LTE WHITE PAPER
`
`LTE: The Future of Mobile
`Broadband Technology
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`BLACKBERRY EX. 1011, pg. 1
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`

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`LTE WHITE PAPER
`
`LTE: The Future of Mobile
`Broadband Technology
`
`CONTENT
`1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
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`1.1 Audience ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
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`2. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
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`3. The Benefits of LTE ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
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`3.1 Verizon Wireless and LTE Mobile Broadband Technology ..................................................................................................................................4
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`4. Wireless Technology Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................................................4
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`5. WWAN Evolution: A Choice of Upgrade Paths ..................................................................................................................................................................6
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`5.1 WWAN Evolution: CDMA to LTE ..........................................................................................................................................................................................6
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`5.2 WWAN Evolution: GSM to LTE ..............................................................................................................................................................................................7
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`6. 4G Mobile Broadband Technologies .......................................................................................................................................................................................8
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`6.1 Defining 4G Mobile Broadband Technology ..............................................................................................................................................................8
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`6.2 Trends Driving the Transition to 4G Technology ......................................................................................................................................................9
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`7. LTE Overview and Development Background ..................................................................................................................................................................9
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`7.1 LTE Standards Evolution ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................9
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`7.2 LTE Performance Estimates and Technical Attributes ........................................................................................................................................10
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`7.3 Testing and Deployment ......................................................................................................................................................................................................11
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`7.4 LTE Supporting Technologies ............................................................................................................................................................................................12
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`8. WiMAX Overview ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
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`8.1 WiMAX Standards Evolution ...............................................................................................................................................................................................13
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`8.2 WiMAX (802.16e–2005) Performance Estimates and Technical Attributes ...........................................................................................14
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`8.3 WiMAX Supporting Technologies ...................................................................................................................................................................................14
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`8.4 WiMAX Deployment ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................14
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`9. A Technology Comparison between LTE and WiMAX ...............................................................................................................................................14
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`10. The Advantages of LTE ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................15
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`10.1 Business Considerations for Using LTE ......................................................................................................................................................................16
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`11. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16
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`12. Additional Resources ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................16
`13. Glossary of Terms ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
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`14. Contact Information .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
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`BLACKBERRY EX. 1011, pg. 2
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`1. Introduction
`This paper provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)—the
`leading technologies for next-generation mobile broadband. The information presented here will help readers understand how
`the two technologies differ, why Verizon Wireless chose LTE, and what advantages LTE offers customers. The following executive
`summary gives a quick overview of the paper’s contents and its subject matter. The remaining sections go into greater technical
`detail about LTE and WiMAX wireless technologies.
`1.1 Audience
`This paper has been developed for independent customers, enterprise customers, IT administrators, decision makers, and other
`personnel. It is assumed that the reader has an understanding of earlier generations of wireless technology, as well as an
`understanding of computer and network concepts.
`2. Executive Summary
`Driving the evolution of wireless broadband technology is customers’ increasing expectations for speed, bandwidth, and global
`access. Customers want more information, such as business and consumer applications, and entertainment available through
`their mobile devices, but with greater speeds. For wireless carriers to achieve greater speeds and pervasive connectedness, their
`networks need to start behaving more like landline IP-based networks. This line of thinking represents a fundamental shift in
`perspective—from mobile services to broadband connections—for customers and service providers alike. Enter the fourth-
`generation (4G) wireless network. Unlike earlier wireless standards, 4G technology is based on TCP/IP, the core protocol of the
`Internet. TCP/IP enables wireless networks to deliver higher-level services, such as video and multimedia, while supporting the
`devices and applications of the future.
`
`Verizon Wireless chose LTE over WiMAX as the technological foundation for its 4G wireless broadband network. The company
`believes that LTE offers a number of significant technological and business advantages over WiMAX that make it a superior
`networking standard. Verizon Wireless customers want to be truly untethered with advanced communication devices that
`provide a similar immersive experience as found in today’s wired networks—whether it’s downloading or uploading large files,
`video, gaming, downloading music, or social networking. They want to be able to communicate in new and innovative ways
`whenever and wherever they choose around the globe. For these reasons, Verizon Wireless believes LTE is the best technology
`with the global scale needed to deliver such experiences.
`3. The Benefits of LTE
` + Provides a global ecosystem with inherent mobility
`
` + Offers easier access and use with greater security and privacy
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` + Dramatically improves speed and latency
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` + Delivers enhanced real-time video and multimedia for a better overall experience
`
` + Enables high-performance mobile computing
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` + Supports real-time applications due to its low latency
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` + Creates a platform upon which to build and deploy the products and services of today and those of tomorrow
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` + Reduces cost per bit through improved spectral efficiency
`
`Within the Verizon Wireless network, LTE will operate in the 700 MHz spectrum, giving it vast potential for greater
`broadband speeds and access.
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`3.1 Verizon Wireless and LTE Mobile Broadband Technology
`Wireless carriers are keenly interested in choosing the best technology for their customers—for both today and tomorrow. For
`Verizon Wireless, selecting the right technology is imperative. As a leader in the wireless industry, Verizon Wireless is committed
`to the potential technology advances offered by LTE. Verizon Wireless is currently conducting laboratory and field tests using
`LTE technology and plans to launch its 4G mobile network in 2010. This deployment will help the company realize its goal of
`delivering improved wireless Internet connectivity and mobility to its customers. For the mobile user, connectivity means an
`untethered experience and true mobility. Users can work and communicate almost whenever and wherever they want. LTE’s
`improved speeds will allow wireless carriers to offer a number of business-specific applications and services, such as video
`conferencing, direct connectivity, and mobile applications that bring the desktop experience to mobile devices.
`4. Wireless Technology Overview
`Wireless technologies enable one or more devices to communicate without an actual wired connection. Radio frequency is used
`to transmit the data. Such technologies are rapidly evolving to meet a variety of communications needs, from simple to complex.
`
`Wireless communications needs can all be classified in one of three ways, based on the distance they are meant to cover. These
`include: wireless personal area networks (WPAN), wireless local area networks (WLAN), and wireless wide area networks (WWAN).
`
` WLAN: Wi-Fi
` WWAN: CDMA, GSM
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`WPAN: Bluetooth, IR
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`Figure 1: Wireless network technologies.
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`Wireless networks form the transport mechanism between devices and traditional wired networks. WPANs are limited
`to distances under about 10 meters and include technologies such as infrared (IR), Bluetooth® technology, and
`ultra-wideband (UWB). WLANs cover a local area with distances of individual access points reaching to about 100 meters,
`and include technologies such as Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n). WWANs cover even larger areas, using cellular data networks.
`This section discusses some of the most popular and widely used wireless technologies to provide readers with a point
`of reference for the use of 3G technology.
`WPAN
`WPANs typically provide ad hoc network connections designed to dynamically connect devices to other devices within close
`range of each other. These connections are termed ad hoc because they do not generally need to connect to any network
`infrastructure to operate. They can simply connect to each other and perform necessary communications without the need of
`any access network devices, such as access points or base stations.
`
`Bluetooth
`
`Bluetooth has emerged as the most widely used WPAN network standard. The Bluetooth standard is an industry specification
`that describes how mobile phones, headsets, computers, handhelds, peripherals, and other computing devices should
`interconnect with each other. Bluetooth network applications include wireless headsets, hands-free operation, wireless
`synchronization, wireless printing, advanced stereo audio, dial-up networking, file transfer, and image exchange, to name a few.
`WLAN
`WLANs provide connections designed to connect devices to wired networks. Unlike a wired LAN, a WLAN does not require cabling
`to connect the device to a switch or router. Devices connect wirelessly to nearby wireless access points that are attached to the
`local network using an Ethernet connection. A single access point communicates with nearby WLAN devices in a coverage area of
`about 100 meters. This coverage area allows users to move freely within range of an access point with their notebook computers,
`handhelds, or other network devices. Multiple access points can be coordinated together by a network WLAN switch to allow
`users to hand off between access points.
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`Wi-Fi
`
`Wi-Fi (or IEEE 802.11) is the set of standards established to define wireless LANs. A number of different protocols are defined
`in the 802.11 family of standards, addressing various operating frequencies and maximum throughputs. The 802.11g standard
`is currently the predominant protocol deployed in WLAN implementations.
`WWAN
`WWANs provide broadband data networks with a far greater range, using cellular technologies such as GPRS, HSPA, UMTS, 1xRTT,
`1xEV-DO, and LTE. Wireless data devices connect to a wireless broadband network through a commercial carrier’s data network,
`allowing broadband performance without the need for a cabled connection to a network infrastructure (much like a WLAN), while
`providing end users with far greater mobility. These WWANs typically incorporate sophisticated user identification techniques to
`ensure that only authorized users are accessing the network. Multiple base stations are coordinated by base station controllers
`to allow users to hand off between base stations (cell sites).
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`1xEV-DO Rev. A
`
`1xEV-DO is the broadband wireless network standard developed by the Third-Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part
`of the CDMA2000 family of standards. EV-DO networks were first launched based on release 0 of the standard. The standard is
`currently in revision A, which has been deployed nationally by Verizon Wireless, and provides average download speeds of 600
`Kbps to 1.4 Mbps, and average upload speeds of 500 to 800 Kbps, with low latency, typically between 150 and 250 milliseconds.
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`BLACKBERRY EX. 1011, pg. 5
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`5. WWAN Evolution: A Choice of Upgrade Paths
`As the use and number of wireless devices increased, more and more demands were placed on the underlying
`technologies to deliver enhanced capabilities and services. This section discusses the evolution of WWAN technologies and
`their capabilities.
`
`CDMA
`IS-95-A
`
`CDMA2000
`1X
`
`EV-DO
`Rel. 0
`
`EV-DO
`Rev. A
`
`LTE
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`Figure 2: The Verizon Wireless upgrade path to LTE.
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`5.1 WWAN Evolution: CDMA to LTE
`1G
`First-generation (1G) radio networks were analog-based and limited to voice services and capabilities only. 1G technology was
`vastly inferior to today’s technology. 1G devices were easily susceptible to cloning and one channel supported only one device at
`a time. Today’s technology allows multiple devices to be supported by a single channel at the same time.
`cdmaOne
`Second-generation (2G) CDMA-based wireless networks, known as cdmaOne, proved their effectiveness in delivering
`high-quality voice traffic to subscribers. 2G networks made the transition from analog signals to all-digital signals, expanding
`network capabilities to include both voice and data services. With cdmaOne technology, services such as email and text
`messaging became possible.
`CDMA2000
`In response to subscriber growth and demand for data services that require high-speed access, 3G wireless network technology,
`known as CDMA2000, was implemented. CDMA2000 offered users increased voice and data services and supported a multitude
`of enhanced broadband data applications, such as broadband Internet access and multimedia downloads. This technology also
`doubled user capacity over cdmaOne, and with the advent of 1xRTT, packet data was available for the first time. In addition,
`CDMA2000 networks supported higher numbers of voice and data customers at higher data rates and at a lower cost, compared
`to 2G-based networks.
`CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
`CDMA2000 1xEV-DO introduced high-speed, packet-switched techniques designed for high-speed data transmissions, enabling
`peak data rates beyond 2 Mbps. 1xEV-DO expanded the types of services and applications available to end users, enabling
`carriers to broadcast more media-rich content, while users could enjoy near-wireline speeds on mobile devices. CDMA2000
`1xEV-DO was initially released as release 0 (Rel. 0) and has undergone one upgrade, known as 1xEV-DO Revision A (Rev. A).
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`CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rel. 0
`Rel. 0 provides peak speeds of up to 2.4 Mbps with an average user throughput of between 400 and 700 Kbps. The average uplink
`data rate is between 60 and 80 Kbps. Rel. 0 makes use of existing Internet protocols, enabling it to support IP-based connectivity
`and software applications. In addition, Rel. 0 allows users to expand their mobile experience by enjoying broadband Internet
`access, music and video downloads, gaming, and television broadcasts.
`CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A
`Rev. A supports the framework for future quality of service (QoS) applications, reduces latency, and features peak speeds of 3.1
`Mbps for downloads, and 1.8 Mbps for uploads. Rev. A technology’s increased bandwidth capabilities further improve a user’s
`ability to send large files, email attachments, pictures, and video from mobile devices. Average speeds of Rev. A are 600 to 1,400
`Kbps for downloads and 500 to 800 Kbps for uploads.
`LTE
`As mentioned previously in this paper, LTE is a 4G wireless technology that Verizon Wireless and numerous leading
`wireless carriers have chosen as their upgrade path beyond 3G technologies. Verizon Wireless will operate LTE in the
`700 MHz spectrum, which translates to unprecedented performance and data access.
`
`Peak speeds
`
`Average user
`throughput
`
`1xRTT
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`1xEV-DO Rel. 0
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`1xEV-DO Rev. A
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`3GPP LTE
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`153 Kbps (downlink)
`153 Kbps (uplink)
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`2.4 Mbps (downlink)
`153 Kbps (uplink)
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`3.1 Mbps (downlink)
`1.8 Mbps (uplink)
`
`100 Mbps (downlink)
`50 Mbps (uplink)
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`60–80 Kbps (downlink)*
`60–80 Kbps (uplink)*
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`400–700 Kbps (downlink)*
`60–80 Kbps (uplink)*
`
`600–1,400 Kbps (downlink)*
`500–800 Kbps (uplink)*
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`5–12 Mbps (downlink)**
`2–5 Mbps (uplink)**
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`Figure 3: The evolution of CDMA to LTE.
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`5.2 WWAN Evolution: GSM to LTE
`1G
`Please see section 5.1, WWAN Evolution: CDMA to LTE, for a description of 1G WWAN technology.
`GSM
`Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is 2G technology that offers both voice and data capabilities. GSM differs from
`1G by using digital cellular technology and time division multiple access (TDMA) transmission methods, rather than CDMA. GSM
`offers data transmission rates of up to 9.6 Kbps, while enabling such services as short messaging service (SMS) or text
`messaging, as it is more commonly known, and international roaming.
`W-CDMA
`Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) brings GSM into 3G. W-CDMA is a type of 3G cellular network and is a high-
`speed transmission protocol used in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). UMTS offers packet-based
`transmission for text, digitized voice, video, and multimedia content.
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` * Based on advertised Verizon Wireless average user throughput.
`** Based on preliminary analysis by multiple wireless vendors and Verizon Wireless.
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`HSPA
`High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a mobile telephony protocol that helps improve the performance of UMTS. HSPA uses
`improved modulation schemes, while refining the protocols that mobile devices and base stations use to communicate. These
`processes improve radio bandwidth utilization provided by UMTS.
`HSDPA
`High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a 3G mobile telecommunications protocol from the HSPA mobile protocol family.
`HSDPA enables higher data transfer speeds and capacity in UMTS-based networks. The standard currently supports peak
`downlink speeds of up to 14.4 Mbps in 5 MHz bandwidth.
`HSUPA
`High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is also a 3G mobile telecommunications protocol from the HSPA mobile protocol family.
`The HSUPA protocol enables peak uplink speeds of up to 5.76 Mbps.
`HSPA+
`Evolved HSPA (HSPA+) is a wireless broadband standard that provides peak speeds of up to 42 Mbps on the downlink and 22 Mbps
`on the uplink, using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and higher order modulation.
`LTE
`Please see section 5.1, WWAN Evolution: CDMA to LTE, for a description of LTE.
`
`W-CDMA
`
`HSPA
`
`HSPA +
`
`3GPP LTE
`
`Peak speeds
`
`2 Mbps (downlink)*
`
`1.8 Mbps–14.4 Mbps (downlink)
`384 Kbps–2 Mbps (uplink)
`
`42 Mbps (downlink)
`22 Mbps (uplink)
`
`100 Mbps (downlink)
`50 Mbps (uplink)
`
`Average user
`throughput
`
`100 Kbps–320 Kbps
`(downlink)*
`Less than 100 Kbps (uplink)*
`
`Up to 2 Mbps
`(downlink only)*
`Uplink speeds vary
`by device
`
`5 Mbps (downlink)*
`3 Mbps (uplink)*
`
`5–12 Mbps (downlink)**
`2–5 Mbps (uplink)**
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`Figure 4: The evolution of GSM to LTE.
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`6. 4G Mobile Broadband Technologies
`4G mobile broadband technologies will allow wireless carriers to take advantage of greater download and upload speeds to
`increase the amount and types of content made available through mobile devices.
`6.1 Defining 4G Mobile Broadband Technology
`4G networks are comprehensive IP solutions that deliver voice, data, and multimedia content to mobile users anytime and almost
`anywhere. 4G technology standards offer greatly improved data rates over previous generations of wireless technology. Faster
`wireless broadband connections enable wireless carriers to support higher-level data services, including business applications,
`streamed audio and video, video messaging, video telephony, mobile TV, and gaming.
`
` * Based on Data Capabilities: GPRS to HSDPA and Beyond white paper; 3G Americas.org.
`** Based on preliminary analysis by multiple wireless vendors and Verizon Wireless.
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`BLACKBERRY EX. 1011, pg. 8
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`6.2 Trends Driving the Transition to 4G Technology
`Unified Technology
`Today’s global economy needs a “borderless” or unified wireless platform. The world is shrinking and mobile users conduct
`business all across the world, much like they used to do with people around the corner. Users need the ability to communicate,
`conduct business, and move around the globe as easily and seamlessly as they did with the “around the corner” set.
`Diverse Use
`As capabilities advance and prices become more competitive, more people use wireless networks for heavier data and
`application access. As a result, bandwidth demand continues to rise. Also, people are becoming increasingly mobile, further
`changing the way they access and use the Internet.
`Increasing Expectations
`Today, customers require the same broadband experience they get at the office or at home, regardless of their locations. They
`want easy access and use, high speed and low latency, better security and privacy, and seamless, global mobility.
`Rich Media
`Music and video downloads, high-quality video conferencing, high-definition movie downloads, video on demand, and other
`trends are driving the need for 4G networks and their increased data capacity.
`Personal Expression
`Mobile users today want to do more than simply consume information. They want to create things and share them. They also want
`to do it anytime, anywhere through blogs, social networks, and similar applications they use with fixed-line Internet connections.
`7. LTE Overview and Development Background
`Various technology standards bodies began to explore options for their 4G wireless technology offerings. Two groups, the Third
`Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), representing the family of networks generally referred to as GSM, and the Third
`Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), representing the family of networks generally referred to as CDMA, are working
`together to lay the foundation for LTE.
`
`Established in 1998, 3GPP is a collaborative agreement that brought together multiple telecommunications standards bodies
`known as Organizational Partners. This group initiated the 3GPP LTE standards project to improve the UMTS mobile phone
`standard and to better meet future wireless technology needs. UMTS is one of the many 3G wireless technologies in use today.
`The most common form of UMTS uses W-CDMA as its underlying air interface and represents the European answer to the ITU
`IMT-2000 requirements for 3G cellular radio systems.
`
`3GPP2 represents a collaboration between the numerous telecommunications associations that helped develop CDMA
`standards for 3G.
`
`LTE is a global 4G standard, with researchers and development engineers throughout the world participating in the joint-LTE
`radio access standardization effort, involving more than 60 operators, vendors, and research institutes. This is the same
`standards body that researched and established the GSM, GPRS, W-CDMA, and HSPA wireless standards. The LTE standard is
`tightly integrated with GPRS/UMTS networks and represents an evolution of radio access technologies and networks for UMTS.
`
`7.1 LTE Standards Evolution
`The 3GPP body began its initial investigation of the LTE standard as a viable technology in 2004. In March 2005, 3GPP began a
`feasibility study whose key goals were to agree on network architecture and a multiple access method, in terms of the functional
`split between the radio access and the core network. The study concluded September 2006 when 3GPP finalized selection of the
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`multiple access and basic radio access network architecture. 3GPP decided to use OFDMA in the downlink direction and use
`SC-FDMA in the uplink direction.
`
`The specifications for the LTE standard were approved by 3GPP in January 2007. The specifications are now under change control,
`leading to their inclusion in 3GPP Release 8. While the LTE requirements are finalized, the standard is not fully completed. LTE
`Release 8 was completed by late 2008.
`7.2 LTE Performance Estimates and Technical Attributes
`Once fully deployed, LTE technology offers a number of distinct advantages over other wireless technologies. These advantages
`include increased performance attributes, such as high peak data rates and low latency, and greater efficiencies in using the
`wireless spectrum. Improved performance and increased spectral efficiency will allow wireless carriers using LTE as their 4G
`technology to offer higher quality services and products for their customers.
`Benefits expected from LTE technology:
` + High peak speeds:
`
` x 100 Mbps downlink (20 MHz, 2x2 MIMO)—both indoors and outdoors
` x 50 Mbps uplink (20 MHz, 1x2)
` + At least 200 active voice users in every 5 MHz (i.e., can support up to 200 active phone calls)
`
` + Low latency:
`
` x < 5 ms user plane latency for small IP packets (user equipment to radio access network [RAN] edge)
` x < 100 ms camped to active
` x < 50 ms dormant to active
` + Scalable bandwidth:
`
` x The 4G channel offers four times more bandwidth than current 3G systems and is scalable. So, while 20 MHz channels may not be available
`everywhere, 4G systems will offer channel sizes down to 5 MHz, in increments
`of 1.5 MHz.
` + Improved spectrum efficiency:
`
` x Spectrum efficiency refers to how limited bandwidth is used by the access layer of a wireless network. Improved spectrum efficiency allows
`more information to be transmitted in a given bandwidth, while increasing the number of users and services the network can support.
` x Two to four times more information can be transmitted versus the previous benchmark, HSPA Release 6.
` + Improved cell edge data rates:
`
` x Not only does spectral efficiency improve near cell towers, it also improves at the coverage area or cell edge.
` x Data rates improve two to three times at the cell edge over the previous benchmark, HSPA Release 6.
` + Packet domain only
`
` + Enhanced support for end-to-end quality of service:
`
` x Reducing handover latency and packet loss is key to delivering a quality service. This reduction is considerably more challenging with
`mobile broadband than with fixed-line broadband. The time variability and unpredictability of the channel become more acute. Additional
`complications arise from the need to hand over sessions from one cell to another as users cross coverage boundaries. These handover
`sessions require seamless coordination of radio resources across multiple cells.
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`Figure 5 provides a quick glance at LTE’s technical specifications and attributes.
`
`Peak performance
`downlink
`
`+ Efficiency OFDM/OFDMA in
`the downlink
` • Spectral efficiency
`(2–5 times, Rel.6)
` • Resistant to multi-path
`interference
`+ MIMO antennas
` • Doubles the throughput
` • Deployment simplicity
`
`Power-efficient uplink
`
`+ SC-FDMA
` • Lower peak-to-average ratio
` • Longer mobile battery life
` • Larger cell coverage
`+ Collaborative (multi-user or
`virtual) MIMO
` • Simplifies mobile
`implementation
`+ Increases uplink capacity
`
`Scalable and
`compatible with
`3G networks
`+ Scalable spectrum allocation
`(1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz)
` • Great for in-band
`deployment
`+ Mobility with 3GPP and
`non-3GPP access
` • Smooth network migration
`to LTE and beyond
`+ Global roaming with other
`3GPP networks
`
`Flat all-IP architecture
`for performance and
`efficiency
`+ High performance network
` • Efficient IP routing
`reduces latency
` • Increased throughput
` • Fast state transition time
`(enhanced always-on)
` • Less than 50 ms transition
`from dormant to active
`
`Figure 5: A summary of LTE capabilities.
`
`7.3 Testing and Deployment
`Many of the major global wireless carriers have lined up to support LTE as the foundation for their 4G network deployments.
`These global carriers include Verizon Wireless, as well as Vodafone, China Mobile, AT&T, China Telecom, KDDI, MetroPCS, NTT
`DoCoMo, and T-Mobile—all plan to deploy LTE at some point in the future. Verizon Wireless and its European partner Vodafone
`have been among the most aggressive carriers in terms of LTE deployment timelines. Verizon Wireless has spent the past few
`years working with 3GPP standards in an effort to ensure interoperability between LTE and its current CDMA EV-DO Rev. A
`wireless broadband network.
`
`LTE field demonstrations in realistic urban scenarios were conducted starting in December 2007. These field trials proved that
`future LTE-based wireless networks can operate using existing base station sites. Also in 2007, LTE test calls were completed
`between infrastructure and device vendors using mobile prototypes. These calls were the first test of multi-vendor, over-the-air
`LTE interoperability.
`
`In April 2008, the first public announcements of LTE being demonstrated at high vehicular speeds were made with download
`speeds of 50 Mbps in a moving vehicle at 110 Kmph. Live 2x2 LTE solutions in 20 MHz were demonstrated at both Mobile World
`Congress 2008 and CTIA Wireless 2008. Among the new applications demonstrated on LTE networks (at various bands, including
`the new 1.7/2.1 GHz AWS band) were high-definition video blogging, high-definition video on demand and video streaming,
`multi-user video collaboration