The abstract is missing from the original file history.
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`Sorry for any inconvenience.
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 1 of 23
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`Groupon, Inc.
`Exhibit 1018
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`:4 a
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`”5531 20/
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`fr
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`ar/224280
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`EFFICIENT CRYPTOGRAPHIC METHODS AND DEVICES
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`Background of the Invention
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`The present invention relates generally to information processing and
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`more specifically to an efficient cryptographic system that is designed to
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`process a large amount of information by selectively encrypting a portion
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`of the information.
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`It has long been recognized that information needs to be encrypted under
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`some circumstances. For example, military messages are typically
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`encrypted in order to prevent enemies from obtaining information
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`contained in the message. Recently, commercial applications of
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`encryption have been proposed. For example, several commercial
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`software products were developed to encrypt all or a portion of the data
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`stored on a storage device (e.g., hard disk and floppy diskette). Some of
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`the communication software packages also allow users the option of
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`encrypting their electronic mails. Recently, new methods for marketing
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`information have been proposed. In one of the proposed methods,
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`encrypted information is distributed (e.g., using CD-ROMS or via digital
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`highway, such as the Internet) by a vendor to potential customers either
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`free or at nominal cost. However, the customers are not provided with the
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`key to decrypt the information. When the customers wish to purchase the
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 2 of 23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 2 of 23
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`information, they need to contact the vendor to obtain the necessary
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`decryption key, typically upon payment of fees. In another proposed
`method. a secure hardware is connected to the computer of a potential
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`customer. Encrypted information (e.g.. software) is distributed by a
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`vendor to the customer either free or at nominal cost. Thelsecure
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`hardware contains the necessary key for decrypting the information.
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`When the customer uses the information, the secure hardware decrypts
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`the information and measures one or more parameters (eLg., time) relating
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`to the usage of the information. The charges incurred by the customer is
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`based on these parameters. Because the decryption key and the
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`decrypted information is never exposed to the customer, the customer has
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`to pay each time the information is used.
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`One of the major differences between commercial applications of
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`encryption and other applications (e.g., military applications) is the
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`amount of information needs to be encrypted. Typically, commercial
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`information, such as a database or a digitized movie, may contain more
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`than several hundred million bytes of information. On the other hand.
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`military messages are relatively short. Another major difference is that
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`commercial applications typically use low cost general purpose computers
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`(such as microcomputers) to decrypt the encrypted data while military
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`applications use high power computers specially designed for
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`cryptographic applications. Even though the processing power of low cost
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`computers is expected to increase at a fast pace, these computers take on
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 3 of 23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 3 of 23
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`more and more demanding tasks (e.g., video processing and high speed
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`communication). As a result, the amount of processing power devoted to
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`encryption in a commercial system may not increase with time, and in
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`some situations, even decrease.
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`' Prior art cryptographic systems are mainly developed and designed for
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`military applications, i.e., they are designed to use high power computers
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`to handle a small amount of information. These systems may not be
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`suitable for commercial applications. As a result, there is a need to
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`develop an efficient method to handle commercial cryptographic needs.
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`Summary of the Invention
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`- Broadly stated, the present invention is a method and a signal processing
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`device for encrypting information. Only a portion of the information
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`needs to be encrypted because the information would not be useful if this
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`portion is not decrypted. When the information has a low degree of
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`correlation and error tolerance, even encrypting a small portion would be
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`sufficient to render the information useless unless this small portion is
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`decrypted. For information that is highly correlated, it would be difficult
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`to take advantage of the correlation if substantially all the correlated
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`portions are encrypted. As a result, the correlative nature of the
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`information cannot be used to bypass decrypting the encrypted portion.
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 4 of 23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 4 of 23
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`Brief Description of the Drawings
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`Fig. 1 is a drawing showing one embodiment of the present invention.
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`Fig. 2 is a drawing showing an embodiment of the present invention as
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`applied to video information.
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`Fig. 3 is a drawing showing an embodiment of the present invention
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`where information is stored in a plurality of files.
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`Detailed Description of @Invention
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`It has been observed that information generally has a certain degree of
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`redundancy. For example, the structure of many languages dictates that
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`redundant words or letters be used at predetermined positions of a
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`sentence. A reader can still understand the sentence if some of these
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`words and letters are removed. For example, the grammar of the English
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`language imposes a set of rules which includes putting the letter "s" at the
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`end of a noun to designate plural quantity. In many sentences, the noun
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`is not the only place where plural quantity is indicated. For example, the
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`sentence "there are two birds" uses the word "two" to indicate the
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`existence of more than one bird, in addition to the letter "5“ attached to
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`the word "bird." Thus, the letter "s" at the end of the word "bird" can be
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`omitted without affecting the meaning of the sentence. In fact, there are
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 5 of 23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 5 of 23
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`languages in this' world in which noun does not have a plural form.
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`The degree of redundancy in a certain piece of information depends on the
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`nature of the information. At one extreme, information may contain
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`many redundant parts. An example is video information which consists of
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`a series of pictures depicting time progression of a scene. Each picture
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`typically differs slightly from an adjacent picture in the series because the
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`time difference in the scene depicted by adjacent pictures istypically less
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`than 0.1 second. As a result, video information contains many pictures
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`which are substantially the same. Consequently, it is easy to recreate a
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`picture missing from the series by interpolating from the pictures prior
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`and subsequent to the missing picture. This type of information is
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`considered to have a high degree of temporal correlation.
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`Video information also has another type of redundancy. The spatial
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`variation of a picture is typically very gentle. For example, if the picture
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`is a human swimming in water, there is little variation (in terms of color
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`and intensity) in the portion of the picture relating to water.
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`Consequently, it may be easy to recreate a missing portion of a picture by
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`interpolating from portions of the picture surrounding the missing
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`portion, This type of information is considered to have a high degree of
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`sp atial correlation.
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`At the other extreme is information in which it is difficult to create a
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`missing portion firom other portions. This type of information has a low
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 6 of 23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 6 of 23
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`degree of correlation. An example of this type of information is the binary
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`code of a piece of software. Typically, it is difficult to recreate a missing
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`byte (or a series of missing bytes) from other bytes in the binary code.
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`Information can also be classified according to its effect on intended uses
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`if a portion of the information is missing. At one extreme is information
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`which would be useless if a small portion is missing. An example is the
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`binary code of a piece of software. A computer is unlikely to successfully
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`execute the software if the binary code has a few erroneous bytes. This
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`type of information is considered to be error intolerant. At the other
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`extreme is information that degrades gracefully. For example, when noise
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`of TV signal increases (i.e., portions of video information is missing or has
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`erroneous values), color TV pictures often become monochrome. However,
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`it is still possible to watch and comprehend the TV pictures, even though
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`they are less pleasing to the eyes. This type of information is considered
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`to be error tolerant. Error toleration can also be different depending on
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`spatial or temporal types of errors.
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`It should be pointed out that even though the degree of error tolerance
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`has some relationship to the degree of correlation of information, it does
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`not depend solely on the degree of correlation. For example, a reader is
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`likely to tolerate a large number of missing words in a newspaper article.
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`On the other hand, the same reader probably would not tolerate the same
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`perCentage of missing words in a poem. Thus, even though the degree of
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 7 of 23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 7 of 23
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`
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`correlation of the newspaper article and poem may be the same (because
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`they follow essentially the same grammar rules), the degree of error
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`tolerance is different. This is because error tolerance depends, to a
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`certain extent, on subjective considerations. As another example, a
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`person typically does not tolerate a small distortion in a familiar song
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`while may tolerate a large distortion in a new song, even though the
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`degree of correlation of these two songs are the same.
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`In the prior art cryptographic systems, every bit of information is
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`encrypted. One aspect of the present invention is the realization that it
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`may not be necessary to completely encrypt the information, especially
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`when it has a low degree of correlation. This is because it is often difficult
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`to recreate the encrypted portion of information (if it cannot be decrypted)
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`based on the clear portion of information. In addition, information that
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`has a low degree of error tolerance may only need to be encrypted at a few
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`critical places (e.g., the destination address of a jump op code, or the last
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`name field of a Customer database). This is because a user would not
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`accept the information if a small portion is missing or erroneous. Thus,
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`even though most of the information is in the clear, it is still not
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`commercially useful if isolated portions are unavailable because they
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`cannot be decrypted (i.e., people are still willing to pay a high price to
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`obtain the full information, even though they already have 99 percent of
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`the information). Since only a small portion of information need to be
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`decrypted, the amount of computation power required to decrypt the
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 8 of 23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 8 of 23
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`information is reduced.
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`Encrypting a portion of information may also help to reduce the
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`computation power required for other signal processing tasks. As an
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`example, information which is massive and highly correlated (e.g., video
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`information) is often compressed in order to reduce the amount of memory
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`space used for storing and the bandwidth used for transmitting the
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`information. Many compression methods make extensive use of the
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`correlative nature of information. However, many encryption methods
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`have a tendency to randomize information. For example, if the plain text
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`is a string of identical letters. the encrypted text using algorithms such as
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`DES may be a string of letters in which every letter is different.
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`Consequently, it may be more difficult to compress the encrypted text.
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`The word "encryption" is used broadly in the present invention to include
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`different ways of transforming information so that it is difficult for an
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`unauthorized person to correctly understand the information. It includes
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`transformation in which a key is required, such as public key and secret
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`key encryption methods. It also includes scrambling information
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`according to a secret algorithm without using a particular parameter
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`which may be classified as a "key."
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`The word "information" is used broadly in the present invention to include
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`data that is organized in some logical manner. Examples of information
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 9 of 23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 9 of 23
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`include video signal, audio signal, picture, computer software, text,
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`database, and multimedia composition.
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`Fig. 1 is a diagram showing one embodiment in which information having
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`a low degree of correlation is processed with a signal processor 20 of the
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`present invention. Fig. 1 shows the portion of information 12 containing
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`sixteen pieces of plain text which are grouped into four blocks B1, B2, B3
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`and B4. Each block contains four pieces of plain text labeled as P1, P2,
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`P3, and P4. Each of these sixteen pieces c0uld contain a single bit or a
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`plurality of bits. It should be pointed out that the above grouping is
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`exemplary, and any number of pieces could be grouped into any number
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`of blocks. In addition, it is not necessary to require every block to have
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`the same number of pieces,
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`Processor 20 contains a program stored in memory, such as ROM 22. This
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`program is executed by a CPU 24. The program stored in ROM 22 could
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`be any program that can selectively encrypt some of the pieces of plain
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`text in information 12. Preferably, an algorithm should be chosen such
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`that it is difficult for an unauthorized person to determine which pieces
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`are selected for encryption. Any encryption method can be used by
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`processor 20.
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`An exemplary program in ROM 22 is described below. The pieces in the
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`blocks having an odd numeral in their label, e.g., B 1 and B3, are not
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`Ex.1018- Page 10 of23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 10 of 23
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`encrypted. They provide the "base" for selecting one or more pieces in the
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`subsequent blocks (i.e., blocks B2 and B4) for encryption. For example,
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`the selected piece in block 82 can be calculated from the pieces in block
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`Bl by adding the number of bits in all the pieces of block Bl, and takes
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`the remainder after dividing by four. It should be pointed out that the
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`blocks used as base do not have to be adjacent to the blocks having pieces
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`selected for encryption (e.g., the block B1 can be used to determine the
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`selected piece in block B4). In addition, the pieces of more than one blocks
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`can be used as base (e.g., blocks B1 and B3 can be used to determine the
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`selected piece in block B2).
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`V In Fig. 1, it is assuméthat the third piece of block B2 is selected (using
`the above described formula) for encryption. This piece is encrypted and
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`is labeled as E3 in the encrypted information 40. Similarly, the fourth
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`piece of block B4 is assumed to be selected (using the above described
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`formula) for encryption and is labeled as E4. The selection of the third
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`piece in block B2 and the fourth piece in block B4 should appear as
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`random selection to persons who do not known the above formula.
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`The decryption process is now described. Since blocks B1 and B3 are not
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`encrypted, the "base" is not change by processor 20. Consequently, the
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`above formula can be used by processor 30 to determine which pieces in
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`blocks B2 and B4 are encrypted. As a result, processor 30 can decrypt the
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`selected pieces and the original information 12 can be recovered.
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`Ex.1018- Page 11 of23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 11 of 23
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`Because information 12 has a low degree of correlation, it would be
`difficult to create pieces P3 in block B2 and P4 in block B4 by
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`interpolating information contained in other pieces if E3 and E4,
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`respectively, are not decrypted. However, if information 12 is highly
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`correlated, it may be possible to create pieces P3 in block B2 and P4 in
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`block B4 by using information contained in the other pieces without
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`decrypting E3 and E4. Methods to render such creation difficult even for
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`highly correlated information will be discussed below.
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`The ratio of the number of encrypted pieces to the number of plain text
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`pieces is determined by the error tolerance of the information. Ifthe error
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`tolerance is low (i.e., it is unacceptable to miss a small amount of
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`information), only a small number of pieces need to be encrypted. On the
`
`other hand, if the error tolerance is high, it may be necessary to encrypt a
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`larger number of plain text pieces.
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`Fig. 2 is a diagram showing one embodiment in which information having
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`a high degree of correlation, such as video information 110, is processed
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`with a signal processor 130 of the present invention. Only three frame
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`112, 114 and 116 of video information 110 are shown, although video
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`information 110 typically contains a large number of frames. Frames 112,
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`114, and 116 have a centrally located region 122, 124, and 126,
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`respectively, which are of the same size and shape. Only these regions
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`Ex.1018- Page 12 of23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 12 of 23
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`are encrypted while the rest of the frames are in the clear. Since the area
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`of each of these regions are small compared to the size of a full frame, the
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`amount of encryption and decryption is reduced.
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`The frames 112, 114, and 116 are processed by signal processor 130 which
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`contains memory (such as ROM 132) and a CPU 134 for storing and
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`‘
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`processing the algorithm of the present invention. Signal processor 130
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`generates encrypted video information 150 With three frames 152, 154,
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`and 156, each corresponding to frames 122, 124, and 126, respectively.
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`Frames 152, 154, and 156 contain encrypted regions 162, 164, and 166,
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`respectively, which are resulted from encrypting regions 122, 124, and
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`126, respectively.
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`The encrypted video information 150 can be decrypted using a decryption
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`processor 140. Because the location, size and shape of the encrypted
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`region in each frame is predetermined, processor 140 is able to find the
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`encrypted regions and decrypt them accordingly.
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`In this embodiment, the same region of all the frames (i.e., for all times
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`from beginning to end) are encrypted. Thus, it is not possible for an
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`unauthorized person to take advantage of temporal correlation because
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`there is no unencrypted data of the region for all times. It is also difficult
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`to take advantage of spatial correlation near the center of the frame
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`because there is little unencrypted data available at areas surrounding
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`Ex.1018- Page 13 of23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 13 of 23
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`the center. The reason for positioning the encrypted region at the center
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`is to take advantage of the fact that the most informative area of a picture
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`is usually the center.
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`The method disclosed in Fig. 2 encrypts Substantially all the correlated
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`portions of the information. Since almost none of the correlated portions
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`are in the clear, it is impossible to bypass the correlated portions by using
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`techniques such as interpolation.
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`The size of the regions 122, 124 and 126 depends on the degree of error
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`tolerance. If spatial error tolerance is low (i.e., a user will not tolerate
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`even a small amount of erroneous spatial information), the size of the
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`regions 122, 124 and 126 could be small. Further, for situations where
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`temporal error tolerance is low, it is not necessary to encrypt all the
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`frame.
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`It may be advantageous to encrypt several regions (instead of only one
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`centrally located region). This is because the most informative region
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`may not be located at the center. Further, the size and shape of the
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`encrypted regions may vary from frame to frame. The only requirement is
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`to incorporate the same or a similar set of region selection rules in
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`processor 130 and processor 140.
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`In digital applications, information is preferably organized into one or
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`more files. If the size of information is small, it could be stored in one file.
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 14 of 23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 14 of 23
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`However, if the size of information is large, it may be stored in a plurality
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`of files, Fig. 3 shows a plurality of files 212-217 in a medium 210.
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`Examples of medium 210 are magnetic storage, optical storage, RAM, and
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`communication channel. Files 212-217 could be organized serially or in
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`other formats The files relating to the information may be linked in well
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`known manners. For example, file 212 is linked to file 215 through a link
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`222; file 215 is linked to file 216 through a link 223; and file 216 is linked
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`to file 213 through a link 225. Alternatively, no link isneeded if the files
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`are organized sequentially. Links 222, 223, and 225 could be stored
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`inside files 212, 2 15, and 216, respectively. Alternatively, information
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`relating to the links can be stored in other locations, such as a separate
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`file 230.
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`If one or more of the files 212, 213, 215, and 216 are totally or partially
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`encrypted, the information stored in these files may be commercially
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`useless. Consequently, there may not be a need to encrypt all the files.
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`Even iffiles 212, 213, 215, and 216 are in the clear, the information may
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`be useless if the links are encrypted. This is the case if the size of each file
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`is small and the number of links is large, i.e., it would be very difficult to
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`organize the information without the links.
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`While the invention has been particularly described, it will be apparent to
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`those skilled in the art that the disclosed invention may be modified in
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`numerous ways and may assume many embodiments other than that
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`Ex.1018- Page 15 of23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 15 of 23
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`specifically set out and described above. It is intended by the appended
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`claims to cover all modifications which falls within the true spirit and
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`scope of the invention.
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`Ex.1018- Page 16 of23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 16 of 23
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`| WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
`
`1.
`
`A method of encrypting a file comprising the step of
`
`encrypting only a portion of said file.
`
`2.
`
`The method of Claim 1 wherein said file includes a first and
`
`a second block of bits, said first block being unencrypted and said second
`
`block further including at least two sub-blocks, said encrypting step
`
`comprising the steps of:
`
`selecting at least one of said sub-blocks based on saidliit of said
`//
`
`first block, and
`
`"‘“
`
`encrypting said selected sub-block.
`
`The method of Claim 2 wherein said file includes a serial
`3.
`stream of data, and said first and said second blocks being a portion of
`
`said serial stream of data.
`
`4.
`
`The method of Claim 1 wherein said file contains at least one
`
`set of data having a correlative relationship, and wherein said encrypting
`
`step comprises the step of encrypting substantially all said set of
`
`correlative data.
`
`5.
`
`A method of encrypting video information comprising the
`
`16
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`Ex.1018- Page 17 of23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 17 of 23
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`

`

`step of encrypting only a portion of said video information.
`
`6.
`
`The method of claim 5 wherein said video information
`
`includes a first frame followed by a second frame, said encrypting step
`
`comprising the steps of:
`
`encrypting a portion of said first frame; and
`
`encrypting a portion of said second frame which is located at
`
`substantially the same position as said portion of said first frame.
`
`10
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`11
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`12
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`13
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`1.4
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`15
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`2O
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`21
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`7.
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`The method of Claim 6 wherein said portions of said first and
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`said second frames are substantially centrally located.
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`8.
`
`The method of Claim 5 wherein said video information
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`includes a plurality of frames, and wherein said encrypting step
`
`comprises the step of encrypting substantially all of said plurality of
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`frames at a substantially identical region.
`
`9.
`
`A method of encrypting information contained in a plurality
`
`offiles connected by links comprising the step of keeping at least one of
`
`said files and links un‘encrypted.
`
`l7
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`Ex.1018- Page 18 of23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 18 of 23
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`

`

`«TENT APPLICATION AND POWER OF A'i
`COMBINED DECLARATION Foi.
`(mu antenna to PC? tntoruttonai Apmatuonu
`
`A .ANEY
`
`As a below named inventor. I hereby declare that:
`
`My residence. post ofrice address and citizenship are as stated below next to my name.
`I believe I am the original. first and sole inventor (if only one name is lined below!) or an original. first and joint
`inventor (if plural names are listed below!) of the subject matter which is claimed and for Which a patent ts sought
`on the invention entitled:
`‘ ~
`‘
`.
`‘
`Eflruznf Craejoaanhm fifth“ gm iXi/tge;
`
`the specification of which (check only one item below}:
`
`3 is attached hereto.
`
`D was filed as United States application
`Seriai No.
`
`on
`
`and was amended
`
`on
`
`Ci Was filed as PCT international application
`Number
`
`on
`
`and was’amended under PCT Article l9
`
`(if applicable),
`
`PIIOI FONEIGNIPCT APPLICATIONS] AND ANY PRIORITY ELAINE UNDEI 35 U.S.C. 119:
`
`on
`
`(if applicable).
`
`I have miewcd and understand the contents of the above-identified specification. including
`l hereby state that
`the claims. as amendedby any amendment referred to above.
`
`l acknowlege the duty to disclose information which is materiai to the examination of this application in
`accordance with Title 37, Code of Federal Regulations. il.56(a).
`
`l hereby claim foreign priority benefits under Title 35. United States Code. 5| l9 of any foreign application“)
`for patent or inventor's certificate or of any PCT international applicationls) designating at
`least one country
`other than the United States of America listed below and have also identified below any foreign appliationfs) -
`for patent or inventor't certificate or any PCT international applicationts) designating at least one country other
`than the United States of America filed by me on the same Subjefl matter having a filing date before that of the
`application(s) of which priority is claimed:
`
`’m 'W‘lv '9 It
`
`.
`
`hum:
`
`us oerntunrovoonn-Iue—ur-wo-m
`
`(January 199!)
`
`Ex.1018- Page 19 of23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 19 of 23
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`

`

`
`
`Combined Declaration For Patent Application and Pow" oi Attorney (Continued)
`Ivteludu lemme to 'CT trttmttonotduoltunonll
`
`
`
`
`
`l hereby claim the benefit under Title 35. United States Code. 5120 of any United States applicationlal or PCT
`international applicationts) dailnatina the United States of America that is/are listed below and. insofar as the
`subtect matter or each of the claims of this application is not disclosed in that/those prior applieationts) in the
`manner proVided by the first paragraph of Title 35. United States Code. ll 12.
`l acknowlege the duty to disclae
`material information I: defined in Title 37. Code of Federal Regulations. Sl.56(a) which occurred between the
`Filing date of the prior applicatiunls) and the national or PCT international filing date of this applicationr .
`
`:glgg'g.S‘.:A°PPUC‘TION5 05 PCT INTERNATIONAL APPUCATlONS DISIGNATING THE U.5. FOR BENEFIT UNDER
`
`m9 I”!
`mm_—_—
`
`
`POWEROF ATTORNEY: Man-Minoan)! Im-mmmMMalawqu-nmlwm
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`Mowkafimandmnulhuimainmhtmmfmflmmm (valuation-ingleno-
`tionnunoul
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`Direct Totem Call to:
`Mflww
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`(Mom
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`
`
`I hereby declare that all statements made herein of my own knowledge are true and that all statements nude on
`information and belief are believed to be true: and further that these ttatetnents were made with the knowledge
`that willful false statements and the like so made are punishable by fine or imprisonment. or both. under section
`IOOI of Title ii of the United States Code. and that such willful false statements may jeopardize the validity of
`the application or anv patent issuing thereon.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`(408') 197C5'7 58‘
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`gm9”?“er
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`
`Ex. 1018 - Page 20 of 23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 20 of 23
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`

`

`V ' “'I’Oé
`
`.
`
`RECEIPT AND HANDLING OF MAIL AND PAPER.e
`
`50903
`NOISE/O9 (10-92)
`
`" VERIFIED STATEMENT CLAIMING SMALL ENTITY STATUS
`(37 CER 1.9(0 & 117(b))--INDEPENDENT INVENTOR
`
`Docket Number (Optional)
`
`91114 C CHHN
`Applimntot'Patentee:
`SerialmPatentNme
`
`Filedorlssued:
`mte; Efitcigfit
`
`av}! I. HEM
`(‘rfif+°%£°‘fbic Mngo/s and Quin;
`
`Duo
`
`As a below named inventor. I hereby declare that I qualify as an independent inventor asdel'med In 37 CFR 1.9(c) for
`putposes of paying teduced fees to the Patent and Trademark Office described in:
`'
`
`the specification filed herewith with title as listed above.
`
`D the appliation identified above.
`D the patent identified above.
`lhavenotassigned muted. conveyed oelicensedmd am undetnoobligau'nn tutderconn-actct lawtomtgn. grant.
`convey or license. any rights in the invention to any person who wettld not qualify as an independent Inventor under 37
`CPR 1.9(c) ilflm person had made the invmtion. nrtn any concern which would notqttalify as “null business
`concern nude 37 CFR 1.9(d) or a nmprntlt «satiation under 37 CPR 1.9(e).
`
`Each person. concern or organinttm to which I have assigned. granted. conveyed. or licensed (I am under an obliga-
`tion under contract or law to assign. gnnt. convey. or license any rights in the invention is listed below:
`
`[2] No such person. concern. or organiznnnn exists.
`U End: such person. concern or organizatim is listed below.
`
`Separate verified statements ate xequimd trntn etch named person. concern or organization having tights to the inven-
`tion avaring to their status as small entitles. (37 CFR 127)
`
`I acknowledge the duty to file. tn this application or pant. notificenoo orany change in status resulting in loss of
`entitlement to small entity status ptior to paying, tx at the time of paying, the eulleet «the issue fee may mainte-
`nance tee due after the date on which status as a small entity is no longer Wm. (37 CFR 1.286!»
`
`lhuehydeclaxethataustatunenumadeheretnofmyownknowledgeuen-ucmdthunllmtnnenuntatteontnfm
`tlonendhel'tettuebelievedtobettuenndftntbetthntthesemtetnentswuemdewifltthekncwledgethuwillmlfnlse
`mmuudmeukemmuemnbyfimmhnptmtummmonloot of'l'itlelsotthe
`UnltedStatesCode.andttmsndtwinnutalseuntancnnmyjeupuututhenltdttyofthuppuwtommypment
`issuhtgthaeononnypatenttawhlchthtsvaificdstatanmtisdimed.
`
`Hark (- C 113A
`NAME 09mm
`
`NAME or mum:
`
`NAME or ammo:
`
`Steam of invent»:
`Due
`
`Signenne atinventor
`Due
`
`Sipum orinventor
`
`PTO/SB! 09 ( 10-91)
`
`I
`
`500 - 15
`
`. Plant IN 1'th Olfla; U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
`Rev. 14, Nov. 1992
`
`Ex. 1018 - Page 21 of 23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 21 of 23
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`

`

`

`

`PRINT OF DRAWINGS
`AS ORIGINAL
`LY FILED
`
`
`
`
`
`USZPZZ/BG
`
`Ex. 1018 - Page 23 of 23
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`Ex. 1018 - Page 23 of 23
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`