Dictionary of
`Computer and
`Internet Terms
`
`
`Eleventh Edition
`
`Douglas A. Downing, Ph.D.
`School of Business and Economics
`Seattle Pacific University
`
`Michael A. Covington, Ph.D.
`Artificial Intelligence Center
`The University of Georgia
`
`Melody Mauldin Covington
`Covington Innovations
`Athens, Georgia
`
`Catherine Anne Barrett, B.F.A.
`University of Kentucky Law School
`Lexington, Kentucky
`
`Sharon Covington, B.A.
`Covington Innovations
`Athens, Georgia
`
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`ABOUT THE AUTHORS
`
`the School of
`Douglas Downing teaches economics and quantitative methods at
`Business and Economics at Seattle Pacific University. He is the author of several
`books in both Barron’s E—Z and Business Review series. He is also the author of Java
`Programming the Easy Way and Dictionary of Matlzenzarics Terms, published by
`Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. He holds the Ph.D. degree in economics from
`Yale University.
`Michael Covington is Associate Director of the Artificial Intelligence Institute at
`the University of Georgia. He is the author of several books and over 250 magazine
`articles. He holds the Ph.D. degree in linguistics from Yale University.
`Melody Mauldin Covington is a graphic designer living in Athens, Georgia. She is
`the author of Dic'ti0mu_y ofDes/nap Publisliing (published by Ban'on’s).
`Catherine Aime Barrett is a graduate of the Lamar Dodd School of Art (University
`of Georgia) and a student at University of Kentucky Law School.
`Sharon Covington is a graduate of Emory University.
`
`© Copyright 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1998, 1996, 1995, 1992, 1989, and 1986
`by Bairon’s Educational Series, Inc.
`
`All rights reserved.
`No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in
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`of the copyright owner.
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`All inquiries‘ should be adrlressed Io:
`Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.
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`
`ISBN: 978-0~7641—4755—5
`
`Library of Congress Control Nmnlzer: 2012021295
`
`. [et a1.]. —
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Dictionary of computer and internet terms / Douglas A. Downing. .
`Eleventh ed.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 978-0-7641-4755-5 (alk. paper)
`1. Computers—Dictionaries.
`2. Intemet—Dictionaries.
`QA76.I5.D667
`2012
`004.03—dc23
`
`I. Downing, Douglas.
`
`2012021295
`
`PRINTED IN CHINA
`9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
`
`

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`load
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`
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`296
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`
`
`load to transfer information from a disk or other outside device into the
`memory of a computer. Contrast SAVE. See also LOADER.
`
`loader a computer program whose function is to load another program into
`memory and transfer control to it. All operating systems include loaders.
`For example, in Windows, if you have a program named myfi 1 e . exe and
`you type the command
`
`C : \> myfi l e
`
`you are telling the loader to find myfi1e.exe and load it.
`local located at the user’s computer or site. Contrast REMOTE.
`
`local-area network (LAN) a network that connects several computers that
`are located nearby (in the same room or building), allowing them to
`share files and devices such as printers. See ETHERNET. Contrast WIDE-
`AREA NETWORK.
`
`local bus a separate bus in a computer, designed to provide extra—fast
`access to the CPU for specific devices, such as video cards. It contrasts
`with the main bus, which connects to most other parts of the computer.
`For examples see PCI, AGP.
`
`local variable a variable that has meaning only within a particular function,
`subroutine, or other program unit. The name of a local variable can be
`used in another subroutine elsewhere in the program, where it will refer
`to an entirely different variable. Local variables contrast with global
`variables, which are recognized throughout the program.
`The advantage of using local variables is not obvious in short pro-
`grams. However, it is a good idea when writing a long program to make
`as many variables as possible local, because then there will be no prob-
`lem if you wish to use the same name to mean something else elsewhere
`in the program. This rule is even more important if several different
`people are writing subroutines that will be combined into one main
`program. See also SCOPE; SIDE EFFECT.
`
`localization the process of adapting software to run and be understood in a
`particular culture or part of the world. Localization might involve trans-
`lating screen displays into French or German, adapting to a foreign-
`language keyboard, printing the date differently (eg., 2012 Oct 21 in
`Japan vs. 21 oct 2012 in Britain and oct.
`21,
`2012 in the United
`States), setting the clock for daylight saving time on different dates, or
`even reading or writing numbers differently (3,000.95 vs. 3 000.95 or
`even 1000,95).
`
`location the address in memory of a piece of data or the ENTRY POINT of a
`subroutine.
`
`lock
`to configure a CELLULAR TELEPHONE (or other wireless device that
`1.
`uses the cellular network) so that it will only connect to one company’s