The Project Gutenberg eBookof Opticks; by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
`
`The Project Gutenberg EBook of Opticks, by Isaac Newton
`
`This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
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`Title: Opticks
`or, a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections,
`and Colours of Light
`
`Author:
`
`Isaac Newton
`
`Release Date: August 23, 2010 [EBook #33504]
`
`Language: English
`
`Character set encoding:
`
`ISO—8859—l
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`*** START OF THIS PROJLCT GUTLNBERG LBOOK OPTICKS ***
`
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`OPTICKS:
`
`OR, A
`
`TREATISE
`
`OFTI-IE
`
`Reflections, Refractions,
`
`Inflections and Colours
`
`OF
`
`LIGHT.
`
`The F0 U'R’lH Enmo N, corrected.
`
`By Sir ISAA C NEWTON, Knt.
`
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`The Project Gutenberg eBookof 0pticks:, by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
`
`LONDON:
`
`Printed for WILLIAM INNYS at the West-End of St. Paul’s. MDCCXXX.
`TITLE PAGE OF THE 1730 EDITION
`
`SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S ADVERTISEMENTS
`
`Advertisement I
`
`Part of the ensuing Discourse about Light was written at the Desire of some Gentlemen of the
`Royal-Society, in the Year 1675, and then sent to their Secretary, and read at their Meetings,
`and the rest was added about twelve Years after to complete the Theory; except the third Book,
`and the last Proposition of the Second, which were since put together out of scatter’d Papers.
`To avoid being engaged in Disputes about these Matters, I have hitherto delayed the printing,
`and should still have delayed it, had not the Importunity of Friends prevailed upon me. If any
`other Papers writ on this Subject are got out of my Hands they are imperfect, and were perhaps
`written before I had tried all the Experiments here set down, and fully satisfied my self about
`the Laws of Refractions and Composition of Colours. I have here publish’d what I think proper
`to come abroad, wishing that it may not be translated into another Language without my
`Consent.
`
`The Crowns of Colours, which sometimes appear about the Sun and Moon, I have endeavoured
`to give an Account of; but for want of suflicient Observations leave that Matter to be farther
`examined. The Subject of the Third Book I have also left imperfect, not having tried all the
`Experiments which I intended when I was about these Matters, nor repeated some of those
`which I did try, until I had satisfied my self about all their Circumstances. To communicate
`what I have tried, and leave the rest to othersforfarther Enquiry, is all my Design in publishing
`these Papers.
`
`In a Letter written to Mr. Leibnitz in the year 1679, and published by Dr. Wallis, I mention’d a
`Method by which I had found some general Theorems about squaring Curvilinear Figures, or
`comparing them with the Conic Sections, or other the simplest Figures with which they may be
`compared. And some Years ago I lent out a Manuscript containing such Theorems, and having
`since met with some Things copied out of it, I have on this Occasion made it publick, prefixing
`to it an Introduction, and subjoining a Scholium concerning that Method. And I have joined with
`it another small Tract concerning the Curvilinear Figures of the Second Kind, which was also
`written many Years ago, and made known to some Friends, who have solicited the making it
`publick.
`
`1. N.
`
`April 1, 1704.
`
`Advertisement H
`
`In this Second Edition of these Opticks I have omitted the Mathematical Tracts publish'd at the
`End of the former Edition, as not belonging to the Subject. And at the End of the Third Book I
`have added some Questions. And to shew that I do not take Gravityfor an essential Property of
`
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`The Project Gutenberg eBookof Opticks; by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
`
`Bodies, I have added one Question concerning its Cause, chusing to propose it by way of a
`
`Question, because I am not yet satisfied about itfor want ofExperiments.
`
`I.N.
`
`July16, 1717.
`
`Advertisement to this Fourth Edition
`
`This new Edition of Sir Isaac Newton's Opticks is carefully printedfrom the Third Edition, as it
`was corrected by the Author's own Hand, and left before his Death with the Bookseller. Since
`Sir Isaac's Lectiones Opticae, which he publickbz read in the University of Cambridge in the Years
`I 669, I 6 70, and 1671, are lately printed, it has been thought proper to make at the bottom of
`the Pages several Citations from thence, where may be found the Demonstrations, which the
`Author omitted in these Opticks.
`
`THE FIRST BOOK OF OPTICKS
`
`PART I.
`
`My Design in this Book is not to explain the Properties of Light by Hypotheses, but to propose and
`prove them by Reason and Experiments: In order to which I shall premise the following Definitions and
`Axiorm.
`
`DEFINITIONS
`
`DEFIN. I.
`
`By the Rays ofLight I understand its least Parts, and those as well Successive in the same Lines,
`as Contemporary in several Lines. For it is manifest that Light consists of Parts, both Successive
`and Contemporary, because in the same place you may stop that which comes one moment, and let
`pass that which comes presently after; and in the same time you may stop it in any one place, and let it
`pass in any other. For that part of Light which is stopp'd cannot be the same with that which is let
`pass. The least Light or part of Light, which may be stopp'd alone without the rest of the Light, or
`propagated alone, or do or suifer any thing alone, which the rest of the Light doth not or suifers not, I
`call a Ray ofLight.
`
`DEFIN. II.
`
`is their Disposition to be refracted or turned out of their
`Refrangibility of the Rays of Light,
`Way in passing out of one transparent Body or Medium into another. And a greater or less
`Refrangibility of Rays,
`is their Disposition to be turned more or less out of their Way in like
`Incidences on the same Medium. Mathematicians usually consider the Rays of Light to be Lines
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`reaching from the luminous Body to the Body illuminated, and the refiaction of those Rays to be the
`
`bending or breaking ofthose lines in their passing out of one Medium into another. And thus may Rays
`and Refractions be considered, if Light be propagated ir1 an instant. But by an Argument taken from
`the Equations of the times of the Eclipses ofJupiter's Satellites, it seens that Light is propagated in
`time, spending in its passage from the Sun to us about seven Minutes of time: And therefore I have
`chosen to define Rays and Refiactions in such general terms as may agree to Light in both cases.
`
`DEFIN. IH.
`
`Reflexibility of Rays, is their Disposition to be reflected or turned back into the same Medium
`from any other Medium upon whose Surface they fall. And Rays are more or less reflexible,
`which are turned back more or less easily. As if Light pass out of a Glass i11to Air, and by being
`inclined more and more to the common Surface of the Glass and Air, begins at length to be totally
`reflected by that Surface; those sorts of Rays which at like Incidences are reflected most copiously, or
`by inclining the Rays begin soonest to be totally reflected, are most reflexible.
`
`DEFIN. IV.
`
`The Angle ofIncidence is that Angle, which the Line described by the incident Ray contains with
`the Perpendicular to the reflecting or refracting Surface at the Point ofIncidence.
`
`DEFIN. V.
`
`The Angle of Reflexion or Refraction, is the Angle which the line described by the reflected or
`refracted Ray containeth with the Perpendicular to the reflecting or refracting Surface at the
`Point ofIncidence.
`
`DEFIN. VI.
`
`The Sines of Incidence, Reflexion, and Refraction, are the Sines of the Angles of Incidence,
`Reflexion, and Refraction.
`
`[Pg 4]
`
`DEFIN. VII
`
`The Light whose Rays are all alike Refrangible, I call Simple, Homogeneal and Similar; and that
`whose Rays are some more Refrangible than others, I call Compound, Heterogeneal and
`Dissimilar. The former Light I call Homogeneal, not because I would aflirm it so in all respects, but
`because the Rays which agree i11 Refrangnbflity, agree at least in all those their other Properties which I
`consider in the following Discourse.
`
`DEFIN. VIII.
`
`The Colours of Homogeneal Lights, I call Primary, Homogeneal and Simple; and those of
`Heterogeneal Lights, Heterogeneal and Compound. For these are always compounded of the
`colours ofHomogeneal Lights; as will appear in the following Discourse.
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`AX. I.
`
`The Angles of Reflexion and Refraction,
`Incidence.
`
`lie in one and the same Plane with the Angle of
`
`AX. II.
`
`The Angle ofReflexion is equal to the Angle ofIncidence.
`
`AX. III.
`
`If the refracted Ray be returned directly back to the Point ofIncidence, it shall be refracted into
`the Line before described by the incident Ray.
`
`AX. IV.
`
`Refraction out of the rarer Medium into the denser, is made towards the Perpendicular; that is,
`so that the Angle ofRefraction be less than the Angle ofIncidence.
`
`AX. V.
`
`The Sine of Incidence is either accurately or very nearly in a given Ratio to the Sine of
`Refraction.
`
`Whence if that Proportion be known iii any one Inclination of the incident Ray, 'tis known hi all flue
`Inclinations, and thereby the Refraction in all cases of Incidence on the same refracting Body may be
`determined. Thus if the Refraction be made out of Air into Water, the Sine of Incidence of the red
`
`Light is to the Sine ofits Reliaction as 4 to 3. Ifout ofAir into Glass, the Sines are as 17 to 11. In
`Light of other Colours the Sines have other Proportions: but the difference is so little that it need
`seldom be considered.
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`[Pg 7]
`
`Fig. 1
`
`Suppose therefore, that RS [m Fig. 1.] represents the Surface of stagnating Water, and that C is the
`point of Incidence in which any Ray coming in the Air fiom A in the Line AC is reflected or refiacted,
`and I would know whither this Ray shall go after Reflexion or Refraction: I erect upon the Surlace of
`the Water from the point of Incidence the Perpendicular CP and produce it downwards to Q, and
`conclude by the first Axiom, that the Ray after Reflexion and Refiaction, shall be found somewhere in
`the Plane of the Angle of Incidence ACP produced. I let tall therefore upon the Perpendicular CP the
`Sine of Incidence AD; and ifthe reflected Ray be desired, I produce AD to B so that DB be equal to
`AD, and draw CB. For this Line CB shall be the reflected Ray, the Angle of Reflexion BCP and its
`Sine BD being equal to the Angle and Sine of Incidence, as they ought to be by the second Axiom,
`But if the refiacted Ray be desired, I produce AD to H, so that DH may be to AD as the Sine of
`Refraction to the Sine of Incidence, that is, (iftl1e Light be red) as 3 to 4; and about the Center C and
`in the Plane ACP with the Radius CA describing a Circle ABE, I draw a parallel to the Perpendicular
`CPQ, the Line HE cutting the Circumference in E, and joining CE, this Line CE shall be the Line ofthe
`refi'acted Ray. For if EF be let fall perpendicularly on the Line PQ, this Line EF shall be the Sine of
`Refraction of the Ray CE, the Angle of Refraction being ECQ; and this Sine EF is equal to DH, and
`consequently in Proportion to the Sine ofIncidence AD as 3 to 4.
`
`In like manner, if there be a Prism of Glass (that is, a Glass bounded with two Equal and Parallel
`Triangular ends, and three plain and well polished Sides, which meet in three Parallel Lines running
`from the three Angles ofone end to the three Angles ofthe other end) and ifthe Reiiaction ofthe Light
`i11 passing cross this Prism be desired: Let ACB [in Fig. 2.] represent a Plane cutting this Prism
`transversly to its three Parallel lines or edges there where the Light passeth through it, and let DE be
`the Ray incident upon the first side ofthe Prism AC where the Light goes i11to the Glass; and by putting
`the Proportion ofthe Sine of Incidence to the Sine of Refiaction as 17 to 11 find EF the first refiacted
`Ray. Then taking this Ray for the Incident Ray upon the second side of the Glass BC where the Light
`goes out, find the next reliacted Ray FG by putting the Proportion of the Sine of Incidence to the Sine
`of Refiaction as 11 to 17. For if the Sine of Incidence out of Air into Glass be to the Sine of
`
`Refiaction as 17 to 11, the Sine of Incidence out of Glass into Air must on the contrary be to the Sine
`ofRefraction as 11 to 17, by the third Axiom
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`Fig. 2.
`
`Much alter the same manner, ifACBD [in Fig. 3.] represent a Glass spherically convex on both sides
`(usually called a Lens, such as is a Burning-glass, or Spectacle- glass, or an Object-glass of a
`Telescope) and it be required to know how Light filling upon it fiom any lucid point Q shall be
`refiacted, let QM represent a Ray tailing upon any point M of its first spherical Surface ACB, and by
`erecting a Perpendicular to the Glass at the point M, find the first refracted Ray MN by the Proportion
`of the Sines 17 to 11. Let that Ray in going out of the Glass be incident upon N, and then find the
`second refracted Ray Nq by the Proportion ofthe Sines 11 to 17. And alter the same manner may the
`Refiaction be found when the Lens is convex on one side and plane or concave on the other, or
`concave on both sides.
`
`A
`
`:9 .,_
`
`_ M_
`
`F?
`
`9.
`
`, .....——.~.-..--:“
`
`41..
`
`'_- ’_:
`
`H '-'
`
`p.
`
`"3'
`
`Fig. 3.
`
`AX. VI.
`
`Homogeneal Rays which flow from several Points of any Object, and fall perpendicularly or
`almost perpendicularly on any reflecting or refracting Plane or spherical Surface, shall
`afterwards diverge from so many other Points, or be parallel to so many other Lines, or
`converge to so many other Points, either accurately or without any sensible Error. And the
`same thing will happen, if the Rays be reflected or refracted successively by two or three or
`more Plane or Spherical Surfaces.
`
`The Point from which Rays diverge or to which they converge may be called their Focus. And the
`Focus ofthe incident Rays being given, that ofthe reflected or refiacted ones may be found by finding
`the Refraction of any two Rays, as above; or more readily thus.
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`Cas. 1. Let ACB [in Fig. 4.] be a reflecting or refiacting Plane, and Q the Focus ofthe incident Rays,
`and QqC a Perpendicular to that Plane. And if this Perpendicular be produced to q, so that qC be
`equal to QC, the Point q shall be the Focus of the reflected Rays: Or if qC be taken on the same side
`ofthe Plane with QC, and in proportion to QC as the Sine of Incidence to the Sine of Refiaction, the
`Point q shall be the Focus ofthe retracted Rays.
`
`Fig. 4.
`
`Cas. 2. Let ACB [in Fig. 5.] be the reflecting Surface of any Sphere whose Centre is E. Bisect any
`Radius thereofi (suppose EC) in T, and if in that Radius on the same side the Point T you take the
`Points Q and q, so that TQ, TE, and Tq, be continual Proportionals, and the Point Q be the Focus of
`the incident Rays, the Point q shall be the Focus ofthe reflected ones.
`
`Fig. 5.
`
`Cas. 3. Let ACB [in Fig. 6.] be the refiacting Surface of any Sphere whose Centre is E. In any
`Radius thereof EC produced botl1 ways take ET and Ct equal to one another and severally in such
`Proportion to that Radius as the lesser of the Sines of Incidence and Refiaction hath to the dilference
`ofthose Sines. And then if m the same Line you find any two Poi11ts Q and q, so that TQ be to ET as
`Et to tq, taking tq the contrary way fromt which TQ lieth from T, and if the Point Q be the Focus of
`any incident Rays, the Point q shall be the Focus ofthe refiacted ones.
`
`[Pg 12]
`
`And by the same means the Focus of the Rays after two or more Reflexions or Refractions may be
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`Fig. 6.
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`E
`
`Fig. 7.
`
`Cas. 4. Let ACBD [in Fig. 7.] be any refracting Lens, spherically Convex or Concave or Plane on
`either side, and let CD be its Axis (that is, the Line which cuts both its Surfaces perpendicularly, and
`passes through the Centres of the Spheres,) and in this Axis produced let F and f be the Foci of the
`refracted Rays found as above, when the incident Rays on both sides the Lens are parallel to the same
`Axis; and upon the Diameter Ff bisected in E, describe a Circle. Suppose now that any Point Q be the
`Focus of any incident Rays. Draw QE cutting the said Circle in T and t, and therein take tq in such
`proportion to tE as tE or TE hath to TQ. Let tq lie the contrary way from t which TQ doth fiom T,
`and q shall be the Focus ofthe refracted Rays without any sensible Error, provided the Point Q be not
`so remote from the Axis, nor the Lens so broad as to make any of the Rays fall too obliquely on the
`retracting Surlaces.[A]
`
`And by the like Operations may the reflecting or relracting Surlaces be found when the two Foci are
`given, and thereby a Lens be formed, which shall make the Rays flow towards or fiom what Place you
`please. [B]
`
`So then the Meaning of this Axiom is, that if Rays fall upon any Plane or Spherical Surface or Lens,
`and before their Incidence flow from or towards any Point Q, they shall after Reflexion or Refiraction
`flow lrom or towards the Point q found by the foregoing Rules. And if the incident Rays flow from or
`towards several points Q, the reflected or refiacted Rays shall flow from or towards so many other
`Points q found by the same Rules. Whether the reflected and refiacted Rays flow from or towards the
`Point q is easily known by the situation of that Point. For if that Point be on the same side of the
`reflecting or refracting Surface or Lens with the Point Q, and the incident Rays flow from the Point Q,
`the reflected flow towards the Point q and the refracted fiom it; and if the incident Rays flow towards
`Q, the reflected flow from q, and the refracted towards it. And the contrary happens when q is on the
`other side ofthe Surface.
`
`AX. VII.
`
`Wherever the Rays which come from all the Points of any Object meet again in so many Points
`after they have been made to converge by Reflection or Refraction, there they will make a
`Picture of the Object upon any white Body on which theyfall.
`
`So if PR [in Fig. 3.] represent any Object without Doors, and AB be a Lens placed at a hole iii the
`Window-shut of a dark Chamber, whereby the Rays that come from any Point Q of that Object are
`made to converge and meet again in the Point q; and if a Sheet of white Paper be held at q for the
`Light there to fall upon it, the Picture of that Object PR will appear upon the Paper ir1 its proper shape
`and Colours. For as the Light which comes fiom the Point Q goes to the Point q, so the Light which
`comes from other Points P and R of the Object, wfll go to so many other correspondent Points p and
`r (as is manifest by the sixth Axiom;) so that every Point of the Object shall illuminate a correspondent
`Point of the Picture, and thereby make a Picture like the Object in Shape and Colour,
`this only
`excepted, that the Picture shall be inverted. And this is the Reason of that vulgar Experiment of casting
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`the Species of Objects lrom abroad upon a Wall or Sheet ofwhite Paper in a dark Room
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`
`In like manner, when a Man views any Object PQR, [in Fig. 8.] the Light which comes from the
`several Points of the Object is so refiacted by the transparent skins and humours of the Eye, (that is,
`by the outward coat EFG, called the Tunica Cornea, and by the crystalline humour AB which is
`beyond the Pupil mk) as to converge and meet again in so many Points in the bottom of the Eye, and
`there to paint the Picture of the Object upon that skin (called the Tunica Retina) with which the
`bottom of the Eye is covered. For Anatornists, when they have taken off from the bottom of the Eye
`that outward and Inost thick Coat called the Dara Mater, can then see through the thinner Coats, the
`Pictures of Objects lively painted thereon. And these Pictures, propagated by Motion along the Fibres
`of the Optick Nerves into the Brain, are the cause of Vision. For accordingly as these Pictures are
`perfect or imperfect, the Object is seen perfectly or imperfectly. If the Eye be tinged with any colour
`(as m the Disease of the Jaundice) so as to tinge the Pictures in the bottom of the Eye with that
`Colour, then all Objects appear tinged with the same Colour. If the Humours of the Eye by old Age
`decay, so as by shrinking to make the Cornea and Coat of the Crystalline Humour grow flatter than
`before, the Light will not be refiacted enough, and for want of a suficient Refi'action will not converge
`to the bottom of the Eye but to some place beyond it, and by consequence paint in the bottom of the
`Eye a confused Picture, and according to the Indistinctness of this Picture the Object will appear
`confiised. This is the reason ofthe decay of sight in old Men, and shews why their Sight is mended by
`Spectacles. For those Convex glasses supply the defect ofplumpness hi the Eye, and by increasing the
`Refiaction rmke the Rays converge sooner, so as to convene distinctly at the bottom of the Eye ifthe
`Glass have a due degree ofconvexity. And the contrary happens in short- sighted Men whose Eyes are
`too plump. For the Refraction being now too great, the Rays converge and convene in the Eyes before
`they come at the bottom; and therefore the Picture made in the bottom and the Vision caused thereby
`wfll not be distinct, unless the Object be brought so near the Eye as that flie place where the
`converging Rays convene may be removed to the bottom, or that the plumpness of the Eye be taken
`off and the Refiactions diminished by a Concave-glass of a due degree of Concavity, or lastly that by
`Age the Eye grow flatter tfll it come to a due Figure: For short- sighted Men see remote Objects best in
`Old Age, and therefore they are accounted to have the most lasting Eyes.
`
`AX. VIII.
`
`An Object seen by Reflexion or Refraction, appears in that place from whence the Rays after
`their last Reflexion or Refraction diverge in falling on the Spectat0r’s Eye.
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`M
`
`Fig. 9.
`
`If the Object A [in FIG. 9.] be seen by Reflexion of a Looking-glass mn, it shall appear, not in its
`proper place A, but behind the Glass at a, from whence any Rays AB, AC, AD, which flow from one
`and the same Point ofthe Object, do after their Reflexion made in the Points B, C, D, diverge in going
`fiom the Glass to E, F, G, where they are incident on the Spectator's Eyes. For these Rays do make
`the same Picture in the bottom of the Eyes as if they had come irom the Object really placed at a
`without the Interposition ofthe Looking-glass; and all Vision is made according to the place and shape
`ofthat Picture.
`
`In like manner the Object D [in FIG. 2.] seen through a Prism, appears not in its proper place D, but is
`thence translated to some other place d situated in the last refracted Ray FG drawn backward from F
`to d.
`
`Fig. 10.
`
`And so the Object Q [in FIG. 10.] seen through the Lens AB, appears at the place q fiom whence the
`Rays diverge in passing from the Lens to the Eye. Now it is to be noted, that the Image of the Object
`at q is so much bigger or lesser than the Object it selfat Q, as the distance of the Image at q lrom the
`Lens AB is bigger or less than the distance of the Object at Q fiom the same Lens. And ifthe Object
`be seen through two or more such Convex or Concave- glasses, every Glass shall make a new Image,
`and the Object shall appear in the place of the bigness of the last Image. Which consideration unfolds
`the Theory of Microscopes and Telescopes. For that Theory consists in almost nothing else than the
`describing such Glasses as shall make the last Image of any Object as distinct and large and luminous
`as it can conveniently be made.
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`I have now given in Axioms and their Explications the sum of what hath hitherto been treated of ir1
`Opticks. For what hath been generally agreed on I content my self to assume under the notion of
`Principles, ir1 order to what I have farther to write. And this may suflice for an Introduction to Readers
`of quick Wit and good Understanding not yet versed in Opticks: Although those who are already
`acquainted with this Science, and have handled Glasses, will more readily apprehend what followeth.
`
`[Pg 20]
`
`FOOTNOTES:
`
`In our Author's Lectiones Opticaz, Part I. Sect. IV. Prop 29, 30, there is an elegant
`Method of determining these Foci; not only ir1 spherical Surfaces, but likewise ir1 any
`other curved Figure whatever: And ir1 Prop. 32, 33, the same thing is done for any
`Ray lying out of the Axis.
`
`Ibid. Prop. 34.
`
`PR 0POSITIONS.
`
`PROP. I. THEOR. I.
`
`Lights which differ in Colour, difi”er also in Degrees of Refrangibility.
`
`The Pnoor by Experiments.
`
`Exper. 1. I took a black oblong stilf Paper terminated by Parallel Sides, and with a Perpendicular
`right Lir1e drawn cross from one Side to the other, distinguished it into two equal Parts. One of these
`parts I painted with a red colour and the other with a blue. The Paper was very black, and the Colours
`intense and thickly laid on, that the Phzenomenon might be more conspicuous. This Paper I view'd
`through a Prism of solid Glass, whose two Sides through which the Light passed to the Eye were plane
`and well polished, and contained an Angle of about sixty degrees; which Angle I call the refracting
`
`Angle ofthe Prism And whilst I view'd it, I held it and the Prism before a Window in such manner that
`the Sides of the Paper were parallel to the Prism, and both those Sides and the Prism were parallel to
`the Horizon, and the cross Line was also parallel to it: and that the Light which fell fiom the Window
`upon the Paper made an Angle with the Paper, equal to that Angle which was made with the same
`Paper by the Light reflected from it to the Eye. Beyond the Prism was the Wall of the Chamber under
`the Window covered over with black Cloth, and the Cloth was involved in Darkness that no Light
`might be reflected fiom thence, which in passing by the Edges of the Paper to the Eye, might mingle
`itself with the Light of the Paper, and obscure the Phaenomenon thereof These things being thus
`ordered, I found that if the refracting Angle of the Prism be turned upwards, so that the Paper may
`seem to be lifted upwards by the Refraction, its blue halfwfll be lifted higher by the Refiaction than its
`red half But if the refracting Angle of the Prism be turned downward, so that the Paper may seem to
`be carried lower by the Refraction, its blue half will be carried something lower thereby than its red
`half Wherefore in both Cases the Light which comes from the blue halfof the Paper through the Prism
`to the Eye, does ir1 like Circumstances suffer a greater Refiaction than the Light which comes from the
`red half, and by consequence is more refiangible.
`
`[Pg 21]
`
`Illustration. In the eleventh Figure, MN represents the Window, and DE the Paper terminated with
`
`parallel Sides DJ and HE, and by the transverse Line FG distinguished into two halfs, the one DG of
`an intensely blue Colour, the other FE of an intensely red. And BACcab represents the Prism whose
`refracting Planes ABba and ACca meet ir1 the Edge of the refracting Angle Aa. This Edge Aa being
`
`[Pg 22]
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`upward, is parallel both to the Horizon, and to the Parallel-Edges of the Paper DJ and HE, and the
`transverse Line FG is perpendicular to the Plane of the Window. And de represents flie Image of the
`Paper seen by Refiaction upwards in such manner, that the blue halfDG is carried higher to dg than
`
`the red halfFE is to fe, and therefore suffers a greater Refiaction If the Edge of the refracting Angle
`be turned downward, the Image ofthe Paper willbe refiacted downward; suppose to 88, and the blue
`halfwill be refiacted lower to By than the red halfis to 1E8.
`
`[Pg 23]
`
`M
`
`Exper. 2. About the aforesaid Paper, whose two halls were painted over with red and blue, and
`which was stilf like thin Pasteboard, I lapped several times a slender Thred of very black Silk, in such
`rmnner that the several parts of the Thred might appear upon the Colours like so many black Lines
`drawn over them, or like long and slender dark Shadows cast upon them I might have drawn black
`Lines with a Pen, but the Threds were smaller and better defined. This Paper thus coloured and lined I
`set against a Wall perpendicularly to the Horizon, so that one of tlie Colours might stand to the Right
`Hand, and the other to the Left. Close before the Paper, at the Confine ofthe Colours below, I placed
`a Candle to illuminate the Paper strongly: For the Experiment was tried i11 the Night. The Flame ofthe
`Candle reached up to the lower edge of the Paper, or a very little higher. Then at the distance of six
`Feet, and one or two Inches from the Paper upon the Floor I erected a Glass Lens four Inches and a
`quarter broad, which might collect the Rays coming from the several Points of the Paper, and make
`them converge towards so many other Points at the same distance of six Feet, and one or two Inches
`on flie other side ofthe Lens, and so form the hinge ofthe coloured Paper upon a white Paper placed
`there, after the same manner that a Lens at a Hole ir1 a Window casts the Images of Objects abroad
`upon a Sheet ofwhite Paper in a dark Room The aforesaid white Paper, erected perpendicular to the
`Horizon, and to the Rays which fell upon it from the Lens, I moved sometimes towards the Lens,
`sometimes irom it, to find the Places where the Images ofthe blue and red Parts ofthe coloured Paper
`appeared most distinct. Those Places I easily knew by the Images of the black Lines which I had
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`http://www.g utenberg .org/fi Ies/33504/33504—h/33504-h.htm
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`Cisco Systems, Inc.
`Exhibit 1046, Page 13
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`The Project Gutenberg eBookof 0pticks:, by Sir Isaac Newton, Knt.
`
`made by winding the Silk about the Paper. For the Irmges of those fine and slender Lines (which by
`reason oftheir Blackness were like Shadows on the Colours) were confused and scarce visible, unless
`when the Colours on either side of each Line were terminated most distinctly, Noting therefore, as
`diligently as I could, the Places where the Images of the red and blue halls of the coloured Paper
`appeared most distinct, I found that where the red half of the Paper appeared distinct, the blue half
`appeared confiised, so that the black Lines drawn upon it could scarce be seen; and on the contrary,
`where the blue half appeared most distinct, the red half appeared confiised, so that the black Lines
`upon it were scarce visible. And between the two Places where these Images appeared distinct there
`was the distance of an Inch and a halfi the distance ofthe white Paper fiom the Lens, when the Image
`ofthe red halfofthe coloured Paper appeared most distinct, being greater by an Inch and an halfthan
`the distance of the same white Paper from the Lens, when the Image of the blue half appeared most
`distinct. In like Incidences therefore ofthe blue and red upon the Lens, the blue was refracted more by
`the Lens than the red, so as to converge sooner by an Inch and a half and therefore is more
`refiangible.
`
`Illustration. In the twelflh Figure (p. 27), DE signifies the coloured Paper, DG the blue halt, FE the
`red half MN the Lens, HJ the whi