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`Words included in this Dictionary that are known to have current trademark regis-
`trations are shown with initial capital and are also identified as trademarks. No
`investigation has been made of common-law trademark rights in any word, because
`such investigation is impracticable. The inclusion of any word in this Dictionary is
`not, however, an expression of the Publisher’s opinion as to whether or not it is
`subject to proprietary rights. Indeed, no definition in this Dictionary is to be regard—
`ed as affecting the validity of any trademark.
`
`Copyright © 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
`No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
`means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any
`information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of
`Houghton Mifflin Company unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal
`copyright law. Address inquiries to Reference Permissions, 222 Berkeley Street,
`Boston, Massachusetts 02116.
`For information about this and other Houghton Mifflin trade and reference books
`and multimedia products, visit The Bookstore at Houghton Mifflin on the World
`Wide Web at http://www.hmco.com/trade/.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging~in-Publication Data
`
`Dictionary of computer words.—»Rev. ed.
`p. cm.
`Includes index.
`ISBN 0-395-72834-7 (acid-free paper)
`1. Computers-Dictionaries.
`QA76.15.D5259
`1995
`0O4’.O3~—dc20
`95~11'/'5
`CIP
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
`DOI-11098765432
`
`Book design by Anne Chalmers
`
`ART CREDITS: Apple Computer: desktop, dialog box, keyboard (Apple Adjustable),
`menu, overlaid windows,
`toolbar; Fountain Hills Systems
`Inc: keyboard
`(Ergonomic Keyboard); Lexmark International,
`Inc.: keyboard (Select-Ease);
`Library of Congress: pixel (photograph); Lotus Development Corporation: spread
`sheet; Maureen W1'll<en/Cheryl Snyder: range; Microsoft Corporation: screen shots
`at the entries alert box, character-based, graphical user interface, and range reprint«
`ed with permission from Microsoft Corporation; illustration of the Natural Key-
`board at the entry keyboard reproduced with permission from Microsoft Corpora-
`tion; Tech-Graphics: antialiasing, Bézier curve, chip, computer, connector, DIP
`switch, Dvorak keyboard, floppy disk, hard disk, hierarchical,
`landscape,
`letter~
`quality, mouse, network, outline font, overlaid windows, pixel, printed circuit
`board, QWERTY keyboard, sector, sine wave, software, trackball, write-protect;
`U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Energy Star.
`
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`194
`odd header
`n__~
`
`In word processing, a header that appears on odd-
`odd header
`numbered pages.
`
`OEM Abbreviation of original equipment manufacturer. The
`company that actually manufactures a piece of computer
`equipment, which is then modified or repackaged and sold to
`the consumer. The term is often applied to value—added
`resellers (VARS), who purchase separate components in bulk
`from large manufacturers and package them as complete com-
`puter systems. Although technically not OEMS, these VARS
`are the first to create a working computer out of separate
`parts and therefore they are sometimes considered to be enti-
`tled to the designation.
`
`off-line Not connected to a computer or computer network.
`
`1. A value that specifies the distance of an address from
`offset
`a reference point known as the base address.
`If A is the
`address 100, then A + 7, where 7 is the offset, specifies the
`address 107.
`2. See gutter.
`
`[oh—LAY] Acronym for Object Linking and Embedding.
`OLE
`A Microsoft Windows technology for linking documents and
`establishing how updates to the data of one document affect
`the data in other documents. Whether linked or embedded,
`one document appears to be part of another; for example, a
`graph may be placed in a spreadsheet, which in turn may be
`part of a word processing document. Sound and video may
`also be embedded. Linked documents are stored in separate
`files but updates in one are automatically reflected in the
`other. The data for an embedded document is actually stored
`in the same file as the enclosing document and is not identifi-
`able as a separate entity.
`In either case,
`the applications
`responsible for editing all the different pieces cooperate to
`make it easy to move among them and unnecessary to start
`each explicitly. See also hot link.
`
`on—board modem See internal modem.
`
`on—|ine Connected to or accessible by means of a computer or
`computer network.
`
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`printout 226
`
`printout Printed output of text or data, hard copy.
`
`Print Screen key Abbreviated Prt Sc A key on many IBM PC
`and compatible computer keyboards that when pressed sends
`whatever text and graphics are currently on the display screen
`to the printer. It works under DOS but may not be supported
`in all applications. It can be a handy feature. For example, you
`can list all the files in a directory on the screen with the DOS
`command DIR and then obtain a hard copy of the list by
`pressing the Print Screen key.
`
`print server
`
`See server.
`
`print spooler
`
`See spooler.
`
`1. A program.
`n.
`process
`a single task.
`-_ V. To perform an operation, such as sorting or calculating,
`on data.
`
`2. A part of a program that does
`
`processor
`
`1. See microprocessor.
`
`2. See CPU.
`
`program V. To write a set of instructions that a computer can
`execute.
`-—n. A set of instructions that a computer can execute. A
`program is a sequence of directions, called statements, that
`specify exactly what the computer needs to do to accomplish
`a predetermined task. A program is written in a programming
`language, a specially constructed Vocabulary and set of rules
`for instructing a computer. Generally, one programs in a high-
`level language, such as Pascal, C, BASIC, or FORTRAN.
`Programs can also be written in assembly language, a low-
`level language one step removed from the machine language
`understood by the computer.
`Programming instructions are often referred to as code. The
`program as written by the programmer is called the source
`code. A program that has been translated into machine lan-
`guage and is ready to run is known as an ”executable pro-
`
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`227
`
`PROLOG
` __i
`gram” or ”executable code.” Software that you purchase con-
`sists of one or more executable programs.
`
`program file A file that contains an application or program_ A
`data file contains work created with an application or pro-
`
`programmable reacl-only memory See PROM.
`
`programmer One who Writes computer programs.
`
`Vocabulary along with grammatical rules used to write a set
`of instructions that can be translated into machine language
`and then executed by a computer. Machine language is the
`language the computer actually understands. Each different
`type of CPU has its own unique machine language. English
`and other natural languages are not programming languages
`because they cannot be translated into machine language.
`The term programming language usually refers to high-
`level languages, such as FORTRAN, C, COBOL, Pascal, or
`BASIC. Lying below high-level languages are assembly lan-
`guages, which are similar to machine languages. Programmers
`can also program in assembly languages.
`Lying above high—leVel languages are fourth-generation lan-
`guages, usually called 4GLs. 4GLs are the closest to natural
`languages.
`Regardless of the language in which it's written, the pro-
`gram must be translated into machine language. This is done
`by either compiling the program or interpreting the program.
`
`PROLOG [PRO-log] Acronym for programming in logic. A
`high-level language widely used for programming in the field
`of artificial intelligence, especially expert systems. It was
`developed in the early 1970s by Alain Colmerauer and
`Philippe Roussel. PROLOG works with the logical relation-
`ships between pieces of data rather than with their mathe-
`matical relationships. A program is constructed as a set of
`facts and a set of rules for deriving new facts.
`
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