`
`IPR
`
`
`
`
`
`
`IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`In re Application of:
`Robert M. SCRIBNER
`Michael L. Reo
`Mark A. Reiley
`Ryan Boucher
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,241,734
`
`Issued: June 5, 2001
`Application No. 09/134,323
`
`
`
`Filing Date: August 14, 1998
`
`For: SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PLACING MATERIALS INTO BONE
`PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW
`
`Mail Patent Board
`U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
`P.O. Box 1450
`Alexandria, VA 22313‐1450
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`DECLARATION OF MARY E. JENSEN, M.D.
`
`
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 1
`
`STRYKER CORPORATION v. ORTHOPHOENIX, LLC
`
`IPR2014-01433
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`
`
`I.
`
`II.
`
`III.
`
`IV.
`
`V.
`
`VI.
`
`INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1
`
`BACKGROUND AND QUALIFICATIONS ........................................................... 2
`
`PATENT LAW STANDARDS ............................................................................. 4
`Person Of Ordinary Skill In The Art ...................................................... 4
`A.
`
`Claim Construction .............................................................................. 5
`B.
`
`Invalidity .............................................................................................. 6
`C.
`
`
`DOCUMENTS .................................................................................................. 8
`
`SUMMARY OF OPINIONS ............................................................................... 9
`
`BACKGROUND REGARDING STATE OF THE ART ........................................... 10
`
`VII.
`
`THE ‘734 PATENT ......................................................................................... 18
`
`B.
`
`
`
`VIII. PRIOR ART .................................................................................................... 22
`The Deramond Article ........................................................................ 23
`A.
`
`1.
`Deramond Article Anticipation – Claims 15, 16, 19,
`and 20 ...................................................................................... 27
`Deramond Article Obviousness – All Claims ............................ 29
`2.
`U.S. Patent No. 4,801,263 (“Clark”) ................................................... 47
`1.
`Clark Anticipation – Claims 1, 3, and 15 .................................. 48
`2.
`Clark Obviousness – Claims 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 16, 17,
`and 19 ...................................................................................... 53
`U.S. Patent No. 4,576,152 to Muller ................................................. 56
`1. Muller Anticipation – Claims 15, 16 and 19 ............................. 58
`2.
`U.S. Patent Nos. 5,108,404 (Reiley ‘404) and
`Muller ...................................................................................... 61
`
`C.
`
`
`
`i
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 2
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 2
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`
`3. Muller and The Reiley II Reference (WO 96/39970) ................ 72
`4. Muller and Canadian Patent Application 2,121,001
`(“Baumgartner”) ...................................................................... 79
`U.S. Patent No. 5,549,679 (“Kuslich”) ................................................ 88
`
`D.
`
`
`
`IX.
`
`X.
`
`SECONDARY CONSIDERATIONS FOR OBVIOUSNESS .................................... 94
`
`CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 95
`
`ii
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 3
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 3
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`I, Mary E. Jensen, declare as follows:
`
`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`1.
`
`I have been asked to investigate the validity/patentability of claims of
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,241,734 (“the ‘734 patent,” Ex. 1001) for Stryker Corporation
`
`(“Stryker”) for the above captioned inter partes review (“IPR”). The ‘734 patent is
`
`generally directed to an apparatus for pushing filling material such as bone
`
`cement into bone during surgical procedures including vertebral surgeries.
`
`2.
`
`I understand that Stryker petitions for inter partes review of the ‘734
`
`patent and requests that the United States Patent and Trademark Office
`
`(“USPTO”) cancel claims 1‐21 of the ‘734 patent. I further understand that the
`
`‘734 patent is currently owned by Orthophoenix, LLC (“Orthophoenix”). I note
`
`that I am also providing a Declaration for a related inter partes review of U.S.
`
`Patent No. 7,153,307, which is related to the ‘734 patent.
`
`3.
`
`In preparing this Declaration, I have reviewed the ‘734 patent and
`
`considered the documents identified in Section IV in light of the general
`
`knowledge in the relevant art. In forming my opinions, I relied upon my
`
`education, knowledge and experience and considered the level of ordinary skill in
`
`the art as discussed below.
`
`1
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 4
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 4
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`II.
`
`BACKGROUND AND QUALIFICATIONS
`
`4.
`
`I received a Bachelor of Science degree in biochemistry from Virginia
`
`Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1979. I also received a Doctor of
`
`Medicine from the Medical College of Virginia in 1982 where I also completed a
`
`one‐year internship and the first year of residency in neurology, and an entire
`
`residency in diagnostic radiology. After my diagnostic radiology residency, I
`
`proceeded on to complete fellowships in diagnostic neuroradiology at the
`
`Medical College of Virginia and interventional neuroradiology at the University of
`
`California in Los Angeles. A copy of my current curriculum vitae is attached, and it
`
`provides a comprehensive description of my academic and employment history
`
`along with articles that I have authored.
`
`5.
`
`I am currently a Professor
`
`in the Departments of Radiology,
`
`Neurology, and Neurological Surgery at the University of Virginia where I have
`
`taught since 1991. I also serve as Vice Chair of the Department of Radiology and
`
`Medical Imaging and the Director of Interventional Neuroradiology at the
`
`University of Virginia. Prior to that time, I was an instructor and assistant
`
`professor at the Medical College of Virginia, where I continue to hold a clinical
`
`appointment. I am also currently a practicing physician at the University of
`
`Virginia Health Systems and am board certified in diagnostic radiology.
`
`2
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 5
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 5
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`
`6.
`
`During the course of my professional experience, I have performed
`
`hundreds of vertebral augmentation procedures
`
`including vertebroplasty
`
`procedures and balloon‐assisted vertebroplasty (also called “kyphoplasty”)
`
`procedures. My colleagues and I performed the first vertebroplasty procedure in
`
`the U.S., which required the development of tools and techniques to implement
`
`the procedure. I have also performed hundreds of other radiological procedures
`
`including, but not limited to, cerebral angiography, cerebral aneurysm coiling,
`
`embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations, and carotid stenting.
`
`7.
`
`As is set forth in my curriculum vitae, I have authored a number of
`
`peer‐reviewed articles on the subject of vertebral augmentation procedures. I am
`
`also the named inventor on a number of patents related to devices used in
`
`vertebral augmentation procedures including U.S. Patent No. 6,019,776 entitled
`
`“Precision Depth Guided Instruments For Use In Vertebroplasty.”
`
`8.
`
`I am a co‐founder of Parallax Medical, Inc., an initial leader in
`
`products for bone access, percutaneous injection of bone cement, and bone
`
`augmentation in the spine including products such as needles, bone cement
`
`injectors, bone cement, and tracer particles. Over the years, I have served as a
`
`consultant for other medical device companies.
`
`9.
`
`I also served in the Medical Corps of the Virginia Air National Guard
`
`3
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 6
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 6
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`for many years in various capacities, where I achieved the rank of Lieutenant
`
`Colonel and received Flight Surgeon Aeronautical Rating in 1989.
`
`10.
`
`I am being compensated for my time in connection with this IPR at
`
`my standard consulting rate, which is $500.00 per hour and $1000.00 per hour for
`
`deposition testimony, plus actual expenses. My compensation is not dependent
`
`in any way upon the outcome of this matter.
`
`III.
`
`PATENT LAW STANDARDS
`
`11.
`
`I have been asked to analyze the ‘734 patent and the references
`
`discussed herein from the perspective of a person of ordinary skill in the art at the
`
`time of invention. I understand that, for purposes of this IPR, the time of
`
`invention is assumed to be the ‘734 patent’s earliest priority date, which is August
`
`14, 1998.
`
`A.
`
`
`
`12.
`
`Person Of Ordinary Skill In The Art
`
`I understand that “a person of ordinary skill in the art” of the ‘734
`
`patent is a hypothetical person who is presumed to be aware of pertinent art
`
`including knowledge in the art, thinks along conventional wisdom in the art, and is
`
`a person of ordinary creativity. I understand that this hypothetical person of
`
`ordinary skill in the art is considered to have the normal skills and knowledge of a
`
`person in the technical field.
`
`4
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 7
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 7
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`
`13. A person of ordinary skill in the art relating to the subject matter of
`
`the ‘734 patent would be a physician or a biomedical engineer with a number of
`
`years of experience, e.g., three to five years, in the field of orthopedic technology
`
`or minimally‐invasive surgery and, in particular, minimally invasive radiological
`
`procedures. This person would be experienced in performing, and/or designing
`
`devices for performing, minimally invasive procedures such as vertebroplasty.
`
`
`B.
`
`14.
`
`Claim Construction
`
`I understand that “claim construction” is the interpretation of the
`
`meaning of patent claims. I understand that claims in this inter partes review
`
`proceeding are given their broadest reasonable construction.
`
`15.
`
`I understand that many sources can be used to assist
`
`in
`
`understanding the meaning of a claim including the claims themselves, the
`
`specification, the prosecution history, and extrinsic evidence concerning scientific
`
`principles, the meaning of technical terms, and the state of the art.
`
`16.
`
`I have been asked to review the claims and ascertain the meaning of
`
`the claims from the perspective of one of ordinary skill in the art. Any opinions on
`
`claim construction expressed in this declaration are from the perspective of a
`
`person of ordinary skill in the art as of August 14, 1998, and are consistent with
`
`my understanding as stated above with regards to this inter partes review. In my
`
`5
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 8
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 8
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`opinion, the meaning of the claims to a person of ordinary skill in the art can be
`
`ascertained by referring to the language of the claims themselves and do not
`
`require any special redefinition, in other words, their ordinary meaning is
`
`understood by reading the claims in view of the specification.
`
`C.
`
`
`
`17.
`
`Invalidity
`
`I understand that a patent claim is unpatentable and invalid if the
`
`claim is “anticipated” by the prior art. I understand that a claimed invention is
`
`not novel or is anticipated if:
`
`(i) the invention was known or used by others in this country, or was
`patented or described in a printed publication in this or a foreign country,
`before the invention by the patent applicant;
`
`(ii) the invention was patented or described in a printed publication in this
`or a foreign country or in public use or on sale in this country more than
`one year prior to the date of the application for patent in the United States;
`or
`
`(iii) a patent granted on an application for patent by another filed in the
`United States before the invention by the applicant for patent.
`
`18.
`
`I understand that anticipation occurs when a single piece of prior art
`
`describes every element of the claimed invention, either expressly or inherently,
`
`arranged in the same way as in the claim. I understand that, for inherent
`
`anticipation, it is required that the missing descriptive material is necessarily
`
`present in the prior art.
`
`6
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 9
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 9
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`
`19.
`
`I further understand that a patent claim is unpatentable and invalid if
`
`the subject matter of the claim as a whole would have been obvious to a person
`
`of ordinary skill in the art of the claimed subject matter as of the time of the
`
`invention at issue. I understand that obviousness may be shown by considering
`
`more than one item of prior art. I understand that the following factors should be
`
`evaluated to determine whether the claimed subject matter is obvious: (1) the
`
`scope and content of the prior art; (2) the difference or differences, if any,
`
`between each claim of the patent and the prior art; and (3) the level of ordinary
`
`skill in the art at the time the patent was filed.
`
`20.
`
`I understand that “objective indicia of non‐obviousness,” also known
`
`as “secondary considerations,” are also to be considered when assessing
`
`obviousness if present including commercial success; long‐felt but unresolved
`
`needs; failure of others to solve the problem that the inventor solved; unexpected
`
`results; copying of the
`
`invention by others; and
`
`industry recognition or
`
`expressions of disbelief by experts in the field of the claimed invention. I also
`
`understand that objective indicia of non‐obviousness must be commensurate in
`
`scope with the claimed subject matter.
`
`21.
`
`I understand that the test of obviousness is whether the claimed
`
`invention, as a whole, would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art
`
`7
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 10
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 10
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`as of the date of the invention in light of the prior art. I understand that the use
`
`of hindsight must be avoided when considering whether the alleged invention
`
`would have been obvious to the person of ordinary skill in the art.
`
`22.
`
`I understand that in determining obviousness, the person of ordinary
`
`skill is a person of ordinary creativity, not an automaton. I understand that, when
`
`there is a design need or market pressure to solve a problem and there are a
`
`finite number of identified, predictable solutions, a person of ordinary skill has
`
`good reason to pursue the known options within his or her technical grasp.
`
`23.
`
`In my opinion, claims 1‐21 of the ‘734 patent are unpatentable and
`
`invalid as either anticipated or obvious over the prior art as set forth below.
`
`IV. DOCUMENTS
`
`24.
`
`I have referenced the following documents in this Declaration:
`
`Exhibit
`1001
`1002
`
`1003
`
`1004
`1005
`1006
`1007
`
`Description
`U.S. Patent No. 6,241,734 (“the ‘734 patent”)
`Curriculum Vitae
`Hervé Deramond, et al., “Percutaneous Vertebroplasty,” Seminars
`in Musculoskeletal Radiology, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 285‐95 (June 1997)
`(“Deramond”)
`U.S. Patent No. 4,801,263 (issued Jan. 31, 1989) (“Clark”)
`U.S. Patent No. 4,576,152 (issued Mar. 18, 1986) (“Muller”)
`U.S. Patent No. 5,108,404 (issued Apr. 28, 1992) (“Reiley 404”)
`WO 96/39970 (published Dec. 19, 1996) (“Reiley II”)
`
`8
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 11
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 11
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`
`Exhibit
`
`1008
`
`1009
`1010
`
`1011
`
`1012
`
`1013
`1014
`1015
`1016
`1017
`1018
`1019
`1020
`1021
`1022
`1023
`1024
`1025
`
`1026
`
`Description
`Canadian Patent Application 2,121,001 (published Oct. 22, 1994)
`(“Baumgartner”)
`U.S. Patent No. 5,549,679 (issued Aug. 27, 1996) (“Kuslich”)
`U.S. Patent No. 6,019,776 (filed Oct. 14, 1997) (“Priessman”)
`Hayward, et al., “Pressure Generated By Syringes: Implications For
`Hydrodissection and Injection of Dense Connective Tissue Lesions,”
`Scand. J. Rheumatol 2011; 40:379‐382 (“Hayward”)
`Krebs, et al., “Clinical Measurements of Cement Injection Pressure
`During Vertebroplasty,” Spine, 1 March 2005, Volume 30, Issue 5,
`pp. E118‐22 (“Krebs”)
`U.S. Patent No. 4,671,263 (issued Jun. 9, 1987) (“Draenert”)
`U.S. Patent No. 4,892,550 (issued Jan. 9, 1990) (“Huebsch”)
`U.S. Patent No. 4,274,163 (issued Jun. 23, 1981) (“Malcolm”)
`U.S. Patent No. 3,893,445 (issued Jul. 8, 1975) (“Hofsess”)
`U.S. Patent No. 5,419,765 (issued May 30, 1995) (“Weldon”)
`U.S. Patent No. 3,613,684 (issued Oct. 19, 1971) (“Sheridan”)
`U.S. Patent No. 4,616,656 (issued Oct. 14, 1986) (“Nicholson”)
`U.S. Patent No. 5,579,774 (issued Dec. 3, 1996) (“Miller”)
`U.S. Patent No. 5,989,260 (filed Mar. 27, 1996) (“Yao”)
`U.S. Patent No. 5,429,617 (issued Jul. 4, 1995) (“Hammersmark”)
`U.S. Patent No. 4,005,527 (issued Feb. 1, 1977) (“Wilson”)
`U.S. Patent No. 4,419,095 (issued Dec. 6, 1983) (“Nebergall”)
`U.S. Patent No. 5,997,581 (filed Dec. 29, 1997) (“Khalili”)
`U.S. Patent No. 5, 203,777 (filed Mar. 19, 1992) (issued Apr. 20,
`1993) (“Lee”)
`
`
`SUMMARY OF OPINIONS
`
`V.
`
`The following is a summary of my opinions regarding patentability:
`
`9
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 12
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 12
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`
`1.
`
`The Deramond article anticipates claims 15, 16, 19 and 20 of the ‘734
`
`patent. Deramond, in combination with the knowledge of a person of ordinary
`
`skill in the art, renders claims 1‐ 21 obvious to the extent not anticipated.
`
`2.
`
`The Clark patent anticipates claims 1, 3, and 15 of the ‘734 patent.
`
`Clark, in combination with the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art,
`
`renders claims 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 16, 17, and 19 obvious.
`
`3.
`
`The Muller patent anticipates claims 15, 16 and 19. Muller in
`
`combination with Reiley 404, Reiley II, and Baumgartner render claims 1 through
`
`21 obvious.
`
`4.
`
`The Kuslich patent, in combination with the knowledge of a person of
`
`ordinary skill in the art, renders claim 12 obvious.
`
`VI.
`
`BACKGROUND REGARDING STATE OF THE ART
`
`25.
`
`For over fifty years, physicians have been delivering materials such as
`
`bone cement or other filling materials into bone, for example, to treat bone
`
`defects or fractures from benign or neoplastic causes, promote bone healing and
`
`growth, or secure prosthesis.
`
`26.
`
`In the early days, bone filling materials would be inserted into bone
`
`in “open” surgery. In open surgery, a deep incision is made into the patient’s soft
`
`tissue. Layers of soft tissue are retracted and the bone to be treated is exposed.
`
`10
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 13
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 13
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`With the bone exposed, the physician is able to access the portion of bone to be
`
`treated, for example, by drilling into bone.
`
`27. During this time, there were many ways of delivering cement to the
`
`bone. If a defect needed to be filled or treated, the physician would manually
`
`“pack” the bone cavity with filling material, pressing material such as putty‐like
`
`bone cement, which had been molded into a particular shape, into the defects or
`
`cavities in the bone with their fingers or a spatula.
`
`28. Physicians also used syringe‐like devices to deliver bone cement to
`
`bone cavities. For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,576,152 (“Muller”) (Ex. 1005),
`
`described a bone cement injector “comprised of a cylinder tube for receiving the
`
`bone cement, a piston, a nozzle element and a ram.” (1:40 ‐43.) Cement was
`
`delivered through a nozzle and pushed into the bone cavity with a “piston” or
`
`“ram” depending on the application.
`
`29.
`
`In the mid‐1980s, physicians in France developed a minimally
`
`invasive procedure to deliver filling materials to the vertebra. This system was
`
`called percutaneous vertebroplasty (or “vertebroplasty”) and was developed by
`
`Hervé Deramond and others.
`
` While several techniques for performing
`
`vertebroplasty have been described in the literature, as described further below,
`
`vertebroplasty involves introducing an access tool (in the form of a hollow needle
`
`11
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 14
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 14
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`or other cannula) through the soft tissue into the vertebral body and injecting
`
`bone cement or other filling material through the interior bore of the access
`
`cannula into the bone. See generally the Deramond article, p. 285‐95 (Ex. 1003).
`
`30. Vertebroplasty assists in pain relief and prevention of further
`
`vertebral body collapse in patients with fractured or otherwise unhealthy
`
`vertebral bodies (e.g., osteoporotic fractures, metastatic disease, and aggressive
`
`hemangiomas). By delivering bone cement to a targeted area in a minimally
`
`invasive manner, i.e., via a cannula, vertebroplasty was a major improvement
`
`over prior “open” surgical techniques. Vertebroplasty offered a new treatment
`
`for painful osteoporotic compression fractures, a disease that typically is not
`
`treated by open surgery. Moreover, physicians were better able to monitor the
`
`delivery of the bone cement fluoroscopically in order to prevent undesirable
`
`leakage of bone cement.
`
`31. Generally speaking, a physician, using fluoroscopy, percutaneously
`
`positions a trocar into the anterior third of a vertebral body using a transpedicular
`
`or peripedicular approach.
`
`32. A trocar is a surgical tool that consists of a cannula, a solid stylet that
`
`fits within the cannula, and a handle that locks the stylet to the cannula. The
`
`stylet is locked so that it prevents “step‐off” (i.e., gap between the stylet and the
`
`12
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 15
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 15
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`cannula), keeping the soft tissue and bone from entering the
`
`cannula during insertion, and allowing the trocar to pierce
`
`the bone. The figure reproduced to the right is an example
`
`of a trocar in my patent, U.S. Patent No. 6,019,776, which
`
`was filed in October 1997 (Ex. 1010). Prior to the adoption
`
`of trocars
`
`in vertebroplasty procedures, trocars were
`
`frequently used for bone biopsies. In addition to the
`
`cannula and stylet, trocars generally also included a “pusher,” which is another
`
`stylet that is longer than, but fits within, the trocar’s cannula and is used to
`
`dislodge biopsied tissue sample out of the lumen of the cannula.
`
`33. After insertion of the trocar into the vertebral body, the stylet is
`
`removed from the trocar. The cannula is then available to operate as a vehicle for
`
`delivering bone cement.
`
`34. With the cannula in place, the physician mixes the bone cement.
`
`Generally, the bone cement includes a radiopaque material, such as barium, to
`
`allow
`
`for
`
`the monitoring of
`
`the vertebral augmentation procedure
`
`fluoroscopically.
`
`35. Various techniques for delivering the filling material into the bone
`
`during vertebroplasty were used depending on, for example, physician
`
`13
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 16
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 16
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`preference, comfort, and clinical conditions. Since the outset of vertebroplasty, it
`
`was well known that filling material
`
`could be manually pushed into vertebral
`
`bodies using a tamping instrument just
`
`as it was in open surgical procedures.
`
`For example, in a typical procedure, a
`
`luer‐lock
`
`syringe was used as a
`
`receptacle for holding and delivering the bone cement and the syringe was
`
`attached to the end of the cannula via the luer‐lock connection. The physician
`
`then injected the bone cement through the cannula and into the vertebral body.
`
`As the cement begins to fill the trabecular spaces in the vertebral body (the
`
`spongy bone that comprises the interior of the vertebral body), the physician
`
`slowly withdraws the cannula to a new location in the vertebral body and
`
`continues the injection. After filling, the physician detaches the syringe and
`
`reinserts the stylet to urge residual bone cement from the cannula. See, e.g., Ex.
`
`1003, the Deramond article.
`
`36.
`
`In the late 1980s, another system for the fixation and stabilization of
`
`vertebral bodies (as well as non‐vertebral bones) was developed. This system was
`
`called “balloon‐assisted vertebroplasty,” or “kyphoplasty,” and is generally
`
`14
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 17
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 17
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`described in US Patent No. 5,108,404, which issued to Scholten and Reiley
`
`(“Reiley
`
`404”,
`
`Ex.
`
`1006).
`
` Like
`
`vertebroplasty,
`
`balloon‐assisted
`
`vertebroplasty involved delivering bone
`
`cement
`
`through
`
`a
`
`percutaneous/subcutaneous
`
`1
`
` cannula
`
`into a vertebral or non‐vertebral body. This technique used expandable bodies,
`
`such as inflatable balloons, to compress cancellous bone inside the vertebral body
`
`and create a cavity prior to the injection of cement.
`
`37.
`
`Like vertebroplasty, in balloon‐assisted vertebroplasty, the filling
`
`material is injected through the access cannula into the cavity in the vertebral
`
`body using various methods. The Reiley 404 patent disclosed the use of a bone
`
`cement injection gun where the nozzle of the gun was inserted into the access
`
`cannula to deliver the filling materials. (Ex. 1006 at 7:42‐50.) Another later Reiley
`
`patent application, WO 96/39970 (“Reiley II”) (Ex. 1007), also described delivering
`
`filling material manually using hand actuation to push material through a nozzle
`
`with a long pin/stylet. (Reiley II at p. 40, l. 32 – p. 41, l. 3.)
`
`
`1 Percutaneous and subcutaneous are used interchangeably in this declaration
`and refer to access below the skin.
`
`15
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 18
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 18
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`
`38. Generally speaking, the materials and implements chosen by the
`
`physician in performing these procedures depended on the patient and the
`
`nature of the procedure. For example, patients suffering with vertebral tumors
`
`often required additional implements and tools than osteoporotic patients.
`
`39.
`
`It was understood by August 1998 that bone cement could be
`
`delivered at “low pressures” including pressures less than 360 psi. (See, e.g., Ex.
`
`1013 at 5:1‐6 (“pressure exerted on the bone cement can be precisely adjusted
`
`and controlled, so that pressures of from [29 psi] to about [290 psi] can build
`
`up.”); Ex. 1014 at 7:49‐50 (pressure of 350 psi preferred); Ex. 1015 at 5:20‐22).
`
`And the delivery pressure used during vertebroplasty procedures relying on
`
`manual hand‐actuation were relatively low pressure including less than 360 psi.
`
`See, e.g., Ex. 1012, Krebs, p. E118‐20 (“High injection pressures approaching 20
`
`atmospheres [294 psi] are reached during conventional vertebroplasty;” reporting
`
`average pressures of 1693 kPa [246 psi] and 1727 kPa [250 psi] for normal and
`
`wide syringes). Such pressures were often preferred by physicians so the cement
`
`delivery could be adjusted and controlled. (See Paragraphs 164‐165.)
`
`40. As the ‘734 patent notes, “the pressure at which liquid is expressed
`
`from 1 cc syringe by the application of moderate force to the syringe
`
`piston...amounts to a pressure that is no greater than about 360 psi [pounds per
`
`16
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 19
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 19
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`square inch]. (Ex. 1001, 734 patent at 2:5‐11; see also Ex. 1011, Hayward, p. 379
`
`(“results”) (mean maximum pressure of a 1 cc syringe is about 360 psi). The
`
`application of a similar force on a larger device (e.g., a syringe greater than 1 cc)
`
`will result in even lower delivery pressures, e.g., less than 360 psi. (See, e.g., Ex.
`
`1011, Hayward, p. 379, “Results”, Fig. 1 (“Smaller syringes generated significantly
`
`more injection pressure than did larger syringes”).) As discussed further below,
`
`many applications used, for example, syringes with a volume of 1 cc or greater,
`
`resulting in delivery pressures less than 360 psi. (See, e.g., Ex. 1003, Deramond at
`
`285, 287 (2‐, 3‐ and 5‐ cc syringes); Ex. 1005 at 3:13‐18 (few ccs).)
`
`41. As discussed further below, there were (and still are) generally two
`
`types of materials to choose from when designing or selecting instruments for use
`
`in minimally invasive surgery: instruments made from flexible materials or
`
`instruments made from rigid materials. ( See, e.g, Ex. 1016, Hofsess at 3:4‐14.)
`
`The construction of the instrument was generally a matter of design choice based
`
`on the specifics of the procedure being performed, physician preference, and
`
`patient safety.
`
`42. Because vertebroplasty and other minimally‐invasive procedures
`
`were generally performed under fluoroscopic control, it was also known to use
`
`radiopaque markers on instruments to visualize placement and location of the
`
`17
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 20
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 20
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`instruments. Calibration markings and graduation indications on the instruments
`
`were also conventional as discussed below.
`
`VII. THE ‘734 PATENT
`
`43.
`
`The ‘734 patent (Ex. 1001), entitled “Systems and Methods for
`
`Placing Materials Into Bone,” was filed on August 14, 1998, and concerns
`
`apparatuses and tools that can be used to push material into bone during surgery.
`
`44.
`
`In the Background section, the ‘734 patent describes injection guns
`
`for cement delivery, stating that “[c]onventional cement injection devices provide
`
`no opportunity to override the spring action and quickly terminate the flow of
`
`cement, should the cavity fill before the spring‐actuated load cycle is completed.
`
`Furthermore, once the spring‐actuated mechanism is triggered, conventional
`
`cement injection devices do not permit the injection volume or inject rate to be
`
`adjusted or controlled in real time, in reaction to cancellous bone volume and
`
`density conditions encountered inside bone” (1:20‐28.) The ‘734 patent claims
`
`that, in vertebroplasty, “bone cement is injected at high pressure…” but does not
`
`identify any literature supporting this claim and does not describe the “high
`
`pressure” vertebroplasty procedure to which it is referring. (1:29‐32.) According
`
`to the patent, “[b]ecause high pressure is used, there is little opportunity to
`
`quickly and accurately adjust cement flow in reaction to bone volume and density
`
`18
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 21
`
`STRYKER EXHIBIT 1002, pg. 21
`
`
`
`Declaration of Mary E. Jensen, M.D.
`
`conditions encountered.”2 (1:32‐24.)
`
`45.
`
`The ‘734 patent purports to solve problems affiliated with “high
`
`pressure” injection of filling material by suggesting a “low pressure” system using
`
`a hand‐actuated tamping instrument to push filling material into the bone, which
`
`purportedly “enable[s] greater control over the placement of materials into
`
`bone,” even though this was the very system known in the prior art. (1:50‐2:10.)
`
`According to the patent, “[a]s used herein, a ‘low deliver