland, Geir Olav Lauritzen .......... 127
`
`90 years of Televerket’s technical journal
`– an overview, Henrik Jørgensen ............................ 193
`
`A presentation of the authors ................................... 212
`
`Telektronikk
`
`Volume 91 No. 4 - 1995
`ISSN 0085-7130
`
`Editor:
`Ola Espvik
`Tel. + 47 63 84 88 83
`
`Status section editor:
`Endre Skolt
`Tel. + 47 63 84 87 11
`
`Editorial assistant:
`Gunhild Luke
`Tel. + 47 63 84 86 52
`
`Editorial office:
`Telektronikk
`Telenor AS, Telenor Research & Development
`P.O. Box 83
`N-2007 Kjeller, Norway
`e-mail: telektronikk@fou.telenor.no
`
`Editorial board:
`Ole P Håkonsen, Senior Executive Vice President
`Oddvar Hesjedal, Vice President, Research & Development
`Bjørn Løken, Vice President, Market and Product Strategies
`
`Graphic design:
`Design Consult AS
`
`Layout and illustrations:
`Gunhild Luke, Britt Kjus, Åse Aardal
`Telenor Research & Development
`
`Google Ex. 1026, pg. 2
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`

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`Standards for wide-area paging
`– the situation in Norway and Europe
`
`B Y L A R S A B Ø R V E A N D P E R H J A L M A R L E H N E
`
`1.2 Next step: pan-European
`paging
`In spite of the commercial success for the
`POCSAG code, it only offers national
`coverage. Aroused from the spirit of the
`GSM work, the need for a paging system
`also offering services at an international
`level was recognised. In April 1986 the
`Telecommunication Commission of
`CEPT established the R35 Subworking
`Group with the task of defining a new
`pan-European radiopaging system cap-
`able of allowing roaming at European
`level and guaranteeing for compatibility
`of paging receivers throughout Europe.
`Later, with the reorganisation of the radio
`activities of CEPT, R35 SWG changed
`its name to RES4. RES4 used three spe-
`cialised ‘ad hoc’ working groups to
`speed up the work: Service and Facilities
`(SF), Radio Sub-System (RSS) and Net-
`work Aspect (NA). From November
`1988, RES4 became a Sub-Technical
`Committee (STC) under the new ETSI
`structure and soon reorganised to be the
`PS (Paging Systems) Technical Com-
`mittee (TC), and the three ‘ad hoc’ work-
`ing groups became Sub-Technical Com-
`mittees PS1, PS2 and PS3, respectively.
`The working name for the system was
`European Radio Message System, abbre-
`viated ERMES, a name which later was
`adopted as the official name of the sys-
`tem. The official logo is shown in Figure
`1.
`The work of these STCs was basically
`finished by the end of 1990, and ERMES
`was adopted as a European Telecommu-
`nication Standard (ETS) in 1992 [4] –
`[10].
`The International Telecommunication
`Union (ITU) approved ERMES as the
`world’s first recommended standard for
`paging systems intended for international
`use in September 1994 (ITU-R M.539-3
`[11]).
`
`In the shade of mobile telephony, pag-
`ing, also a mobile service, is popular
`both as an add-on to mobile telephones
`and as a stand-alone service. Alphanu-
`meric paging, the possibility of sending
`text messages to a small pocket
`receiver, has opened new markets for
`paging. Also the domestic market
`seems to have “discovered” paging.
`This article explains the two leading
`standards for public, or wide-area
`paging, POCSAG and ERMES, to-
`gether with a presentation of the Nor-
`wegian situation. Some remarks are
`also done about the future for paging.
`
`1 Introduction
`Telenor’s subsidiary Telenor Mobil AS,
`started its first tone-only and numeric
`paging service, “PS-tall”, in December
`1984. The system was delivered by NEC,
`Japan. A combined tone-only, numeric
`and alphanumeric paging service, “PS-
`tekst”, was launched in June 1991 de-
`livered by the Finnish company Tec-
`nomen. Today, Norway has got the high-
`est penetration (approximately 3 %) of
`paging in Europe.
`
`1.1 The first international pag-
`ing standard
`The work with the radio code on which
`the two Norwegian paging services are
`based, started in 1976. An international
`group of engineers met to explore the
`possibility of agreeing on a mutually
`acceptable code for wide area paging.
`The first meeting was held in London
`and chaired by the then British Post
`Office. The subsequent success of the
`meetings that followed resulted in the
`POCSAG code (The Post Office Code
`Standardisation Advisory Group) [1].
`Official international recognition of this
`code was given in 1981 when it was
`accepted by the CCIR as the recommend-
`ed Radiopaging Code No. 1 (RPC 1, Rec.
`584) [2]. More than 10 million POCSAG
`pagers have been sold, and almost all
`paging manufactures offer infrastructure
`and terminals conforming to the stand-
`ard. POCSAG enables the use of simul-
`cast transmission with data speeds of 512
`bits per second (bit/s), 1200 bit/s and
`2400 bit/s. The two lowest speeds have
`been used for a while, while the use of
`2400 bit/s has started recently. Simulcast
`transmission means that the page is sent
`from all transmitters at the same time (bit
`level).
`
`48
`
`Figure 1 The official ERMES logo
`
`2 Norwegian paging
`
`networks and services
`In Norway two different paging networks
`are in operation – one tone-only and
`numeric service and one alphanumeric
`service. The old tone-only/numeric net-
`work operates on two frequencies,
`148.050 MHz and 148.100 MHz, sharing
`the airtime, using two time slots. This
`system covers approximately 85 % of the
`Norwegian population. The combined
`tone-only, numeric and alphanumeric
`paging network operates on the fre-
`quency 169.800 MHz and covers approx-
`imately 80 % of the population. Both
`systems are based on the POCSAG radio
`code. The coverage as per January 1995
`is shown in Figure 2.
`
`2.1 The network architecture
`The infrastructure for the two paging net-
`works are similar to each other. Both sys-
`tems consist of a paging terminal (PT),
`district controllers (DCs), base station
`controllers and radio transmitters. The
`alphanumeric system contains a network
`controller (NC) as well.
`
`2.1.1 The Paging Terminal (PT)
`The main task for the paging terminal
`(PT) is to communicate with the calling
`party, i.e. see to it that a page accepted
`by the PT is sent to the right pager in the
`subscriber’s paging area(s). The page can
`be generated either in the numeric inter-
`face, using DTMF [12], or one of the
`alphanumeric interfaces (X.25 or dial-up
`modems).
`When sending a page, the sender would
`have to transmit the page according to a
`certain protocol. Some of these may be
`open, international standards or propri-
`etary protocols. The protocol describes
`the dialogue between the sender and the
`PT and all the situations that can occur
`while connected to the PT.
`The general input procedure is:
`1 Connection opened
`2 Subscriber number entered
`3 The subscriber number is compared
`with the information stored in the sub-
`scriber database
`4 If valid, the PT accepts the subscriber
`number
`5 Entering of the message
`6 The message is terminated
`7 PT checks the message (length, etc.)
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`Google Ex. 1026, pg. 3
`
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