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`The Penguin Concise Dictionary of
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`Dick Pountain
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`PENGUIN BOOKS
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`SIMPLEAIR EXHIBIT 2024
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`Google V‘ Simp|eAir
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`|PR2015-00180
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`PENGUIN BOOKS
`Published by the Penguin Group
`Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R URL, England
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`www.penguin.com
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`The New Penguin Dictionary ofCumputing first published 2001
`This concise edition first published 2003
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`1 C
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`opyright © Dick Pountain, 2001, 2003
`All rights reserved
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`The moral right of the author has been asserted
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`Typeset in 7.5 on 9.75 pt ITC Stone Serif
`This book was produced using Librios® authoring and content management technology
`Printed in England by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc
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`Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not,
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`a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser
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`225]
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`Internet backbone
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`(
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`internationalization Themodification of
`a software product for use by speakers of a dif-
`ferent (human) language. Internationaliza-
`tion involves more than merely translating
`menus, dialogues and documentation into
`the new language: other important differ-
`ences might include a different CHARACTER
`SET, keyboard layout (e.g. the French use of
`AzERTv), different numeric notations (e.g. the
`European use of point rather than comma to
`separate thousands, as in 123323.456) and
`more subtle cultural differences. Some mod-
`ern operating systems and development tools
`try to assist internationalization by isolating
`all such affected data items into replaceable
`modules.
`
`International Organization for Stand-
`ardization See Iso.
`
`Internet A network of computer networks
`that now spans the whole world, connecting
`all the major public, private and university
`networks. The Internet permits email to be
`sent to and from anywhere in the world that
`has access to it via an INTERNET sERvICE PRO-
`VI D E R.
`
`The Internet was first created in 1966 by
`AR PA, the US government’s defence research
`agency,
`to provide a highly decentralized,
`resilient communications network that could
`not be destroyed by a nuclear attack on any
`single ‘nerve centre’. At first it connected only
`government defence laboratories, but under
`the Reagan administration it was expanded to
`include the major universities and give them
`access
`to the expensive supercomputers
`deployed at these laboratories. As it grew, the
`‘ Internet was gradually opened up to more and
`more institutions, and eventually to the
`public.
`The Internet is built around a three-level
`hierarchy of carriers, organized in tree-like
`fashion so that long distance messages travel
`via a few high-speed, high-capacity networks
`that form its trunk. These so—cal1ed INTERN ET
`BACKBON E networks are mainly the original
`military networks such as ARPAnet, NSFnet
`and MILNET, along with high-speed lines
`belonging to the major telephone companies.
`The branches and twigs are called ‘mid-level’
`networks and ‘stub’ networks respectively.
`Hence the Internet works over many different
`kinds of hardware and with many different
`low-level protocols, the unifying factor being
`the Internet Protocol
`IP and its INTERNET
`
`
`
`AD D R ESS scheme, together with the D o M Al N
`NA M E SYSTEM.
`
`Many thousands of people have contrib-
`uted to the building of the Internet, which is
`run and maintained by non-governmental
`bodies such as the INTERNET ENGINEERING
`TASK FORCE, the INTERNET ENGINEERING
`STEERING GROUP, the INTERNET ARCHITEC-
`TURE BOARD, the INTERNET ASSIGNED NUM-
`BERS AUTHORITY and INTERNIC. Some of the
`most important software utilities and proto-
`cols used on the Internet, including SEN D-
`MAI L, the APACH E web server and the WORLD
`WI D E WEB protocols, have been developed by
`volunteers for no payment. There is therefore
`no single inventor of the Internet, though
`pivotal figures include Bob Taylor who nego-
`tiated funds for the initial ARPA project, JCR
`Licklider who worked out the topology, Vint
`Cerf who invented the RouTERs and TCP/IP
`protocols, and Larry Roberts the father of
`ARPAnet.
`
`internet A network of networks. A group of
`networks connected together by BRIDGES or
`ROUTERS so that data may be passed from one
`network into another, which allows users of
`all of these networks to communicate and
`share data with one another. The INTERNET
`(note the capital 1) is a world-wide internet.
`See also INTRANET.
`
`Internet Access Provider See IAP.
`Internet address See IP ADDRESS.
`
`Internet Architecture Board (IAB) The
`technical body that keeps the Internet open
`by overseeing all development work on the
`INTERN ET PROTOCO Ls, issuing its findings in
`a series of standards documents called STDs.
`The lA‘B has two working groups, the INTER-
`NET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE and the
`INTERNET RESEARCH TASK FORCE, who per-
`form software development work on new pro-
`tocols.
`
`
`
`Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
`See IANA.
`
`Internet backbone The high-speed, high-
`capacity networks that carry Internet traffic
`around the world. The backbone networks
`include the military networks that formed the
`original core of the Internet (ARPAN ET, NSF-
`net and MILN ET) together with commercial
`optic fibre networks owned by the large carri-
`ers AT&T, Sprint, MCI, Netcom, UUNet, IBM