EXHIBIT 2172
`EXHIBIT 2172
`
`
`
`

`
`Series in Display Technology
`
`(*WILEY SID
`
`WILEY
`
`eveme-747-V7- Zt,
`
`EXHIBIT
`
`Second Edition
`
`Displays
`jecti
`
`Edward H. Stupp
`Matthew S. Brennesholtz
`
`Stupp
`
`Brennesholtz
`
`SID
`
`)WILEY
`
`wilvv.com
`
`38
`
`ji
`
`B N 978-0-470-51803-
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`to standards and ergonomics.
`
`all facets of Information displays from technical aspects through systems and prototypes
`
`n information display technology at a professional level. The broad scope of the series addresses
`
`to the alms of the society the Wiley-SID series is intended to explain the latest developments
`encouraging the development of all aspects of the field of information display. Complementary
`
`The Society for Information Display (SID) Is an international society which has the aim of
`
`Series Editor Anthony C. Lowe Tiro Lambent Consultancy. Braishlield. UK
`
`14wILEYSIDSeries in Display Technology
`
`peering. physics and optics disciphnes that lead into the field of projection displays
`king courses in display technology and imaging science, as well as students ot the many other
`icrodisplay systems and mechanical engineering. The book will also be of interest to graduate students
`projection systems such as illumination sources. optical design. electronics, semiconductor design
`d manufacture of projection displays It includes key aspects from the many technologies contributing
`is book is aimed at practicing engineers and researchers involved in the research, development, design
`
`models for predicting the perloimance of optical and mechanical systems:
`practical examples of projection display applications
`
`the latest information on front and rear projection screens:
`
`coverage of new image generating systems including LCOS and scanned laser systems:
`
`resolution and speckle.
`updated Information on the human factors of projection displays including color gamuts.
`
`new material on light sources for projection displays
`
`ey new and updated features include:
`
`projector architectures. systems. components and devices.
`any technologies needed to manufacture a projector display system. It presents a comprehensive review
`echanical systems in electronic projection displays. It takes into account major new developments In the
`uy revised. this second edition of Projection Displays provides up-todate coverage of the optical and
`
`edia players.
`ejector can display images from mobile Information devices such as smart phones or portable
`nd cinema. In addition, there are emerging small screen markets where a pocketabie miniaturized
`n afford. This allows it to be used in a wide variety of large-screen markets such as television
`rolection is a technology for generating large, high resolution Images at a price point end users
`
`Edward H Stupp, Stupp Associates. U S A
`
`atthew S Brennesholtz. Insight Media. U.S A
`
`rojection Displays
`
`REALD INC.
`Exhibit 2172-1
`MASTERIMAGE 3D, et al. v REALD INC.
`IPR2015-00035
`
`

`
`Projection Displays
`
`REALD INC.
`Exhibit 2172-2
`MASTERIMAGE 3D, et al. v REALD INC.
`IPR2015-00035
`
`

`
`A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication
`
`*WILEY
`
`Stupp Associates, USA
`Edward H. Stupp
`Insight Media, USA
`Matthew S. Brennesholtz
`by
`
`Second Edition
`Projection Displays
`
`Published in Association with the Society fnr Information Divlay
`
`Matthew S. Brennmholtz and Edward H. Stupp
`Projection Displays, Second Edition
`
`Vladimir G Chigrinnv, Vladimir M. Kozenkov and Hol-Sing Kwok
`Physics and Applications
`Photoalignment of I.iquid Crystalline Materials:
`
`Achintyn K. Bhowmik, Zili Li, and Philip Flos (Eds)
`Technology and Applications
`Mobile Displays:
`
`David Armitage, Ian Underwood, and Shin-Tson 1Vu
`Intmduction to Microdisplays
`
`Deng-Ke Yang and Shin-TSon Wu
`Fundamentals of Liquid Crystat Devices
`
`Michael G. Robinson, Jianmln Chen, and Gary D. Sharp
`Polarization Engineering for LCD Projection
`
`Gregory Crawford (Ed.)
`Flexible Flat Panel Displays
`
`Gheorghe Berbecel
`Algorithms and Implementation
`Digital Image Display:
`
`Robert L. Myers
`Fundamentals and Standards
`Display Interfaces:
`
`Mail Green and Lindsay MacDonald (Eds)
`Achieving Device Independent Colom
`Colour Engineering:
`
`Shin-Tson Wu and Deng-Ke Y.g
`Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays
`Ernst Lueder
`Addressing Schemes and Electro-Optical Effects
`Liquid Crystal Displays:
`
`Edward H. Stupp and Matthew S. Brenneshnitz
`Projection Displays
`
`Peter A. Keller
`Concepts, Techniques, and Instrumentation
`Electronic Display Measurement:
`
`Lindsay W. MacDonald and Anthony C. Lowe (Eds)
`Design and Applications
`Display Systems:
`
`Michael A. Krlss
`Consult. Editor:
`Anthony C. Lowe
`Series Editor:
`
`Wiley-SID Series in Display Technology
`
`REALD INC.
`Exhibit 2172-3
`MASTERIMAGE 3D, et al. v REALD INC.
`IPR2015-00035
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`

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`.4
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`1 1
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`xix
`XV
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`Flux requirement for present.on and auditorium applications
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`2.2.2.1
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`4Liquid Crystal Light Valv. and Microdisplays
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`4.1.1Operation of Active-matrix Circuits
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`4.1Active Matrices
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`Field-emission Devices
`3.1.5Light Collection/Curvature
`3.1.4Spot SizeofBeam
`3.1.3Resolution of ProjectionCRTs
`3.1.2Phosphors
`3.1.1Luminous Output of Projection CRTs
`ProjectionCRTs
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`3.2
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`3.1
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`3Emissive Image Sources
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`2.2.4Electronic Cinema
`2.2.3Resolution
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`2.2.2Requisite Luminance Levels
`2.2.1Differenliators among Projectors
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`2.1.3
`2.1.2Emissive Systcms
`2.1.1Microdisplays, Light Valves and Light Amplifiers
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`Laser-based Projection Technology
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`2Markets and Applications
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`2.1Overview
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`1.3What is not Covered
`1.2Book Organization
`1.1Overview of Projection Displays
`Introduction
`
`I
`
`About the Authors
`Preface to the Second Edition
`Foreword
`
`Contents
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`2.2Applications asad Performance Requirements
`
`Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire, UK
`Set in 9/lIpt Times by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India
`ISBN 978-0-470-51803-8 (H/B)
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Brennesholtz, Matthew S.
`LibraryofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`of a competent professional should be sought.
`servic.. lf professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services
`understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional
`information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the
`this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative
`owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in
`names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective
`trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade
`Designations uscd by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as
`that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.
`Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Sorne content
`publisher.
`Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the
`mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwi., except as permitted by the UK
`retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
`asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
`The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been
`please see our website at www.wiley.com.
`about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book
`For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information
`P019 8SQ, United Kingdom
`John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex,
`Registeredoffice
`0 2008 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
`This edition first published 2008
`
`2nd ed.
`
`Projection displays/by Matthew S. Brennesholtx, Edward H. Stupp.
`
`(Wiley series in display technology)
`
`cm.
`
`p.
`
`621.39117dc22
`TR7882.16P764 2006
`3. Projectors.
`1. Information display systems.
`ISBN 978-0-470-51803-8 (cloth)
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`
`2008024096
`
`IlL Title: Projection displays.
`
`2. Liquid crystal displays.
`
`I. Shipp, Edward H.El. Title.
`
`REALD INC.
`Exhibit 2172-4
`MASTERIMAGE 3D, et al. v REALD INC.
`IPR2015-00035
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`vii
`
`8Light Sources for Light-valve and Microdisplay Projection Systems
`
`8.2Types of Projection Lamps
`8.1Lamp Parameters
`
`8.3.2Laser Designs Suitable for Projection Applications
`8.3.1Choice of Laser Wavelengths
`
`8.3Lasers as Projection Light Sources
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`8.2.5Electraleless Lamps
`8.2.4Tungsten-halogen Lamps
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`8.2.3.1Temporal propertiesof UHFlamps
`
`8.2.3The UHP Lamp
`8.2.2Metal-halide Types
`8.2.1Xenon Lamps
`
`7.2.3.4Microdisplay and light-valve rear-projection systems
`
`7.2.4.1Light rejecting front projection screens
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`Speclde in Rear Projection Systems
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`7.3.2Speckle with Laser Illumination
`7.3.1
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`7.3Speckle in Projected Images
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`7.2.4Front Projection Screens
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`(b)TIR screens
`(a) Double lenticular screens
`7.2.3.3Rear projection CRT scrrens
`7.2.3.2Fresnel lenses for thin RPTV systems
`7.2.3.1Fresnel lens
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`Projection Screen Gain
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`7.1.5Matching the Projection Lens to the' Illumination Optical Path
`7.1.4
`7.1.3Zoom Lenses, Focal Length and Throw Ratio
`7.1.2
`7.1.1
`Projection Lenses
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`Projection Lens Offset
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`Single-lens Projectors
`Threc-lens Projectors
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`7.1
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`7Projection Lenses and Screens
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`7.2Projcction Screens
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`7.2.3Re. Projection Screens
`7.2.2Multiple Projectors and Screen Gain
`7.2.1
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`6.5.3.1Polarization recycling
`Polarization Conversion Systems
`6.5.2.5Other reflective polarizers
`6.5.2.4Vire grid polarizers
`6.5.2.3Bertrand-Feussner prism
`6.5.2.2Birefringent multilayer reflective polarizer
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`6.5.5Compensation Films
`6.5.4Polarizing Beam Splitters in the Imaging Path
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`6.5.3
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`(b)MacNeille polarizing prisms
`(a)Brewster plate
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`6.5.2.1Brewster angle reflection
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`6.5.2Reflective Polarizer Technology
`6.5.1Absorptive Polarizers
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`6.5Polarization Components
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`CONTENTS
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`CONTENTS
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`vi
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`Integrators for Projcctors with Lascr or LED Illumination
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`Indium-Tin Oxide and Other Transparent Electrodes
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`6.4
`
`6.4.5Light Guides
`6.4.4Other Integrator Types
`6.4.3
`6.4.2Rod Integrators
`6.4.1Lenslet Integrators
`Integrators
`6.3.9
`6.3.8Filters for IR Control
`6.3.7Filters for UV Control
`
`6.3.2.4Anti-reflection coatings
`6.3.2.3Dichroic filters in the imaging path
`6.3.2.2Dichroic filters in polarized light
`6.3.2.1Dichroic filters at non-normal incidence
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`Fresnel Reflection at Optical Surfaces
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`Factors affecting Projector Optical Performance
`6Filters, Integrators and Polarization Components
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`6.3
`6.2Component Efficiency
`6.1
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`6.3.2Dichroic Filters
`6.3.1
`Spectral Filters
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`6.3.6Total Internal Reflection
`6.3.5Mirrors
`6.3.4Electrically Tunable Color Filters
`6.3.3Absorptive Filters
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`6.3.6.1T1R prisms for angular separation
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`5.1.3Contrast and DLP Pixel Design
`5.1.2Gray Scale
`5.1.1Device Operation
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`5.2.2GEMS System
`5.2.1Grating Light Valve
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`5.3 MEMS Scanning Mirrors
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`5.2Linear MEMS Arrays
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`5Micro-electromechanical Devices
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`5.1DMD
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`4.2.6Liquid Crystal Inversion
`4.2.5Liquid Crystal Effects for Reflective Microdisplays
`4.2.4Other Liquid Crysta/ Effects
`4.2.3
`
`Polymer-dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC)
`4.2.2.2Twisted nematic cells
`4.2.2.1
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`Parallel aligned layer cells
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`4.2.2Nematic Cells
`4.2.1Liquid Crystal Cells
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`4.2Liquid Crystal Effects
`
`4.1.2.4Active matrices based on two terminal devices
`4.1.2.3Crystalline silicon active matrices
`4.1.2.2Poly-Si TrTs
`4.1.2.1
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`a-Si TFTs
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`4.1.1.2Charging currents
`4.1.1.1Effectsofleakage
`
`4.1.2Technologies
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`REALD INC.
`Exhibit 2172-5
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`IPR2015-00035
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`ix
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`11.5.4 Colorimetric and Throughput Issues with Projectors with more than
`11.5.3 Single-panel Color Sequential Projectors
`11.5.2 Color Correction to the desired White Point
`11.5.1 White Light Throughput prior to Color Corrcction
`
`13.2 Spatial Characteristics of the Image
`13.1 Characteristics of the Hurnan Visual System
`
`13Characteristics and Characterization
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`12.3 Throughput Estimate using the Full Colorimetric Model
`12.2 'Throughput in a Three-panel Projector
`12.1 Throughput of a Simple Transmissive Projector
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`12Projector Lumen Throughput
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`11.7 Lumen Output Variation in Production
`11.6 Problems with Lumen Throughput Calculations
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`11.5.5 Color Separation Efficiency
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`Three Primary Colors
`
`11.5 Full Colorimetric Model of the Projector
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`11.4.3 Duty Cycle
`11.4.2 Modulation Efficiency
`11.4.1 Panel Transmission
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`11.2.3.4 Limitationsoflumen vs &endue model
`11.2.3.3 Usable &endue
`11.2.3.2 Shape conversion
`11.2.3.1 ttenclue conserving transformations
`
`11.2.1.1 Étendue at a flat surface
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`11.2.1 Definition of Etendue
`11.2 Light Collection and Etendue
`11.1 Simplified Model
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`11Modeling Lumen Output
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`11.2.3 Lumen vs Etendue Function
`11.2.2 Etendue Limited Systems
`
`11.3 Integrators and Lumen Throughput
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`11.3.2 Integrator Etendue and Collection Efficiency
`11.3.1 Overfill Loss.
`
`11.4 Microdisplay and Light-valve Properties
`
`10.4.2.6 Scrolling color systems
`10.4.2.5 Rotating drum systems
`10.4.2.4 Address-and-flash systems
`10.4.2.3 Three-light-source field sequential systems
`10.4.2.2 Color wheel and related systems
`10.4.2.1 Addressing color-field sequential systems
`
`10.4.2 Color-field Sequential Systems
`
`10.7.3 Eye-sequential 3D Systems with Active Glass.
`10.7.2 Stereoscopic 3D with Color Separation
`10.7.1 Separation by Polarization
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`10.7 Stereoscopic 3D Projectors
`
`10.6.2 Schlieren Light-valve Systems
`10.6.1 Dark Field and Bright Field Systems
`
`10.6 Schliercn Optics-based Projectors
`10.5 Two-panel Systems
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`10.3.2.1 Four-panel, high contrast LCoS architecture
`
`10.4.1.3 Resolutionofsub-pixelated projectors
`10.4.1.2 Angular color separation projectors
`10.4.1.1 Microfilter projector
`
`10.4.1 Sub-pixelated Projectors
`
`10.4Single-panel Projectors
`
`10.3.3 Three-panel, Three-lens Projectors
`
`10.3.2 Four-cube LCoS Architectures
`
`Combiner
`
`10.3.1 Three Polarizing Bcamsplitters with a Dichroic
`
`10.2Three-panel Systems with Transmissive Microdisplays
`10.1Microdisplay Systems
`
`10Microdisplay System Architectures
`
`10.2.2 Unequal Path Systems
`10.2.1 Three-panel Equal Path
`
`10.3Three-panel LCoS Projector Architectures
`
`9.2.3 Laser Projectors with a Single Scanning Axis
`9.2.2 Laser Projectors with Two-axis Scanning
`9.2.1 Raster Scan Patterns
`Scwined Laser Projectors
`9.1.4 Lumen Output of CRT Projectors
`9.1.3 Convergence of CRT Projection Systems
`9.1.2 One-lens CRT Projectors
`9.1.1 Three-lens CRT Projectors
`CRT Projectors
`
`9.2
`
`9.1
`Scanned Projection Systems
`
`9
`
`8.10Lamp Ballasts and Ignitors
`
`8.8.2 Failure Mechanisms
`8.8.1 Lamp Servicing
`Lamp Life
`Light Distribution from a HID Lamp
`8.6.1 Lamp Spectral Emission Lines
`Spectral Characteristics of Lamps
`Efficacy and Lumen Output
`8.4.4 LF.D Drive Issues
`8.4.3 Thermal Issues with LEDs
`8.4.2 Color with LEDs
`8.4.1 Performance Improvements in LEDs for Projection
`Light Emitting Diodes as Projection Light Sources
`8.3.3 Laser Safety
`
`8.3.2.2 Laser wavelength generation
`8.3.2.1 Laser architectures
`
`8.9.5 Colleedon Systems for LEDs
`8.9.4 Refractive Collection Systems
`8.9.3 Constant Magnification Reflectors
`8.9.2 Compound Reflectors
`8.9.1 Reflectors with Conic Sections
`Reflectors and Other Collection Systems
`8.8.2.1 Measurementoflamp life
`
`8.9
`
`8.8
`8.7
`
`8.6
`8.5
`
`8.4
`
`CONTENTS
`
`CONTENTS
`
`viii
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`REALD INC.
`Exhibit 2172-6
`MASTERIMAGE 3D, et al. v REALD INC.
`IPR2015-00035
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`

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`xi
`
`Index
`
`Appendix 4Glossary
`
`A3.6 Comparison of Measured Data to thc Model
`A3.5 Lamp/Reflector Model
`A3.4 Etendue of a Cylindrical Surface
`A3.3 Etendue at a Flat Surface
`A3.2 Definition of Etendue
`A3.1 Introduction
`
`Appendix 3Lumen vs Etendue Parametric Model
`
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`A2.8 Tabulated CIE 1931 2 Photopic Color Matching Functions
`A2.7 Measurement of Color
`A2.6 Color-luminance Difference Formulas
`A2.5 The Chromaticity Diagram
`A2.4 Color Temperature
`A2.3 Calculation of Color
`A2.2 CÍE 1931 r Color Matching Functions
`A2.1 Introduction
`
`Appendix 2Colorimetry
`
`Appendix 1Radiometry and Photometry
`
`14.2.3.2Color breakup due to saccadic motionofthe eye
`14.2.3.1Color breakup due to motion in the image
`
`14.2.3 Artifacts in Color-field Sequential Systcms
`14.2.2 Image Smear, Judder and Motion Blur
`14.2.1 Flicker
`
`14.2 Temporal Artifacts
`
`14.1.1 Moiré: Alias and Beat Frequencies
`
`14.1 Spatial Artifacts
`Image Artifacts
`
`14
`
`14.1.1.1OriginsofMoiré
`
`14.1.2 Scrccn Door Effect or Pixelation
`
`14.1.2.1 Depixelation
`
`13.3.3.5Expanded color gamuts and displays with more titan three
`13.3.3.4Color gamutsofdisplays
`13.3.3.3White point of displays
`13.3.3.271e gamut of realcolors
`13.3.3.1The .specification of color
`
`13.3.5 Display Gamma and Gray Scale
`13.3.4 Ivleasurement of the Luminance and Color of Projection Systems
`
`13.4 Image Content-dependent Adaptive Processes
`
`primarycolors
`
`13.3.3 Colorimctry
`13.3.2 Contrast
`
`13.3.1.4Luminance patclt tests
`13.3.1.3Center sveighted lumens
`13.3.1.2 ANSIlumens
`13.3.1.1Measurementofluminance
`
`13.2.2.6 MTFof electmnic images vs film
`13.2.2.5 MT], ofprojection screens
`13.2.2.4Convergence
`13.2.2.3 MTFsof other elements
`13.2.2.2MTI: of sampled systems
`13.2.2.1 MTFof raster-scanned displays
`
`13.2.2 Modulation Transfer Function
`13.2.1 Pixel Count
`
`13.3 Luminance, Contrast and Color
`13.2.3 Image Quality Metrics
`
`13.3.1 Luminance and Brightness
`
`CONTENTS
`
`CONTENTS
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`REALD INC.
`Exhibit 2172-7
`MASTERIMAGE 3D, et al. v REALD INC.
`IPR2015-00035
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`

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`and technicians working in the ficld of projection display technology and projection display product
`In its first edition, this book proved to he an invaluable source of information for scientists, engineers
`
`is finally being rolled out at a significant and increasing rate.
`extensively. Following a successful resolution of the content security issue, electronic cinema technology
`ever before possible. Liquid crystal on silicon displays and projection screen designs have been developed
`properties of new light sources have enabled colour gamuts to be increased to much widcr values than
`light sources have become or are becoming available
`some of them at commercial prices. The spectral
`rapidly as it had exploded. Other changes over almost a decade are that new UHP, LED, laser and other
`what no-one foresaw was that one of those explosive successes, rear projection TV, would implode as
`an explosion in their successfid commercialisation." Well, that last statement was true at the time, but
`has been rapid development of electronically addressed projection display technologies and literally
`displays have existed since before the invention of the cinema, but ir is comparatively recently that there
`Much has changed in the intervening years. In my foreword to the first edition, I wrote "Projection
`
`colorimetry, étendue and a glossary.
`display characterisation and artefacts. Four appendices cover the basics of radiometry and photometry,
`projection displays. Chapters 10 to 14 deal with the systems aspects of architecture and performance,
`to place it in context and perspective. Chapters 3 to 9 cover technical aspects of all the components of
`Chapter 2 is an overview of markets and applications which will help those not familiar with the subject
`or as a source of inforrnation into which the reader may selectively dip. Chapter I describes the structure.
`now divided into sections. The book is structured in a way which makes it easy lo read straight through
`the greatest amount of revision. It retains the forrnat of the first edition, apart from the fact that it is not
`crystal on silicon, display colour gamuts, electronic cinema and projection screen design having received
`thc increased maturity of the topic. Those sections covering light sources for projection displays, liquid
`This edition contains substantial revisions and additions so reflect technological progress made and
`
`works.
`later, it is the first to appear as a second edition in a series which its publication will increase to fifteen
`When the first edition of this book was published, it was the third volume in this series. Now, nine ycars
`
`Foreword
`
`REALD INC.
`Exhibit 2172-8
`MASTERIMAGE 3D, et al. v REALD INC.
`IPR2015-00035
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`

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`display manket is huge, so even 7% is a very big number in either units or dollars.
`leaves a total of only 7% for all other display technologies, including plasma and projectors. Yet the total
`than the unit sales of CRTs for the first time, with market shares of 47% and 46% respectively. This
`market share in TV to LCD-baned receivers. In 2007 the worldwide unit sales of LCD displays was larger
`displays. CRTs have largely been replaced on the desktop by LCD panels. They are also rapidly loosing
`Direct view displays, when the first edition was published, largely meant cathode ray tube (CRT)
`
`digital projectors are replacing film projectors at a rapid rate.
`first edition was published has swept away virtually all film projectors except cinema. Even in the cinema,
`viewgraph projectors. The advancement of digital imaging technology and projection displays since the
`pmjection display to the average person. Other common film projectors included slide projectors and
`When the first edition of this book was published, the cinema projector was perhaps the most familiar
`
`applications.
`150' have been demonstrated, these systems are extremely expensive and are hard to justify for most
`more than a few can view it simultaneously. While LCD displays up to 108" and plasma displays up lo
`problem: it is difficult and expensive to make a direct view display large enough so an audience of
`Direct view displays are capable of high resolution, luminance and contrast, but they have a serious
`
`luminance have increased rapidly, even while cost and projector size have decreased.
`costs of projectors have droppcd rapidly since the first edition was published. Resolution, image size sud
`build projection displays that meet the needs of large-screen displays. Size, purchase cost and operating
`bright and high resolution as film projectors can make. The projection display industry has worked hard to
`solution than LCD or plasma. Electronic projection displays are capable of generating images as large,
`For images larger than about 60" or so, electronic projection displays can provide a more cost-effective
`
`and projection in larger sizes ensures a market for HDTV projectors.
`displays dominate HDTV in sizes up to about 60" diagonal, the price differential between direct view
`for the development of projection displays was high definition TV (HDTV). While LCD and plasma
`to fill this nced with portable and semi-portable projectors. A sccond technology providing impetus
`a high quality electronic video signal. Over the last 15-20 years, projcctor manufacturers have rushed
`projection displays. First, cornputers, especially laptop computers, have provided a portable source of
`Two technologies, neither directly related to projection technology, have had a particular influence on
`The impetus for the development of irnproved projection displays has come from many sources.
`image size and resolution will be larger than the LCD, OLED or other display built into the cell phone.
`cell phone cameras. While these projectors are not expected to make images larger than about 20", the
`forecasts that pico-projectors embedded into cell phones may someday become almost as universal as
`There are also some emerging markets for small-screen projection displays. For exinnple, there are
`
`Preface to the Second Edition
`
`Braishfield, UK.
`Series Editor
`Anthony C. Lowe
`
`This second edition will enable this book to remain themost comprehensive work available on
`purchase.
`performance between different projection display technologies for thepurposes of specification and
`development and also for those who need to understand the strengths,limitations and differences in
`
`projection displays and I thank the authors for making the effortto update it.
`
`FOREWORD
`
`xiv
`
`REALD INC.
`Exhibit 2172-9
`MASTERIMAGE 3D, et al. v REALD INC.
`IPR2015-00035
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`

`
`Jackson, New Jersey
`Edward H. Stupp
`Pleasantville, New York
`Matthew S. Brennesholtz
`
`of Barco, Greg Niven of Novalux and Chris Chinnock of Insight Media.
`Francis Nguyen of Osram Opto-Semiconductors, William Bleha of JVC North America, Patrick Candry
`Christian Hoepfner of Luminus Devices, Jacob Christensen of DNP Denmark, Charles Bruzzone of 3M,
`Tony MeGettigan of Luxim, Jens Polltnann-Retsch and Holger Mlinch of Philips Research Aachen,
`Additional information for the second edition was provided by Serge Bierhuizen of Philips Lumileds,
`
`first edition.
`was written, Peter Bingham and Barry Singer, gave the authors the time and resources to produce the
`graphics department was invaluable. The presidents of Philips Research in Briarcliff while the first edition
`Fuller of the Philips Research Library and Diane McCoach and Antonelie Hay-Passatino of the Philips
`book. The aid of John Fox of the Philips Intellectual Property Department, Betsy McIlvaine and Joan
`George Melnik, Christian Hentschel and Caaj Greebe provided important discussions and inputs to this
`provided data on projection CRTs. Colleagues at Philips Research, Briarcliff, including Jerry Kramer,
`Most of this material has been carried forward into this second edition. Geert Lievens of Hitachi America
`Many people provided information and assistance while the first edition of this book was being written.
`
`variety of graphical styles.
`the figures were often copied directly from the original publication with minor editing, leading to a wider
`since they were all redrawn from the source by the Philips graphics department. In the second edition,
`effort. One place this can be seen is in the graphics. In the first edition all the figures had a uniform look
`While the first edition was done under the auspices of Philips, the second edition was a more independent
`
`We received considerable positive feedback on the first edition. We hope the second cdition will serve
`
`the industry as well.
`
`correct future citations.
`and please contact us with the proper reference. In this way, the bibliographies can be updated to ensure
`If any contributor recognizes material in this book without an appropriate citation, accept our apologies
`knowledge that 'everyone' in the projection business knows but for which no one can provide a citation,
`companies. In the course of writing this book, it was discovered that there seems to be a large body of
`The book also includes a significant amount of previously unpublished material from Philips and other
`This book combines material from these sources with large amounts of additional published material.
`
`the industry-wide need for a book on tisis subject.
`and invited papers at SID meetings presented by Dr. Stupp, developed additional material and pointed to
`Systems Department. Short courses and papers presented by Mr. Brcnnesholtz at SPIE and SED meetings,
`Briarcliff Advanced Projection project and Edward Stupp, Department Head of the Briarcliff Display
`guidance and technical inputs from the late William Guerinot, Project Leader of the Philips Research-
`
`xvii
`
`PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
`
`for more than 20 years with minimal changes are gone forever.
`when a projection system, such as the now defunct Talaria, could be introduced and remain in production
`sure mean all these disparate elements must be integrated with severe time and cost pressures. The days
`A knowledge of video source formats is also essential. Rapid technological change and competitive pres-
`dcsign must be done at the chip, board and systcm level, with multiple layers of embedded software.
`turing engineering, software engineering, and digital, analog and power electronics dcsign. Electronic
`mechanical engineering, materials science, semiconductor device design and manufacturing, manufac-
`include optical engineering, opto-electronics, illumination engineering, lamp physics, human factors,
`Many disciplines are required for the successful design of a competitive projection system. These
`
`covering technologies no longer used in the projection industry have been deleted from this edition.
`details on these two technologies are now public and described in this cdition. In addition, discussions
`nature. The UHP lamp and liquid crystal on silicon microdisplays are two examples. Many additional
`when the first edition was written we were not allowed to disclose because of their Philips pmprictary
`the first edition was published. In addition, there were details of a few technologies known to the authors
`add to the technologies described in the first edition all the projection related technology developed since
`it was published and many new technologies are available to the projection engineer. This text attempts to
`The first edition of this book attempted to fill this vacuum. Technology has advanced considerably since
`
`that make it difficult for many workers in industry to publish.
`because of both the proprietary and commercial nature of the components, and the commercial pressures
`lack of texts and published compendia on many projector components and sub-systems. This happened
`an academic environment to specifically study electronic projection technology. One effect of this was the
`disciplinary nature of the projection industry, there have been limited opportunities for an individual in
`research and development facilities rather than academic settings. Due to the commercial and multi-
`Most of the developments in projection display systems and components have been made in industrial
`
`entitled Optical Architectures for Light Valve Projectors, written in 1995 by Matthew Brennesholtz with
`The discussions of many of the subjects in this book are based on a proprietary Philips Research report
`
`technologies, other than their own, employed in the dcsign and execution of a projection display.
`disciplines required in projector design, but with limited experience in projection systems and the many
`This book, then, is directed at those people with a solid technical background in one or more of the
`the illustrated point, without necessarily relating it to other problems encountered in projection displays.
`example to demonstrate a particular point of optical science. This example will give an understanding of
`Texts on optical system design and other related subjects often will use a projection system as an
`
`system.
`able by the vendor, but they must ensure the component achieves its goal whcn integrated into the
`of vendors and to set specifications for the components. These specifications must not only he achiev-
`fit into the light engine system. This should allow the projection engineer to ask intelligent questions
`of this book is to elucidate the requirements and limitations of each component and how the components
`Any projection system manufacturer dcpends heavily on a wide array of component vendors. A goal
`subjects are covered in other texts. Inclusion of even an overview would make this book impossibly long.
`components. Thc electronics associated with the projector will not be discussed in this book since these
`be, and often is, manufactured and sold independent of the electronics, the cabinet, and other system
`electrical signal and power into an optical image. The light engine is a complete package, one that can
`It dwells at length on the system considerations of thc light-engine: the subsystem which converts the
`The book concentrates on the optics of projection systems, including the image-generating components.
`
`just ideas.
`important, making it difficult to sort out which patents represent real technology and which represent
`be more than three years old. Another problem with patents is many patents arc issued but not all are
`components is the patent literature, although by the time a patent becomes public, the information can
`The Intemational Society for Optical Engineering. Another major source of infomiation on projector
`such as conference proceedings published by the Society for Information Display (SID) and the SPIE
`
`Much of the published material on projection systems has been presented in unrefcreed publi