Product Details
`
`Hardcover: 1080 pages
`
`Publisher: Prentice Hall; 4 edition (September 2, 2005)
`
`Language: English
`
`ISBN-10: 0130473944
`
`ISBN-13: 978-0130473943
`
`Product Dimensions: 7.2 x 1.7 x 9.4 inches
`
`Shipping Weight: 4.4 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
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`Average Customer Review: 4.2 out of 5 stars See all reviews (60 customer reviews)
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`Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #10,248 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
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`IPR2015-00171
`Exhibit 1063
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`Professors
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`

`
`Contents
`
`PREFACE
`
`1 MOLE H.-I LANCES
`
`xi:
`
`I
`
`l
`2
`.3
`-1
`
`1.5
`
`4
`The Rate of Reaction. —J"4.,.
`The General Mule Balance Equation
`Batch Reaernn:
`11]
`Cunlintmus-Flaw Reactors
`
`12'.
`
`3
`
`Cnnrinun-u:—SIirred Tunic .'-'.‘.ran.-;r_
`14. I
`Tubuiur Reacmr
`14
`!.4'..?
`Packed-Red Rea-:1-:1r
`3.4.3
`Industrial Reactor:
`1]
`
`1'?
`
`I2
`
`15
`Summary
`CIJ—RC|M Material
`
`26
`
`Queslinns and Prnhlemr.
`Supplementary Reading
`
`29
`35
`
`2 C'0NVER$:'0N AND REA CTGR SIZING
`
`3'?
`
`Definitien nf Conversion
`
`3-H-
`
`2.1
`
`2.2
`2.3
`
`Batch Reactor Design Equations
`‘III
`Design Equations for Flow Henulurfi
`2.3.3’
`CETR tube: know: H5 :1 Em'km:'J: Remmr
`m’ 'r‘i:i'J
`43
`Tub-uhlr .F.i-tm' Re.rrr.1'c.rr f.F'."'R,i
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`45
`
`33
`
`44
`
`2.3.2
`2.3.3
`
`2.4
`
`Appiicntitinn at the Design Equations for
`['uIItinuULIs-Flow Reaeiun
`45
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`
`'|.|'iii
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`2.5
`
`2.45
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`5-1
`Rcuctarx in Sffifla
`2.5.!
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`3.5.3
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`55
`58
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`2.5.3’
`3.5.-1
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`Sunni»: Further Derinitinng
`
`6:6
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`Qucstiuns and Pmhlclns
`3|-l|'||'JI1EI1.'?lt:l?l|:-Llt'}' Reading
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`T2
`T!‘
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`3 RATE LAWS .-tf‘u"1'J ST{JIC'HftJMETR}’
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`T9
`
`P.-1R1‘
`3.1
`
`I Hate Laws
`Basic Deflniliuns
`
`Hf!
`
`HI}
`
`3.2
`
`R¢*J'm‘:'L'r .'tnre*.¢ of Rrmflrm
`.1‘. I’. 1'
`The Rn::I».:t:'nn Order and the Rate Law
`
`III]
`32
`
`H-an-rr Lmr .'lv."m.'rI.-.* um.’ Et'.:'mw:mr_1* Rmrr fmn
`3.2. I
`.-"I-'unut:'r:mr::::7r Rurr !.m«.'.-.
`EH
`3. 3.2
`Ht-'tW'.'tHlh" Rrm'::'r:m:
`33
`:1 1.?
`Th: Rcanutiun Rule Cunslaltt
`
`9|
`
`H2
`
`Prc.-'.¢I1t Status of Uur Appnmuh tn Rcuctur Sizing
`and Design
`Elli
`
`3.}
`
`3.4
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`III]
`
`W
`P.utT I Stuichiumctry
`1l'.|lZ|
`3.5
`Butch Systcnis
`H12
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`Questions and Pmhlc.-ms
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`143
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`PART I
`-1.!
`-1.2
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`Mule B'.I.Iur1L‘l!h in Tt:I'l‘L‘I$ t_1t' I.'.','t:|nw:r.~'.Iit1n
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`Design Structure fur I$[}[J'I¢.!|Tl1I1I Reactors
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`1'J"J'
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`J96
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`I96
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`Mule Balunccs Written in Tenn: of Ctancentrntiun atml 3'-Itrlur
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`4. I L'..E'
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`217
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`22?
`Suntlnttry
`UDE Sol-trcr Algnrithnt
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`23!}
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`ZJI
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`13-!
`Qtlcstinns tutti Prtablcnts
`Saint Thoughts on Critiquing ‘WE1.-1t‘r't:nu rcuti
`Juurnnl Criliquc Fmhlcms
`249
`Supplumcttlnry Reading
`251
`
`249
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`I
`
`5
`
`tL'U."_.U:. t_‘i".~'U!'i' AND ANAL }’S!.5' C-‘F Rt-I TE DA TA
`
`153
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`15-I
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`I'M
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`The .Ft.igoriIiim for Data Analysis
`Batch Reactor Data
`15‘
`5.2.!
`.Di',fH‘rrtt'i'eii' Mei‘-‘rod r.I_i".4.i1.a,i'_'.'.iiii.1i
`5.2.2
`Ht‘.-'
`inirgroi Method
`5..?.:'|
`M:-niineo r Reg rrssion
`17?
`Method of Initial Rates
`Method of Half-Livett
`130
`Differential Re.-tenors
`231
`189
`
`151'
`
`Experirnentul Planning
`F.-otluation nfLal1tmitor1t' Reactors-
`5. .'r'.i'
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`189
`5. J’..‘.'
`5. }'.,~t
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`.T_t'_iIr'5 of Rrufiflfi
`.$r.ii:iriiui'_'t'
`r._~.|' Rrurreir Hailing;
`191
`Summary
`C D-RUM Muleriitl
`
`190
`
`139
`
`299
`
`293
`
`Questions and Problems
`Itiumul Critique Fflitlems
`Supplementary Heading
`
`194
`302
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`NUMER:'CAL TE{"HN.-'QUE.’:-‘
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`Appendix B
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`HJE.-ii. GAS CU.‘-“3'."‘A.'~'Ir'" AND C'CJNi-'ER.‘:'a*fl;'-.' F.-i C”:-"'{”Ja's'.':-'
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`Fogler_ECRE_CDROM.book Page 867 Wednesday, September 17, 2008 5:01 PM
`
`Distributions
`of Residence Times
`for Chemical Reactors
`
`13
`
`Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood.
`Marie Curie
`
`Overview In this chapter we learn about nonideal reactors, that is, reactors
`that do not follow the models we have developed for ideal CSTRs, PFRs,
`and PBRs. In Part 1 we describe how to characterize these nonideal reactors
`using the residence time distribution function E(t), the mean residence time
`tm, the cumulative distribution function F(t), and the variance σ2. Next we
`evaluate E(t), F(t), tm, and σ2 for ideal reactors, so that we have a reference
`point as to how far our real (i.e., nonideal) reactor is off the norm from an
`ideal reactor. The functions E(t) and F(t) will be developed for ideal PPRs,
`CSTRs and laminar flow reactors. Examples are given for diagnosing prob-
`lems with real reactors by comparing tm and E(t) with ideal reactors. We
`will then use these ideal curves to help diagnose and troubleshoot bypassing
`and dead volume in real reactors.
`In Part 2 we will learn how to use the residence time data and functions
`to make predictions of conversion and exit concentrations. Because the resi-
`dence time distribution is not unique for a given reaction system, we must
`use new models if we want to predict the conversion in our nonideal reactor.
`We present the five most common models to predict conversion and then
`close the chapter by applying two of these models, the segregation model
`and the maximum mixedness model, to single and to multiple reactions.
`After studying this chapter the reader will be able to describe the
`cumulative F(t) and external age E(t) and residence-time distribution functions,
`and to recognize these functions for PFR, CSTR, and laminar flow reactors.
`The reader will also be able to apply these functions to calculate the conver-
`sion and concentrations exiting a reactor using the segregation model and
`the maximum mixedness model for both single and multiple reactions.
`
`867
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`Fogler_ECRE_CDROM.book Page 868 Wednesday, September 17, 2008 5:01 PM
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`We want to analyze
`and characterize
`nonideal reactor
`behavior.
`
`868
`
`Distributions of Residence Times for Chemical Reactors
`
`Chap. 13
`
`13.1 General Characteristics
`
`The reactors treated in the book thus far—the perfectly mixed batch, the
`plug-flow tubular, the packed bed, and the perfectly mixed continuous tank
`reactors—have been modeled as ideal reactors. Unfortunately, in the real world
`we often observe behavior very different from that expected from the exem-
`plar; this behavior is true of students, engineers, college professors, and chem-
`ical reactors. Just as we must learn to work with people who are not perfect,
`so the reactor analyst must learn to diagnose and handle chemical reactors
`whose performance deviates from the ideal. Nonideal reactors and the princi-
`ples behind their analysis form the subject of this chapter and the next.
`Part 1 Characterization and Diagnostics
`The basic ideas that are used in the distribution of residence times to charac-
`terize and model nonideal reactions are really few in number. The two major
`uses of the residence time distribution to characterize nonideal reactors are
`
`1. To diagnose problems of reactors in operation
`2. To predict conversion or effluent concentrations in existing/available
`reactors when a new reaction is used in the reactor
`
`System 1
`In a gas–liquid continuous-stirred tank reactor (Figure 13-1), the
`gaseous reactant was bubbled into the reactor while the liquid reactant was fed
`through an inlet tube in the reactor’s side. The reaction took place at the
`gas–liquid interface of the bubbles, and the product was a liquid. The continu-
`ous liquid phase could be regarded as perfectly mixed, and the reaction rate
`was proportional to the total bubble surface area. The surface area of a partic-
`ular bubble depended on the time it had spent in the reactor. Because of their
`different sizes, some gas bubbles escaped from the reactor almost immediately,
`while others spent so much time in the reactor that they were almost com-
`
`Figure 13-1 Gas–liquid reactor.
`
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`Fogler_ECRE_CDROM.book Page 869 Wednesday, September 17, 2008 5:01 PM
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`Not all molecules
`are spending the
`same time in the
`reactor.
`
`Sec. 13.1
`
`General Characteristics
`
`869
`
`pletely consumed. The time the bubble spends in the reactor is termed the
`bub-
`. What was important in the analysis of this reactor was not
`ble residence time
`the average residence time of the bubbles but rather the residence time of each
`bubble (i.e., the residence time distribution). The total reaction rate was found
`by summing over all the bubbles in the reactor. For this sum, the distribution
`of residence times of the bubbles leaving the reactor was required. An under-
`standing of residence-time distributions (RTDs) and their effects on chemical
`reactor performance is thus one of the necessities of the technically competent
`reactor analyst.
`
`System 2
`A packed-bed reactor is shown in Figure 13-2. When a reactor is
`packed with catalyst, the reacting fluid usually does not flow through the reac-
`tor uniformly. Rather, there may be sections in the packed bed that offer little
`resistance to flow, and as a result a major portion of the fluid may channel
`through this pathway. Consequently, the molecules following this pathway do
`not spend as much time in the reactor as those flowing through the regions of
`high resistance to flow. We see that there is a distribution of times that mole-
`cules spend in the reactor in contact with the catalyst.
`
`Figure 13-2 Packed-bed reactor.
`
`System 3
`In many continuous-stirred tank reactors, the inlet and outlet pipes
`are close together (Figure 13-3). In one operation it was desired to scale up
`pilot plant results to a much larger system. It was realized that some short cir-
`cuiting occurred, so the tanks were modeled as perfectly mixed CSTRs with a
`bypass stream. In addition to short circuiting, stagnant regions (dead zones) are
`often encountered. In these regions there is little or no exchange of material
`with the well-mixed regions, and, conse