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`WARNING: The information disclosed herein may be restricted. Unauthoriz~d disclosure may be prohibited
`by the Umted States Code Title 35, Sections 122, 181 and 368. Possession outside the u.s.
`Patent & Trademark Office is restricted to authorized employeef-> and contractors only.
`
`(FACE)
`
`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 1
`
`

`

`PATENT AF'PLICATION
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`

`

`(12) United States Patent
`Smith et al.
`
`111111
`
`1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
`US006333973Bl
`US 6,333,973 Bl
`*Dec. 25, 2001
`
`(JO) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`(54)
`
`INTEGRATED MESSAGE CENTER
`
`(75)
`
`Inventors: Colin Donald Smith, Ottawa; Brian
`Finlay Beaton, Orleans, both of (CA)
`
`(73) Assignee: Norte! Networks Limited (CA)
`
`( * ) Notice:
`
`This pat.:nt issued on a continued pros(cid:173)
`ecution application ftled under 37 CFR
`1.53(d), and is subiect to the twenty year
`patent
`term provisions of 35 U.S.C.
`154(a)(2).
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 08/842,020
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
`
`Apr. 23, 1997
`
`(51)
`
`(52)
`
`(58)
`
`Int. Cl.7
`
`........................... H04M l/64; H04M .ll/00;
`H04M 3/42; H04Q 7/20
`U-S. Cl ................... 379/88.12; 379/67.1; 379/88.11;
`379/88.22; 379/93.08; 455/412; 455/413;
`455/466
`Field of Search .............................. 379/88.01, 88.11,
`379/93.01, 93.08, 93.17, 100.01, 100.08,
`88.22, 111, 112, 113, 2.11, 230, 246, 88.12,
`114.06, J 14.07, 88.23, 88.24; 455/445,
`517, 417, 459, 419, 433, 466, 422, 38.1,
`412,413, 414; 370/347, 337, 349,498,
`524; 341/20-23
`
`(:'i6)
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PKrENT DOCUMENTS
`
`5,228,029 * 7/1993 Kotzin ................................. 370/95.1
`5.283,638 * 2/1994 Engberg ct a!.
`.. ... ....... ... ... ..... 348/14
`5,327,486 * 7/1994 Wolff cl al. ............................ 379/96
`................ 379/88.25
`7/1996 Robinson cl al.
`5.533,1CI2
`5,557,659 * 9/1996 Hydc-Thom~on ..................... 379188
`5,568,540 * 10/t996 Greco ct al.
`........................... 379/88
`5,583,920 • 12/1996 Wheeler, Jr ............................ 379/88
`5.608,786 • 3/1997 Gordon ................................ 379/100
`5,719,918 * 2/1998 Scrbctciouglu cl al. ............... 379/58
`
`5,742,905 * 4/1998 Pepe el al. ........................... 455/461
`5,794,142 * 8/1998 Vanlilla cl al.
`...................... 455/419
`5,815,506 • 9/1998 Gokhalc ............................... 370/524
`5,842,141 * 11/1998 Vaihoja et al. ...................... 455/574
`
`(List continued on next page.)
`
`FOREIGN PKrENT DOCUMENTS
`
`0 630 t4l
`0 691 777
`WO 96 15490
`8268227
`
`t2/t994 (El').
`l/1996 (EP).
`5/1996 (EP) .
`10/1996 (.JP) .
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`Hattori et al., "A Multimedia Intelligent Message Commu(cid:173)
`nication System for Distributed Coordination Environ(cid:173)
`ments," Electronics & Communications in Japan, Part
`1-Communications, vol. 76, No.1, Jan. 1, 1993, pp. 11-23.
`"Nokia 9000 Communicator User's Manual," Nokia Cor(cid:173)
`poration, 1996, pp. 1-1 through 16-1 (48 pages total).
`
`Primary Examiner-Allan Hoosain
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Finnegan, Henderson,
`Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P.
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`An integrated message center operates on telecommunica(cid:173)
`tions equipment, having a display and a processor, to con(cid:173)
`solidate messages of difTerent types for viewing and manipu(cid:173)
`lation by a user. The telecommunications equipment
`receives notification messages corresponding to pending
`messages of different types and determines the message type
`of the pending messages. The integrated message center
`associates a message type indicator with each of the received
`notification messages based on the determined message type
`and displays on the display a portion of the received noti(cid:173)
`fication messages and the associated message type indicators
`as entries in a single selectable list. The user can select one
`of the pending messages for retrieval based on the entries in
`the single selectable list. In response to user selection, the
`integrated message center retrieves the selected pending
`message for viewing and manipulation by the user.
`
`33 Claims, 16 Drawing Sheel<>
`
`5200
`
`5500
`
`5600
`
`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 3
`
`

`

`US 6,333,973 Bl
`Page 2
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`5,870,549 * 2/1999 Bobo, II .......................... 395/200.36
`5,903,832 * 5/1999 Seppanen et al.
`................... 455/414
`5,905,959 * 5/1999 Foladare et al. ..................... 455/445
`5,911,485 * 6/1999 Rossman .................................. 34/22
`
`5,966,663 * 10/1999 Gleason
`............................... 455/466
`6,055,424 * 4/2000 Tornqvist ct al.
`....... ... ......... 455/414
`6,205,139 • 3/2001 Voit ...................................... 370/389
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 4
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 25, 2001
`
`Sheet 1 of 16
`
`US 6,333,973 Bl
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`U.S. Patent
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`Dcc.25,2001
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`Sheet 2 of 16
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`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 6
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`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 7
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec.25,2001
`
`Sheet 4 of 16
`
`US 6,333,973 Bl
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`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 8
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dcc.25,2001
`
`Sheet 5 of 16
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`US 6,333,973 Bl
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 25,2001
`
`Sheet 6 of 16
`
`US 6,333,973 Bl
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`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 10
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`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 11
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`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 12
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`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 13
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 25,2001
`
`Sheet 10 of 16
`
`US 6,333,973 Bl
`
`~8B-
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`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 14
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 25,2001
`
`Sheet 11 of 16
`
`US 6,333,973 Bl
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`~
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`
`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 15
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 25, 20()1
`
`Sheet 12 of 16
`
`US 6,333,973 Bl
`
`1.1
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`L!.J COLIN SMITH
`
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`TO: ANDREW CONNELLY
`FROM: COLIN SMITH @
`
`RE: WEDNESDAY
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`THE WEDNESDAY
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`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 16
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`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 17
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 25, 2001
`
`Sheet 14 of 16 ·
`
`US 6,333,973 Bl
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`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 18
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`

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`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 19
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 25, 20()1
`
`Sheet 16 of 16
`
`US 6,333,973 Bl
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`

`

`US 6,333,973 Bl
`
`1
`INTEGRATED MESSAGE CENTER
`
`RELATED APPLICATIONS
`
`This application is related to U.S. patent application, Ser.
`No. 08/842,015, entitled MULTITASKING GRAPHICAL
`USER INTERFACE; U.S. patent application, Ser. No.
`08/841,485, entitled ELECTRONIC BUSINESS CARDS;
`U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 08/841,486, entitled
`SCROLLING WITH AUTOMATIC COMPRESSION AND
`EXPANSION; U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 08/842,019,
`entitled CUD WITH LOCATION ICON; U.S. patent
`application, Ser. No. 08/842,017, entitled CUD WITH
`DRAG AND DROP CAPABILITY; and U.S. patent
`application, Scr. No. 08/842,036, entitled JCONIZED
`NAME us·c all of which were filed concurrently herewith, 15
`and all of which arc hereby incorporated by reference.
`
`2
`If the user then wanted to view a received SMS message,
`however, the user must return to the main menu to select
`"Received short messages." In response, the internal pro(cid:173)
`cessor launches the SMS application to display a list of
`received SMS messages from which the user selects the
`desired one.
`Telephones of this type, however, sun·cr from a number of
`drawbacks. First, they store in their internal memory all
`received messages, except voice and e-mail messages which
`10 are stored at an external server. This wastes precious
`memory space, and as a result, fewer messages can be
`locally stored.
`Additionally, message handling is cumbersome because
`the telephones are menu driven and contain separate appli(cid:173)
`cations for the different message types. To view different
`types of messages, the user must follow a series of menus
`that cause specific applications to be executed.
`Therefore, a need exists to integrate different types of
`20 messages from different types of equipment into one graphi(cid:173)
`cal location to notify the user of pending messages and their
`type, and to allow the user to view and respond to the
`messages by simple operation.
`
`SUMMARY OF "Il-IE INVENTION
`
`BACKGROUND OF TI-lE INVENTION
`This invention relates to the fteld of message handling,
`and more specifically to the field of message presentation to
`a user by which messages of all types are consolidated and
`graphically displayed in a searchable list to allow for easy
`graphical scanning, prioritizing, editing, selection, viewing,
`forwarding, playback, and response by the user.
`Traditionally, a user could retrieve only voice messages 25
`Systems and methods consistent with the present inven(cid:173)
`by calling and interacting with a voice mail service using
`tion address this need by providing an integrated message
`dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) commands. Such
`center that graphically displays different types of received
`retrieval of messages, however, required the user to dial the
`messages together to facilitate user viewing and manipula-
`voice mail service and listen to each message, or minimally
`tion of the messages without having to follow a series of
`the header of each message, that is, the name of the person 30
`menus or launch separate applications.
`and the time received. This type of voice mail retrieval
`In accordance with the purpose of the invention as
`tended to be a slow and tedious process.
`embodied and broadly described herein, an integrated mes(cid:173)
`Additionally, the user needed to memorize the DTMF
`sage center consistent with the principles of the present
`number commands to control the voice mail service. Some(cid:173)
`invention operates on telecommunications equipment, hav(cid:173)
`times these commands were dift'erent for the user's home 35
`ing a display and a processor, to consolidate messages of
`voice mail service and the user's oftice voice mail service.
`different types for viewing and manipulation by a user. The
`For example, the user needed to remember that pressing ''1"
`telecommunications equipment receives notification mes(cid:173)
`with the o!Tice voice mail service, while pressing "6" with
`sages corresponding to pending messages of different types
`the home voice mail service, meant ''play the message."
`40 and determines the message type of the pending messages.
`More recently, telephones have been designed with the
`The integrated message center associates a message type
`capability to directly receive, or download, di!Terent types of
`indicator with each of the received notification messages
`messages, such as faxes, e-mail, and Short Messaging Ser(cid:173)
`based on the determined message type and displays on the
`vice (SMS) messages. One conventional mobile telephone
`display a portion of the received notification messages and
`has a display, a keypad, and numerous hard keys, and uses 45
`the associated message type indicators as entries in a single
`menus to enable a user to view di!Ierent types of received
`selectable list. The user can select one of the pending
`messages.
`messages for retrieval based on the entries in the single
`When a message arrives, an internal processor detects the
`selectable list. In response to user selection, the integrated
`message type and stores the message in a folder dedicated to
`message center retrieves the selected pending message for
`the message type. If the telephone receives a fax, for
`example, the internal processor stores the fax in a fax folder. 50 viewing and manipulation by the user.
`When the user opens the cover to the display, the internal
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TI-lE DRAWINGS
`processor displays a note indicating the quantity and type of
`messages rec<::ived. For example, if two faxes and two SMS
`messages have been received, the note will show "You have: 55
`2 unread faxes and 2 unread short messages."
`If the user wants to view a received message, the user first
`goes to the main menu and selects the type of message to
`view. This causes the internal processor to
`launch a
`message-type specific application to retrieve the message 60
`from the message folder and display it for the user. For
`example, if the user wants to read a received fax, the user
`selects" Received faxes" from the main menu. In response,
`the internal processor launches the fax application to display
`a list of received faxes. From the list, the user selects a 65
`particular fax to read. The fax application then displays the
`selected fax.
`
`The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in
`and constitute a part of this specilication, illustrate systems
`and methods consistent with this invention and, together
`with the description, explain the objects, advantages and
`principles of the invention. In the drawings,
`FIG. 1 is a diagram of a communications network con(cid:173)
`taining the integrated message center consistent with the
`principles of the present invention;
`FIG. 2 is a diagram of the user mobile telephone operating
`in the network of FIG. 1;
`FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the elements included in the
`user mobile telephone of FIG. 2;
`FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the software components
`stored in the flash ROM of FIG. 3;
`
`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 21
`
`

`

`US 6,333,973 Bl
`
`3
`FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the elements included in the
`network services provider of FIG. l;
`FIG. 6 is an example of an idle screen of the user mobile
`telephone shown in FIG. 2;
`FIGS. 7 A and 7B are example displays of received
`messages;
`FIG. I!A is an example display of a received SMS text
`message;
`FIG. 813 is an example display of a received electronic ink 10
`message;
`FIGS. 9A and 9B are example displays of SMS text
`messages with hypertext markup language code;
`FIG. 10 is an example display in which the user selects to
`listen to a voice mail message;
`FIG. ll is an example display in which the user selects to
`forward a fax;
`FIG. 12 is an example display of a received e-mail
`message;
`FIGS. 13A through 13D arc example displays in which
`the user responds to an ink mcssagt: by sending an SMS
`rnessagc;
`FIGS. 14A and 14B are example displays in which the
`user responds to an ink message by establishing a voice call; 25
`and
`FIGS. 15A and 15B arc example displays in which the
`user receives a voice call and an SMS message, respectively.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF "HIE
`PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
`
`15
`
`4
`Network services provider 1200 stores many of the mes(cid:173)
`sages awaiting retrieval by the user and notifies the user or
`the pending messages. Subscriber mobile telephone UOO
`and caller equipment 1300 through 1700 communicate with
`network services provider 1200 over a communications
`network, such as Global System for Mobile Communica(cid:173)
`tions (GSM) switching fabric 1800.
`While FIG. 1 shows caller equipment 1300 through 1700
`directly connected to GSM switching fabric 1800, this is not
`typically the case. Telephone 1300, facsimile equipment
`1500, computer 1600, and ADS! telephone 1700 normally
`connect to GSM switching fabric 1800 via another type of
`network, such as a Public Switched Telephone Network
`(PSTN).
`When a caller uses telephone 1300 to communicate with
`the user, the caller dials the tekphonc number corresponding
`to mobile telephone 1100. If the user docs not answer the call
`for a predetermined number of rings, or upon direction of th<.:
`user (to be described), the call routes to network services
`20 provider 1200 over GSM switching fabric 1800 by conven(cid:173)
`tional mechanisms. Network services provider 1200 stores
`the message left by the caller as voice mail and sends a short
`message to mobile telcphon<.: 1100, notifying the user of the
`pending voice mail message.
`When the caller uses caller mobile telephone 1400 to
`communicate with the user, the caller may either call the
`user, as described above with regard to telephone 1300, or
`may send the user a Short M<.:ssaging Service (SMS) mes(cid:173)
`sage. GSM networks typically include an SMS server that
`30 provides the SMS service. The SMS service is an error-fr<.:c,
`guaranteed delivery transport mechanism by which callers
`can send short point-to-point messages, i.e., SMS messages,
`through the GSM network, such as GSM switching fabric
`1800, in a GSM signaling channel, simultaneously with, or
`35 without, a voice or data call.
`GSM protocol limits the length of the standard SMS text
`message to a maximum of 140 bytes. However, GSM
`protocol permits longer messages to be formed by concat(cid:173)
`enating several messages together, transparent to the caller.
`Because GSM protocol transparently performs this concat(cid:173)
`enating of messages, the caller sees no restriction on mes-
`sage length.
`If the caller chooses to send the user an SMS message, the
`caller inputs the message data, and selects a destination
`corresponding to the user. GSM switching fabric 1800
`routes the message to an SMS server that services the area
`containing mobile telephone 1100, and the SMS server, in
`turn, relays the message to the user.
`When the caller uses facsimile equipment 1500 to send a
`fax to the user, the caller dials the fax telephone number
`corresponding to network services provider 1200. The caller
`sends the fax to network services provider 1200. Network
`services provider 1200 stores the fax and then sends a short
`55 message to mobile telephone 111111, notifying the user of the
`pending fax.
`When the caller uses computer 1600 to send an e-mail
`message to the user, the caller enters the message into the
`computer and afllxes the user's e-mail address. The user's
`60 e-mail address directs the e-mail message to network ser(cid:173)
`vices provider 1200. Network services provider 1200 stores
`the e-mail message, and then sends a short message to
`mobile telephone 1100, notifying the user of the pending
`e-mail message.
`When the caller uses ADS! telephone 1700 to communi(cid:173)
`cate with the user, the caller dials the telephone number
`corresponding to mobile telephone llOO, as described above
`
`45
`
`The following detailed description of the invention refers
`to the accompanying drawings that illustrate preferred
`embodiments consistent with the principles of this inven(cid:173)
`tion. Other embodiments art: possible and changes may be
`made to the embodiments without departing from the spirit
`and scope of the invention. The following detailed descrip(cid:173)
`tion does not limit the invention. Instead, the scope of the
`invention is defined only by the appended claims.
`The integrated message center consistent with the prin- 40
`ciples of the present invention displays different types of
`received messages in a single display and permits manipu(cid:173)
`lation of the messages by a user, such that the user can view,
`discard, forward, and respond to any type of message
`without the need to launch different applications.
`I. System Architecture
`FIG. l is a diagram of a communications network con(cid:173)
`taining the integrated message center consistent with the
`principles of the present invention. The integrated message so
`center is a logical entity that resides in mobile telephone
`1100 and operates in conjunction with network services
`provider 1200 to inform a user of incoming and pending
`messages, such as fax mail, e-mail, voice mail, etc. The
`integrated message center also serves as a mechanism by
`which the user can retrieve, manipulate, and reply to all
`typ<.:s of messages. User manipulation of the pending mes(cid:173)
`sages might include the ability to view, prioritize, edit,
`playback, discard, and/or forward messages.
`The user uses mobile telephone llOO to view messages
`from callers having dilferent types of caller equipment, such
`as ordinary telephone 1300, caller mobile telephone 1400
`which is similar to user mobile telephone 1100, facsimile
`equipment 1500, computer 1600, and Analog Display Ser(cid:173)
`vices Interface (ADS!) telephone 1700. The callers leave 65
`different types of messages for the user, depending upon the
`type of caller equipment.
`
`Google Ex. 1102, pg. 22
`
`

`

`US 6,333,973 Bl
`
`to
`
`15
`
`20
`
`5
`with regard to telephone 1300. If the user docs not answer
`the call for a predetermined number of rings, or upon
`direction of the user, the call routes to network services
`provider 1200 over GSM switching fabric 1800 by conven(cid:173)
`tional mechanisms. Network services provider 1200 stores
`the message left by the caller as voice mail and sends a short
`message to mobile telephone 1100, notifying the user of the
`pending voice mail message.
`Mobile telephone 1100 provides a user friendly interface
`to facilitate message retrieval, manipulation, and response
`by the user. FIG. 2 is a diagram of mobile telephone llOO,
`including main housing 2100, antenna 2200, keypad 2300,
`and display 2400.
`FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the hardware elements of
`mobile telephone 1100, including antenna 3100, communi(cid:173)
`cations module 3200, feature processor 3300, memory 3400,
`sliding keypad3500, analog controller 3600, display module
`37110, ballery pack 3800, and switching power supply 3900.
`Antenna 3100 transmits and receives radio frequency
`information for mobile telephone 1100. Antenna 3100 pref(cid:173)
`erably comprises a planar inverted F antenna (PIFA)-typc or
`a short stub (2to 4 em) custom helix antenna. Antenna 3100
`communicates over GSM switching fabric 1800 using a
`conventional voice B-channel, data 13-channel, or GSM
`signaling channel connection.
`Communications module 3200 connects to antenna 3100
`and provides the GSM radio, baseband, and audio function(cid:173)
`ality for mobile telephone 1100. Communications module
`32110 includes GSM radio 3210, VEGA 3230, BOCK 32511,
`and audio transducers 3270.
`GSM radio 321 II converts the radio frequency informal ion
`to/from the antenna into analog baseband information for
`presentation to VEGA 3230. VEGA 3230 is preferably a
`Texas Instruments VEGA device, containing analog-to-
`digital (A/D)/digital-to-analog ( D/A) conversion units 3235.
`VEGA 3230 converts the analog baseband information from
`GSM radio 3210 to digital information for presentation to
`BOCK 3250.
`BOCK 3250 is preferably a Texas Instruments BOCK
`device containing a conventional ARM microproccssor and
`a conventional LEAD DSP device. BOCK 3250 performs
`GSM baseband processing for generating digital audio sig(cid:173)
`nals and supporting GSM protocols. BOCK 3250 supplies
`the digital audio signals to VEGA 3230 for digital-to-analog
`conversion. VEGA 3230 applies the resulting analog audio
`signals to audio transducers 3270. Audio transducers 3270
`include speaker 3272 and microphone 3274 to facilitate
`audio communication by the user.
`Feature processor 3300 provides graphical user interface so
`features and a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Feature proces(cid:173)
`sor 3300 communicates with BOCK 3250 using high level
`messaging over an asynchronous (UART) data link. Feature
`pro<:essor 3300 contains additional system circuitry, such as
`a liquid crystal display (LCD) controller, timers, UART and 55
`bus interfaces, and real time clock and system clock gen(cid:173)
`erators (not shown).
`Memory 3400 stores data and program code used by
`feature processor 3300. Memory 3400 includes static RAM
`3420 and flash ROM 3440. Static RAM 3420 is a volatile 60
`memory that stores data and other information used by
`feature processor 3300.
`Flash ROM 3440 is a non-volatile memory that stores the
`program .:ode and directories utilized by feature processor
`33110. FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the software components
`of flash ROM 3440. ROM 3440 includes graphical user
`interfa<:e (GUI) manager 4100, user applications 4200, scr-
`
`6
`vice classes 43110, Java environment 44110, real time oper(cid:173)
`ating system (RTOS) utilities 4500, and device drivers 4600.
`GUJ manager 4100 acts as an appli<:ation and window
`manager. GUI manager 4100 oversees the user interface by
`allowing the user to select, run, and otherwise manage
`applications.
`User applications 4200 contain all the user-visible appli-
`cations and network service applications. User applications
`4200 preferably include a call processing application for
`processing incoming and outgoing voice calls, a message
`processing application for sending and receiving short
`mes.<;ages, a directory management application for managing
`database entries in the form of directories, a web browser
`application, and other various applications.
`Service classes 4300 provide a generic set of application
`programming facilities shared by user applications 4200.
`Service classes 4300 preferably include various utilities and
`components, such as a Java telephony application interface,
`a voice and data manager, directory services, voice mail
`components, text/ink note components, e-mail components,
`fax components, network services management, and other
`miscellaneous components and utilities.
`Java environment 4400 preferably includes a JVM and the
`necessary run-time libraries for executing applications writ(cid:173)
`ten in the Java™ programming language.
`RTOS utilities 4500 provide real time tasks, low level
`interfaces, and native implementations to support Java envi(cid:173)
`ronment 4400. RTOS utilities 4500 preferably include .lava
`30 peers, such as networking peers and .lava telephony pccrs,
`optimized engines requiring detailed real time control and
`high performance, such as recognition engines and speech
`processing, and standard utilities, such as protocol slacks,
`memory managers, and database packages.
`to the hardware
`Device drivers 4600 provide a<:<:cs.<;
`dements of mobile telephone ll 011. Device drivers 4600
`include, for example, drivers for sliding keypad 3500 and
`display

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