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`
`B
`L)
`3
`0-<
`
`La
`02
`$0
`E
`8
`E
`(3-4
`
`45.00%
`
`40-00% "
`35_00%
`
`30-00%
`
`25_00%
`
`20.00%
`15 00%
`'
`10.00%
`
`5.00%
`
`0.00%
`
`Average number of simultaneous calls = 14
`accumulated @ 8 nodes i.e.672kbps each
`5376kbps total in 6.25MHz = 860kbps/MHZ
`Limit will be link from cluster nodes to BTS
`
`not the ODMA sub-layer
`Mobiles making calls:
`Mean TX-power =4.42 dBm
`(averaged-over-calling-time)
`Peak instantaneous TX power = +30 dBm
`
`
`
`0
`
`25
`
`50
`
`75
`
`100
`
`125
`
`150
`
`175 200 225 250 275 >30
`0
`
`Figure 20 Packet Delay Distribution for Manhattan 3x3 Block LCD 384kbps Capacity
`
`D e lay (m s)
`
`6. WCDMA SUPPORT FOR RELAYING
`
`This section presents the findings from joint Alpha/Epsilon feasibility study which considered how the
`radio sub-blocks within the WCDMA mobile could support relaying.
`
`WCDMA communication in ODMA mode implies MS-to-MS communication. This, in turr1, implies
`MS reception and transmission on the same frequency band, i.e. TDD operation.
`
`TDD is already included as a key feature of the WCDMA proposal of the concept group Alpha and
`only a very limited amount of additional features have to be added to a WCDMA terminal in order to
`support relaying as will be discussed below.
`
`For MS-to-MS communication, the transmit and receive spreading/modulation schemes of the mobile
`stations should obviously be the same. This is currently not the case for the Alpha concept where the
`mobile station uses IQ-multiplex of the DPCCH and DPDCH followed by dual-channel QPSK
`modulation. For the downlink, i.e. the signal received by the mobile station uses time multiplex of the
`DPCCH and DPDCH followed by ordinary QPSK modulation. It is recommended that, for the
`WCDMA/ODMA mode, MS-to-MS communication will use the downlink scheme of the Alpha
`concept. Such an approach will have an only marginal impact on the complexity of the mobile-station
`transmitter as QPSK can be seen as a special case of dual-channel QPSK.
`
`In ODMA mode, a mobile terminal will initiate transmission with a random-access burst, identical to
`the ordinary random-access burst of the Alpha RACH. The target MS will detect this random-access
`burst in a similar way as the BS detects the RACH. This may indicate the need to add a relatively
`complex RACH detector in the ODMA terminal. However, the main component of the RACH detector
`(see figure X) is a matched filter identical to the matched filter used for cell search. Even the filter
`parameters can be the same. The main difference is the addition of the symbol-sampled preamble filter
`in the case of a RACH detector. However, this is very similar to the slot-wise accumulation of matched-
`filter outputs in the case of the cell-search. It may even be argued of the preamble of the RACH is
`actually needed for WCDMA/ODMA communication. The preamble is included in the Alpha concept
`to support the reception of multiple RACH simultaneously. It is not yet fully clear of that functionality
`will be needed in the ODMA access-burst detector.
`
`Consequently, only marginal hardware modifications need to be added to a WCDMA/TDD terminal in
`order to support ODMA communication
`
`The following block diagrams show a breakdown of the WCDMA receiver building blocks which must
`be considered in order to support relaying.
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 161 of 275
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`ERIC-1007 / Page 161 of 275
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`Samples from
`RF ADC
`
`Synchronisation
`
`Function [RAKE parameters] Data
`
`Figure 21 WCDMA Receiver
`
`Figure 21 shows a block diagram of a typical WCDMA receiver. The synchronisation function must be
`modified as it is assumed that chip and symbol synchronisation cannot be obtained from BTS
`broadcasts when in ODMA mode (although some basic system time synch is possible from toggling to
`WCDMA mode). This block is expanded in Figure 22
`
`
`
`.""‘:
`L _ _ _'
`
`Function derived from base station
`RACH receiver
`
`Figure 22 Synchronisation Function
`
`[RAKE parameters]
`
`?>To
`Decoder
`
`The dotted box indicates functionality derived from the BTS design for dealing with RACH
`transmissions. RACH transmissions are asynchronous and must be tolerant to collisions and Near Far
`effects (meets ODMA criteria). Basically matched filters are used to synchronise on a transmission by
`transmission basis .
`
`The first matched filters looks for a PN sequence common to all preambles. The filter hardware already
`exists within a WCDMA MS in the form of a BTS searcher. The matched filters for finding particular
`preambles would need to be added but these are much simpler as they are clocked at a slow rate. The
`remaining blocks of Figure 22 are also present in the MS and the matched filters are shown below in
`Figure 23
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 162 of 275
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`

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`Code matched filter
`
`Samples from
`RF ADC
`
`Samples
`from RF ADC
`
`Channel
`
`compensation
`
`
`
`To Decoder
`
`Figure 24 WCDMA Rake Receiver
`
`A typical WCDMA rake receiver is shown in Figure 24 and whilst it requires no significant
`modification it must be used with care in a relaying receiver. For example if there are many preamble
`codes then it is unlikely that MSs will attempt to re-use the same one within a local area and so the rake
`fingers will have multipath delayed versions of the desired signal which can be combined using MRC.
`Alternatively if there are few preambles, perhaps just one then there will be interfering transmissions on
`the same code. The fingers of the Rake receiver may have signals from a number of sources rather than
`multipath from just one so MRC would not be appropriate. In this case it would be better to select a
`single path. This would be justified for many relaying cases when short low delay spread paths are used.
`
`6.1 Benefits of WCDMA to ODMA implementation
`
`For the ODMA communication with basically random transmission of packets, it is very difficult to rely
`on interference avoiding techniques (interference occurs on different time-slots and carriers for different
`packets). Consequently it is important to use a transmission scheme that is as robust to interference as
`possible. In this way, parallel packet transmissions, also at relatively nearby links will not cause fatal
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 163 of 275
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`ERIC-1007 / Page 163 of 275
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`
`collisions. WCDMA gives such a high robustness towards interference and does thus provides a good
`basis for ODMA:
`
`6.2 Cost/complexity
`
`As stated earlier the initial feasibility study suggests that only marginal hardware modifications need to
`be added to a WCDMA/TDD terminal in order to support ODMA commumcation
`
`7. CALL SET-UP PROCEDURES FOR ODMA IN A WCDMA
`
`CELL.
`
`Within a WCDMA cell that supports ODMA we will consider that all mobiles have the same basic
`functionality i.e.; they can time multiplex between WCDMA FDD mode and ODMA TDD mode.
`ODMA traffic will be carried in a separate unpaired spectrum band but the last relay hop to the BTS
`will use WCDMA/FDD.
`
`Within the cell there are several MS roles e. g.;
`
`1) Mobile originator/tenninator
`
`2) Active relay
`
`3) Sleeping relay
`
`4) ODMA/WCDMA gateway (last hop)
`
`All the mobiles can receive broadcast information from the BTS and thereby establish basic system
`timing synchromsm.
`
`ODMA requires a background probing activity to determine the location of near neighbours which may
`act as future relays. If this is allowed to occur at any time the MSs must RX continuously which may
`reduce battery life. To avoid this, a low duty cycle probing window is used i.e. the sleeping MSs wake
`up periodically to send and receive probes (e. g. every n1inute) and then go back to sleep. The window
`could be of the order of 0.5 seconds long.
`
`The BTS has the capability to send a wakeup page to all the MSs via the WCDMA/FDD cell.
`
`A Sleeping MS that is then paged awake will stay active whilst it can detect local ODMA transmissions.
`If it has not participated in such commumcation for a timeout period it will fall asleep. Similarly it may
`decide to sleep after a long period of activity
`
`When a MO wishes to start a call it makes a conventional RACH access to the WCDMA/FDD BTS. A
`
`conventional authentication/call setup will take place but during the negotiation of resource it will be
`decided to use ODMA mode. Firstly the BTS will send a broadcast wakeup page to the MS relays. The
`BTS will then ask the M0 to send a message to it via ODMA relaying which it then acknowledges. The
`imtial route for these messages will be based on knowledge acquired from the background probing. The
`transmissions will be momtored by relays not directly involved in the link. These relays then determine
`connectivity routes between the MO and BTS and are available to make further transmissions more
`optimum and reliable. Other mobiles will fall asleep using the page-awake rules. A similar procedure is
`used for MT calls.
`
`7.1 ODMA/WCDMA Gateway - Last Hop to BTS
`
`The last MS in the relay chain will have direct connectivity to the BTS over a short high rate link. The
`MS will require 2 buffers i.e.; to fill from ODMA and empty via WCDMA and vice versa. For example
`in the case of significant DL traffic the buffer will be filled by a WCDMA call and at a defined
`threshold the MS will switch to ODMA mode until the buffer is emptied. Similarly for an UL case
`ODMA will fill the buffer until a threshold is reached after which a WCDMA call empties the buffer
`into the BTS. If an ODMA relay is not available as in WCDMA mode traffic is either backed up toward
`the source or an alternative last hop MS is chosen.
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 164 of 275
`
`ERIC-1007 / Page 164 of 275
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`
`8. BENEFITS OF ODMA TO WCDMA W.R.T. HIGH LEVEL
`
`REQUIREMENTS
`
`The potential benefits of ODMA as a WCDMA enhancement are listed below with respect to the
`UTRA high level requirements.
`
`Key
`Re a uirements
`
`Description
`
`‘ Bearer ca n abilities
`
`Maximum User
`Bit Rates
`
`The UTRA should support a range of maximum user bit rates that depend
`upon a users current environment as follows:
`Rural Outdoorlz at least 144 kbit/s (goal to achieve 384 kbit/s), maximum
`speed: 500 km/h
`Suburban Outdoorzz at least 384 kbps (goal to achieve 512 kbit/s),
`maximum speed: 120 km/h
`Indoor/Low range outdoor3: at least 2Mbps, maximum speed: 10 km/h
`It is desirable that the definition of UTRA should allow evolution to higher
`bit rates.
`
`The maximum user bit rate for packet services in the given environments
`are determined by the assumptions on channel models and maximum range.
`Ifrelaying is supported then these assumptions change as communication
`proceeds via a number ofrelay hops which are normally low range, low
`mobility and often LOS. Therefore relaying enables high rate transmissions
`in all environments.
`
`Where high rate transmission was already possible, relaying will lower the
`required transmittedpower.
`
`1 The specified bit rate will be available throughout the operator’s service area, with the possibility of
`large cells
`
`2 The specified bit rate will be available with complete coverage of a suburban or urban area, using
`n1icrocells or smaller macrocells
`
`3 The specified bit rate will be available indoors and locallised coverage outdoors.
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 165 of 275
`
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`Flexibility
`
`Handover
`
`Negotiation of bearer service attributes (bearer type, bit rate, delay, BER,
`up/down link symmetry, protection including none or unequal protection),
`parallel bearer services (service mix), real-time / non-real-time
`communication modes, adaptation of bearer service bit rate
`Circuit and packet oriented bearers
`Supports scheduling (and pre-emption) of bearers (including control
`bearers) according to priority
`Adaptivity of link to quality, traffic and network load, and radio conditions
`(in order to optimise the link in different environments).
`Wide range of bit rates should be supported with sufficient granularity
`Variable bit rate real time capabilities should be provided.
`Bearer services appropriate for speech shall be provided.
`WCDMA is aflexible and adaptive air interface technology and relaying
`further enhances these capabilitiesfor packet services. Using ODA/IA you
`not only have the opportunity to perform optimum link adaption but you
`may have a number ofdijferent links (relay paths) from which to select the
`best and thereby bypass heavy shadowing ejfects. ODMA adds link
`diversity to WCDA/IA.
`When aMS uses a relay it is ejfectively replacing it ’s own transmission
`limitations with that ofa neighbour who is better situated or more able to
`communicate. For example a low power handportable MS could relay to a
`vehicle in order to exploit the more powerful transmitter and better antenna
`to reach a distant B TS or satellite. In these examples the single hop relay
`means that low delay speech can be supported as well as data services.
`For the satellite case this gives the option ofindoor coverage using a
`simple Ul\/ITS handset..
`
`Provide seamless (to user) handover between cells of one operator.
`The UTRA should not prevent seamless HO between different operators or
`access networks.
`
`Efficient handover between IHVITS and 2nd generation systems, e. g. GSM,
`should be possible.
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 166 of 275
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`ERIC-1007 / Page 166 of 275
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`

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`
`‘ OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
`
`Compatibility
`with services
`
`ATM bearer services
`GSM services
`
`provided by
`present Core
`
`Transport
`Networks
`
`IP (internet protocol) based services
`B/N-ISDN services
`
`authorised IHVITS users.
`
`If radio resource planning is required, automatic planning shall be
`Radio Access
`Network Planning supported.
`
`Public network
`operators
`
`It shall be possible to guarantee pre-determined levels of quality-of-service
`and quality to public IHVITS network operators, in the presence of other
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 167 of 275
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`

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`Private and
`
`residential
`operators
`
`The radio access scheme should be suitable for low cost applications where
`range, mobility and user speed may be limited.
`Multiple unsynchronised systems should be able to successfully coexist in
`the same environment.
`
`It should be possible to install basestations without co-ordination.
`Frequency planning should not be needed.
`Private and residential systems are particularly appropriate for relaying
`and ODI\/IA.
`
`As ODMA relays do not own dedicated radio resource but share it in an
`asynchronousfashion with neighbouring nodes they are tolerant to
`spectrum sharing.
`For example ODMA could be used in the same spectrum band within
`adjacent buildings. This is particularly true as relaying avoids higher
`power transmissions at the building edge - infact the highest average
`transmission powers can be concentrated at the centre of the cell/building.
`ODMA can be considered as a wireless distributed antenna.
`
`In private companies another option is possible. A MS can exchange
`signalling with a B TSfor call set-up authentication/encryption/user
`profiles etc. but the data content of the intracompany calls could be
`transmitted direct MS-MS or via MS relays. The capacity ofsuch a system
`may be great and can be considered analogous to having a great many
`B TSs within a given area. In this scenario the delay ofrelayed calls is also
`very low and would be appropriate for speech as well as higher rate data
`services.
`
`In a residentialproperty there maybe a requirementfor the MMTS MS to
`act as a low power cordless phone. The ODMA protocol has a probing
`mechanism to determine its near neighbours so that if the cordless BTS
`supported ODMA aMS could detect that it was "at home". The MS could
`then communicate directly to the B TS using the ODI\/IA band without
`aflecting the Operator's paired spectrum. The direct link would be low
`delay and suitable for speech as well as higher rate data services.
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 168 of 275
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`
`‘ EFFICIENT SPECTRUM USAGE
`Spectrum
`High spectrum efficiency for typical mixtures of different bearer services.
`efficiency
`Spectrum efficiency at least as good as GSM for low bit rate speech.
`Spectrum ejfciency is limited by intercell and intracell interference.
`Intercell interference can be caused by a mobile on the edge ofa cell
`transmitting at high power to reach it ’s B TS. The transmissions will
`interfere with neighbouring cells whose coverage will have been planned
`to ensure their are no gaps between them. WCDA/[A counteracts intercell
`interference by using SH0 but this is not usedfor packet services.
`Another approach is possible with relaying. Plan the WCDA/[A cells so that
`there are coverage gapsfor high rate packet services (not necessarily
`speech). A B TS can then only serve MSs at short range which implies low
`transmission power and a long distance to the neighbour BTS. Serving
`these few MSs will be spectrally eyfcient as there would be simple low loss
`radio channels, with very little intercell interference. The coverage gaps
`would be filled in by ODMA relaying which would route trafiic to andfiom
`the close range or optimally placed MSs.
`This technique may also be applicable to reduce intercell interference at
`country borders.
`Anotherfactor which aflects spectral eyfciency is the protection methods to
`ensure reliable transmission in diyfcult environments which may have high
`error rates and long delay spreads. WCDMA provides ruggedprotection
`methodsfor these environments but because relaying shortens and
`simplifies the communication paths less protection may be required
`[It should be noted that within a cell area an ODMA sublayer using
`subscriber relay would re-use the radio resources many times as each re-
`transmission is ofsuch low power that they will only eflect a small
`percentage of the cell area.]
`
`Variable
`Asymmetry of
`Total Band Usage
`
`variable division of radio resource between uplink and down link resources
`from a common pool (NB: This division could be in either frequency, time,
`or code domains)
`Relaying will be supported in a TDD mode within a separate section of
`spectrum. Within this spectrum, complete asymmetry is supported with no
`requirementfor a predefined UL/DL split ofany kind. However as relaying
`is part of a hybrid WCDA/[A solution the relay spectrum may logically be
`considered as adding to the WCDMA DL or UL thereby considerably
`increasing supportfor variable asymmetry when dealing with packet
`services.
`
`Spectrum
`Utilisation
`
`Allow multiple operators to use the band allocated to IHVITS without co-
`ordination.4
`
`It should be possible to operate the UTRA in any suitable frequency band
`that becomes available such as first & second eneration s stem's bands
`
`4 NOTE: the feasibility of spectrum sharing requires further study.
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 169 of 275
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`
`Coverage /
`Capacity
`
`The system should be flexible to support a variety of initial
`coverage/capacity configurations and facilitate coverage/capacity evolution
`Flexible use of various cell types and relations between cells (e. g. indoor
`cells, hierarchical cells) within a geographical area without undue waste of
`radio resources.
`
`Ability to support cost effective coverage in rural areas
`A majorfeature ofrelaying is the prospect to extend service coverage
`either by extending high data rate services or by relayingfrom deadspots
`into coverage. It would be a means to limit the required number ofBTS
`sites to achieve coverage whilst maintaining the customer perceived QoS.
`Relaying has potential may to combat intercell interference which would
`allow B TS equipment to achieve greater capacity.
`Ifrelaying is used to help initial rollout then it may be necessary to deploy
`Seeds (operator deployed-powered relaying mobiles). As the number of
`subscribers increase the Seeds will no longer be necessary . Ultimately
`more BTS resources will be added to cope with high capacity demands.
`
`‘ Complexity/cost
`
`Mobile Terminal
`viability
`
`Handportable and PCM-CIA card sized IHVITS terminals should be viable
`in terms of size, weight, operating time, range, effective radiated power and
`cost.
`
`Network
`complexity and
`cost
`
`Mobile station
`types
`
`A WCDMA MS should readily support relaying as it already contains the
`required radio blockfunctionality.
`
`The development and equipment cost should be kept at a reasonable level,
`taking into account the cost of cell sites, the associated network connections
`, signalling load and traffic overhead (e. g. due to handovers).
`Relaying would make use of the equipment proposedfor WCDMA and by
`extending the range of the high rate data services it would require less
`B TSsfor a given coverage area.
`
`It should be possible to provide a variety of mobile station types of varying
`complexity, cost and capabilities in order to satisfy the needs of different
`types of users.
`For a relay system to work well there must be as many relay nodes as
`possible. It is therefore a goal to support relaying in all mobiles - as it is
`believed that little extra cost or complexity is implied
`It is accepted that the lowest cost mobiles will have limited abilityfor
`relaying high rate packet services.
`
`‘ Requirements from bodies outside SMG
`
`Alignment with
`IMT 2000
`
`UTRA shall meet at least the technical requirements for submission as a
`candidate technology for IMT 2000 (FPLMTS)
`WCDMA meets these requirements but the development ofrelaying options
`could ive the Euroean solution an advantae over other world standards
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 170 of 275
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`
`

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`
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`
`Minimum
`bandwidth
`
`allocation
`
`Electro-Magnetic
`Compatibility
`(EMC)
`
`RF Radiation
`Effects
`
`Security
`
`It should be possible to deploy and operate a network in a limited
`bandwidth
`
`The relaying sub-layer requires a single separate spectrum band
`(unpairea9 which is used throughout the network. The smallest allocation
`unitfor WCDA/[A is one 5MHz carrier which can supportfairly high data
`rates ifintercell interference is controlled
`The band maybe takenfiom an operator's own spectrum but there are
`advantages in having an additional default bana’, e. g. the Ull/ITS spectrum
`allocated in each country to unlicensed use which can be used on a low
`power sharing basis.
`
`The peak and average power and envelope variations have to be such that
`the degree of interference caused to other equipment is not higher than in
`today's systems.
`The relaying system will strive to localise the eflects ofany transmission by
`minimising the transmittedpower ofa call.
`
`UMTS shall be operative at RF emission power levels which are in line
`with the recommendations related to electromagnetic radiation.
`
`The IHVITS radio interface should be able to accommodate at least the same
`level of protection as the GSM radio interface does.
`A security review of ODA/IA has shown that the potential attacks are very
`similar to those for GSM Providing GSM like authentication and end-to-
`endpayload encryption are carried out then the level ofprotection is
`comparable.
`
`Coexistence with
`other systems
`
`The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access should be capable to co-exist with
`other systems within the same or neighbouring band depending on systems
`and regulations
`
`‘ Multimode 1m lementation caabilities
`
`It should be possible to implement dual mode IHVITS/GSMterm1nals cost
`effectively
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 171 of 275
`
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`
`9. SUMMARY
`
`The use of relaying will add interesting new functionality and flexibility to a WCDMA UTRA and
`every effort should be made to ensure it is included in the standard especially as initial investigations
`suggest that the required functionality has negligible impact on mobile terminal cost or complexity.
`
`As discussed in section 6 the properties of WCDMA are particularly advantageous to the use of
`advanced relaying protocols such as ODMA.
`
`The ODMA/WCDMA combination should be further investigated as simulation results obtained during
`the ETSI evaluation process have demonstrated the potential for significant coverage and capacity
`enhancements.
`
`10. ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS
`
`List of associated documents currently available from the Epsilon Group;
`
`TD number
`
`Title
`
`Agenda & material for discussion
`E-l/97
`Mailing list & document handling
`E-2/97
`E-2/97Revl Mailing list & document handling
`E-3/97
`Radio Interface Structure
`
`Report of the 1“ ODMA Concept Group meeting
`Outline of the Technical Discussion
`
`Source
`
`Chairman
`Secretary
`Secretary
`Chairman
`
`Secretary
`Chairman
`
`E-4/97
`E-5/97
`
`E-6/97
`E-7/97
`E-8/97
`
`E-9/97
`
`Low-cost, low-power terminals for basic services
`Concept Group 8 - ODMA - Report
`ODMA/CTDMA - Initial Discussions on
`
`Motorola
`Chairman
`Vodafone Ltd
`
`Convergence
`Towards a Consistent Interpretation of ETR SMG-
`50402
`
`Swiss Telecom PTT
`Vodafone Ltd
`
`E-l0/97
`
`Notes on the Simulation of ODMA
`
`Vodafone Ltd
`
`E-l l/97
`
`Operator’s Key Questions to the UTRA Concept
`Groups
`
`T-Mobil, MMO, TIM,
`CSELT,
`FranceTelecom/CNET,
`
`Vodafone, Telia, BT,
`
`Telecom Finland, Swiss
`
`Telecom PTT, KPN, Cellnet,
`Omnitel
`
`E-12/97
`
`Outline of Evaluation Activities for Concept e -
`ODMA
`
`Outline of Evaluation Activities for Concept e -
`E-
`12/97Revl ODMA
`
`Chairman
`
`Chairman
`
`E-13/97
`E-14/97
`
`Salbu Patent - “Adaptive Communication System”
`Investigation into Average and Instantaneous BER
`
`Salbu
`LGI
`
`Performance of a 7:/4 QPSK on IHVITS Channels
`
`E-15/97
`
`Average BER Performance on IHVITS Channels with Kings College
`
`Paket Transmission considering 7:/4 QPSK and TCM8
`PSK modulation
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 172 of 275
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`ERIC-1007 / Page 172 of 275
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`

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`173
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`
`E-16/97
`
`E-17/97
`
`E-18/97
`
`E-19/97
`
`E-20/97
`
`E-21/97
`
`E-22/97
`
`E-23/97
`
`E-24/97
`
`E-25/97
`
`E-26/97
`
`E-27/97
`
`Concept Group 8 meeting report/presentation
`Answers to Operator Interest Group Questions
`WB-TDMA/CDMA/ODMA Feasibility Study
`Initial Results from ODMA Simulations
`
`ODMA - Opportunity Driven Multiple Access
`Characteristics of Opportunity Driven Multiple
`Access
`
`ODMA - System Gain from Fast Fading
`Q&A Session Report
`Questions to Concept Epsilon - ODMA
`
`Concept Group 8 Report (SMG2 IHVITS Ad Hoc #4)
`ODMA Annex to Alpha Evaluation Report
`ODMA Annex to Delta Evaluation Report
`
`Chairman
`
`Chairman
`
`Siemens/Vodafone/Salbu
`
`Vodafone
`
`Vodafone & Salbu
`
`Vodafone & Salbu
`
`Vodafone & Salbu
`
`Chairman
`
`Chairman
`
`Chairman
`
`Chairman
`
`Chairman
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 173 of 275
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`

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`
`Annex B:
`
`Concept Group Beta [3 — Orthogonal Frequency Division
`Multiple Access (OFDMA)
`
`This report contained in this annex was prepared during the evaluation work of SMG2 as a possible basis for the
`UTRA standard. It is published on the understanding that the full details of the contents have not necessarily
`been reviewed by, or agreed by, ETSI SMG or SMG2.
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 174 of 275
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`

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`
`ETSI SMG#24
`894/97
`
`Madrid, Spain
`December 15th-19th, 1997
`
`Tdoc SMG
`
`Source
`
`Subject
`
`Allocation
`
`:
`
`:
`
`:
`
`SMG2
`
`Summary of the concept description ofthe Beta concept
`
`Agenda Item 4.1
`
`1. Introduction
`
`This documents outlines the basic system characteristic of OFDMA which is
`proposed for UTRA selection.
`It describes the basic concept behind the
`OFDMA proposal and its advantages and featuers which is
`the most
`advanced of its kind present today.
`The OFDMA supports the RTT structure which includes physical as well as
`netwrok protocol
`layers
`(Layer
`1, 2, 3) and efficient Radio Resource
`Management mechanisms.
`The OFDMA concept
`is unique in its approach to resolve the problem of
`interference averaging, combat multipath effect efficiently and increase
`capacity and spectral efficiency which are of a magnitude higher than any 2”°'
`generation system available commercially today.
`is its flexibility
`One of the main featuer of the proposed air—interface, OFDMA,
`in terms of operational matters, allocation of bandslot in a manner has not
`seen before, and also its service allocation flexitibilty (mix service in one cell).
`It also provide the best guard band requirments of any system under study, of
`order of KHz rather than MHz.
`In OFDMA, the minimum guard band is 200
`KHz.
`
`The system structured in such a way which is backward compatible with the
`existing 2'” generation systems.
`The implementation of low cost dual mode/band terminal is realistic.
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 175 of 275
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`2. Key technical characteristic of the basic system
`
`The following table summarises the key technical parameters and characteristics of the
`OFDMA UTRA proposal.
`
`Convolution coding, rate 1/3-2/3,
`
`Otional outer RS codin rate: 4/5
`
`Coherent modulation schemes are supported
`
`1 (fractional |oad=30%), 3 (|oad=100%)
`
`Power Control ste, eriod
`Frequency deployment step
`Services
`
`GSM backwards compatibility
`
`1dB, 1.153ms/control
`100kHz
`Connection oriented and packet oriented services are
`supported
`Hard handover, Soft handover not re uired
`Time and frequency structure is compatible to GSM
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 176 of 275
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`
`3. Performance Enhancing Features
`
`The flexibility ofthe OFDM proposal (only the time and frequency grid structure has to be
`defined) allows the adoption of many performance enhancing features. Some ofthem are:
`0
`Transmitter Diversity
`To increase decrease signal fluctuation by fast fading Tx antenna diversity is supported, a
`simmilar effect can be achieved by transmission ofthe same signal twice with a small
`delay from the same antenna (BS needs only single antenna).
`0 Adaptive Antennas
`The concept supports adaptive antennas (smat antennas) to support SDMA (spatial
`division multiple access) to increase range, coverage and capacity.
`0 Advanced Modulation/Coding Schemes
`New modulation schemes can be applied (adaptive modulation) on the subcarrier domain
`(actual C/I based). Improved coding schemes (e.g. Turbo coding) can also be used.
`0 Multi user detection/Interference cancellation
`
`is supported in synchronous networks
`0 Dynamic Channel allocation
`Advance DCA scheme can be applied to avoid the interference and maximises the
`capacity.
`Bandwidth expansion
`Higher bandwidth allocation to support higher data rate beyond 2 Mb/s.
`
`0
`
`ERIC-1007 I Page 177 of 275
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`
`4. System Description
`
`The OFDMA concept utilises OFDM modulation which has excellent performance in all
`multipath radio channels. A variable number of subcarriers is assigned to a user according to
`the required service. Additionally the number of timeslots is adjusted according to the required
`service. Variable bandwidth (frequency) and TDMA hopping pattern are supported, to achieve
`frequency, interference, and time diversity. The time and frequency structure is compatible to
`GSM.
`
`FDD and TDD modes are supported.
`The basic concept is depicted in Figure 1.
`
`
`I Illll lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll |||l|l|l|
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Allocate OFDM sub-carrier all over the system bandwidth
`
`24-Siubcaffiefs Frequency
`5
`1
`E
`":‘vookHz)
`
`l
`
`
`
`Time
`
`FH for each TDMA Time Slot
`
`Figure 1: OFDMA Outline (SFH-TDMA)
`
`The TDMA structure is aligned with GSM, one timeslot is 288.46ps (half of GSM timeslot). To
`support a wide variety of services
`flexible TDMA structures are
`supported in the FH pattern
`generator, the basic frame length is
`equivalent t0 the GSM frame length
`Of4-6ms-
`
`Wm 3,",
`
`I
`Band Slot 100kHz
`(4.17kHz-24sub-carriers)
`
`Band Slot 100kHz
`(4.17kHz-24sub-carriers)
`
`
`
`Figure 2 shows the mapping of
`subcarriers into bandslots. One
`bandslots consist of 24 subcarriers
`
`(=100kHz) which is half ofthe GSM
`channel bandwidth.
`
`g
`“?;%.“:g;_:;§f._“{5.::3"i’
`3
`
`i OFDM sub carrier
`spacing : 4 l7l<Hz
`i
`‘ ’,
`
`Logical Channel are defined in the
`OFDMA Concept
`Initial Aquisition Channel (IACH for
`initial time and frequency aquisition), Broadcast channel (BCCH) and Random Access
`Channel (RACH), Paging Channel (PCH).
`Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH), Access Grant Channel (AGCH) and traffic channels are
`prepared.
`
`.
`_
`_
`_
`Figure 2. OFMDA mapping of subcarriers
`
`Efficient quality based power control is achieved in the up- and downlink in orderto minimise
`interference and maintain the link quality in the multipath environment.
`
`is supported which simplifies cell planni