ERIC-1030
`
`|PR2014-01195
`Page 1 of 9
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`Ericsson v. IV,
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`
` NEWTON’! TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`
`
`copyright © 2000 Harry Newton
`email: Harry_Newton@Technologylnvestor.com
`personal web site: www.HarryNewton.com
`
`
`
`
`All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright conventions,
`including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever.
`
`
`
`
`Published by CMP Books
`An Imprint of CMP Media Inc.
`12 West 21 Street
`
`
`New York, NY 10010
`
`ISBN 1-57820-O53-9
`
`
`
`
`July, 2000
`
`Sixteenth and a Half Edition, Expanded and Updated
`
`For individual orders, and for information on special discounts for quantity orders,
`please contact:
`
`CMP Books
`6600 Silacci Way
`Gilroy, CA 95020
`Tel: 800-LIBRARY or 408-848-3854
`Fax: 408-848-5784
`Email: te|ecom@rushorder.com
`
`Distributed to the book trade in the U.S. and Canada by
`Publishers Group West
`1700 Fourth St., Berkeley, CA 94710
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
`f
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`ERIC-1030, Page 2 of 9
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`
`Niwrows
`macom
`DICTIONARY
`
`The Official Dictionary of Telecommunications
`_ Networking and Internet
`
`T
`
`16th and a Half Updated, Expanded and Much
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`,m
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`1n—American Copyright conventions,
`Jortions thereof in any form whatsoever.
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`Jpdated
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`special discounts for quantity orders,
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`Janada by
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`Improved Edition
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`RIC-1030, Page 3 of 9
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`ERIC-1030, Page 4 of 9
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`
`TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`NEWTON’S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`occur in a TCP/lP network that can cause a large number of
`broadcast packets to be propagated unnecessarily across an
`enterprise»wide network, thereby causing network overload.
`Broadcast storms happen when users mix old TCP/IP routers
`with routers supporting the new releases of TOP/lP protocol.
`Routers use broadcast packets to resolve IP addressing
`requests from stations on LANs.
`if a station running an old
`versionI of TCP/IP sends suIch a request, ITCP/lP routers in an
`enterprise—wide network misunderstand it and send multiple
`broadcasts to their brother and sister routers.
`In turn, these
`broadcasts cause each router to send more broadcasts, and
`so on. This chain reaction can produce so many broadcast
`messages that the network canI shut down. it should be noted
`that this is extremely rare and it happens only in TCP/IP net-
`works that use two specific TCP/IP protocol releases.
`Brondeusl TroInsInussionAiax machine feature thatallows
`automatic transmission ofadocument to several locations.
`Broodvirrng The name forthe merged company comprising
`the old Cincinnati BellIlnc., a LEC (Loca Exchange Carrier),
`and IXC Communications, Ian IXC (lnterexchange Carrier)
`which acquired CincrnnatiI Bel . The merged Icompany
`changed its name to Broadwing l c.
`in I2I000. Cincinnati Bell
`continues to operate as a LEC divis on of Broadwing.
`www.broadwinginc.com.
`Brorhurowore A peiorative tern for what companies can
`pIull off with a clever copy writer, some rice graphics, and a
`bit of an advertising budget, Ever read a brochure and com-
`pared it to tne product? YouIget the idea. See Webware_
`Broken l|rInkA link to afitetha does not exisior is ngiai
`the location indicated by the URL.
`In s ort, you click on a
`hyperlink on a Web page you'reIviewing, but nothing happens
`or you get an error message.I Bingo, broken link. You've been
`sent somewhere that doesnt exis. This is neither exciting,
`norgocd programming.
`I
`I
`Broken Pipe This term is usually seen h an error message
`Iby browser programs to let the user know that the stream of
`information whiIch was download ng at he time has been
`forcibly cut. This can occur for many reasons, most com-
`monly because you are on a very crowded network or your
`access provider is experiencing heavy trat ic.
`Broken |Ile¢ord in the 1960s, t970s and 1980s there was
`an expression that you sound "like a broken record." This
`meant that you were repeating yourself. The expression came
`from the fact that when aI needle got stuck in the groove oi a
`vinyl record, the sound simply repeated itself. Then came the
`compact disc and the needle never got stuck in the groove
`since there was no needle. Asaresult, college kids today have
`idea what the expfessign “broken lecoldi meam Sllm mosl
`have never owned nor seen a record player.
`I
`Broker A company (Ior person) that buys and sells equip-
`ment often without taking ownership. A broker does not test
`or refurbish the equipment.I Often, it never sees the equipment
`it buys and sells. Instead, it has tne equipment shipped from
`the supplier to tiIie customer, relying on the sIupplIier to have
`tested and refurbished the eqLIiipment. its specralty is knowing
`who has what equipment nationwide and selling it, possibly,
`at below—marketprice. See Secondary Equipment.
`Broker’: Ally A popular software application used by big.
`kers for contact management.
`Brokernef A virtual private dedicated network offering
`from New York Telephone and provided within Manhattan
`ai'Irned at brokerage, banking and message industries. It uses
`dIgIIaI Iwitching to provide virtual private lines, specifically
`“hotline” service.
`
`
`llellliy at odds over policy issues. See Broadcast Station.
`equally sensitive to all C0l0iS. bii9IiIii9SS Gfidddl Iieaqll
`gompare with Cablecast.
`I
`Iatlve Ielm
`'l.,,d¢ust Channel BCCH.Awireless term forthe logical
`BIIISC Bell—Northern Research Reduced Instruction
`channel used in certain cellular networks to broadcast signal—
`Computing.
`_
`.
`mg and control information to all cellular phones: BCCH is a
`BrileI Cords AInd Sortmes Basic Rate lnta
`logical channel of
`the FDCCH (IFoIrward Digital Control
`Transmission E><t6iiS_|0Tl I9ISI9I9PIilllt_i9 C0littD3lt|93 extend
`ciiannel), defined by lS—136Iforuse inI
`igital cellular networks
`vice trom ISDN-equipped central 0 ices 0 conventional
`elllpigying TOMA (T‘ime Diil3i.=lsIinrIi_IMutItinleIIlEccess). The BCCH
`tralottices. See ISDN.
`_
`_
`A I l
`lggl ,
`wmpllses the E,BCCH,IF— I
`I
`an
`— IIICH.I The E—BCICH
`Brlhsh Iele:o|nn1un|«monsI
`:I n
`III
`in till
`lmended-BCCH) contains in orma ion w icIh is notIot high
`this act separated telecommunications
`rom e post ..
`pliprity, such as the identification Iot neighboring cell sIites. The
`and created Britisn TeleCOFtiitUFI|0Eili0tiS (ET). 568 also
`i=—BCCH (IFESI-IBCCH)IC0fiIIa|tlSCflIlCaII|nIOl’maIlOlt whrch must
`Office Act.
`I
`_
`-
`m[ransrTilI'IBId immediately, examples include system informa—
`_
`_
`Ilriflla Easily btdlteii W|It0UI WUCIT 5Il,9I0_Ill”G-
`gun and registration parameters. S—BCICH (System message—
`IBrood|niInd t.A WAN to m. A transmission facility ll‘
`gcci-i), which has notyet been fully defined, will contain mes—
`ind bandwidth Cltealet thanI4fr Mbps (T3). Broadbanil
`sages lorsystern broadcast. See also is-136 and TDMA.
`terns generally are fiber DJIIC in nature. See also Band
`3.-oodrost
`|.|sI A list of tvvlo or more system users to
`and SCNET. Contrast wiIth
`arrowband and Widlebard.
`mom messageds Iereaelent
`ItIen;eIeuIIsIIiIr. Ill/taster Broedclahst
`2. A LAN term. AImultIicianneIlI,I Etna 0§lIlIIIEIillEiIl< IISased
`Lists are share I
`Iy I Pet/SIIIIIII IIISIS IIIB SIIIrIe sle
`npIII yd
`e
`almost defies theIimagirlaIIcnII Ia oIrIiIe UIIIIS
`IIIeIeIn .1,
`system Adminisrao.
`p yin ivi ua
`LAN for connectivitn oI I igia IIc0 UIIJIIII Tlleyle l
`at
`i
`gubscnbers.
`II
`I
`0Bt03d35 I5 3 313" at
`_df SdC_
`?1_l
`-
`a_. and
`II
`I1-oIId«IsiI*MeTsloIIIgI9
`niesselrge rent one user sent to all
`value b such an aIpprIoach is that itwii supIIpn multip e, l
`users. JrIist likea I
`s a ion signa.
`n
`s, all workstations
`taneous communications ctannelsthroug
`requeIncyDiIi
`and devices receive the Imessage. Broadcast messages are
`ll/lultipexing (I-ITDM). Sotie CATV (Community i:
`used forI many reasons,
`including acknowledging receipt of
`elevision) providers have upgraded their old coax sysl.
`information and locating certain devices. On voice mail sys-
`suppor broadband LAN communications. The coax
`~
`tents, broadcast messages are important atnooncement mes—
`werep tin place to suppor multiple, downstream FD
`ages from the system administratorthat provide information
`V channels.I The upgrade supports bi-directional data ii
`and instructions
`regarding the voice processrng system.
`nets for applications such as Internet access, LAN netwi
`Broadcast messages play before standard Voice Mail or
`and even POTS (Plain Olc Telephone Service). Colleg
`itutomated Attendant messages.
`univers ties have upgraded their old CATV networks
`I
`:
`lmdmst Illell n British Telecom turre feature that allows
`sand LANs, which were put in place to provllde entertai ll
`gen ItraoIerIsingIIe
`ey acIIcesIs o a group of outgoing lines.
`TV to he dormitories. Some theme parks
`alve pu I
`:I
`Tlilsie IIesiIgneII prirnerili oIrIsenIIing Ishort messages to
`atace to support simultaneous audio, paglrng, ccIseoI—
`multiole es Irons.
`Ile ne
`uric ion a ows the userto set
`and transaction processing. Contrast WI
`ase an .39
`"I13" “"9”
`‘S
`‘[13 035 QTOUP.
`I
`I
`I
`t0Broad36, CATV, FDM, and LAN. _ _
`Iroodtosl Qua |ty_ A specific term applied to pickup
`Broadband BIeorer Copobllnly A bearer cass
`tubes of any type ~ vidicon, plumbicon, etc. « whrchI are
`I
`hat is part of the initial address messege.I
`vrltirout flaws and meet broadcast standards. Also an ambigu—
`Broadband Personal Communmmons fitond
`are term forI equipment and programmiig that meetsI the
`BPCS. Consists of 120 MHz of new spectrum availabein
`lilflIllitSll90IlliiiiCéiI Slatidaids OT lite TV industry. SUCH 88 high—
`cellular networks. Also known as wideband PCS.
`illiimrecor erss,
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`Broodlulnd Swllclnng System See BSS
`I
`“I
`Itosl dlllllflll An over- he—air radio or television
`Broodcosl 1. To send information to two or more
`It mun lcense by theI FCC pursuant to Parts 73 or 74 of the
`devices simultaneous y —I over a data communica
`work, voice mail, electronic mail system,
`local Tl//radl
`“IIII uleslllor aIn equivalent foreign (Canadian or Mexican)
`tion or satellite system. Broadcast involves sending a ll
`“Ina.
`a Ila Ite evIIision systIemsIare authorized by FCC rules
`mission simultaneously to all members of a group.l
`Ilmlsdsilnl
`lldfi 035T Slaltditsi
`_0wever. such retransmis—
`context of an intell gent communications network, .I.I
`ITIII I5ailIIlIeIceItoIaInumber of rest rctions.
`I
`devices could be host c0rriputerSllI_r0Ul€lrS. n0.tl:l3l£S5l
`limllecled lIoIVllSIiII0nIoperatIoIrIiable for copyright royalty
`mail systems, Ior Just about any II ingl e sIe.IIn
`e IIIII
`.lllllIlIIcIIIlIIIlII CIIIIIIIII Dy 9
`I
`_ E6.
`II
`I
`I
`gelll World Ul bmallcasl medlal
`a M I
`or la i
`lI WIIIIIIII
`II
`I
`oIns, cerain roa cast stations are ell»
`might use a Iterrestria antenna or a satellite system to «
`. llIIIleI
`ail Iaory caIrriage.
`I
`mit informationItrom a sinIgle source to any TV set
`hIlIIIIII§;IIrain Icolndinons, the cable operator must obtaiIn
`capable ot receiving the Signal W'I,I“” II‘? areacml
`Iltt lncludIeOSn s0atellIItIIC(ienl-See ‘lllt e broadcaet station.IThiIsI
`33¢ also Nallowgallg IllIlgIIIandI Po|ntcasting_
`on
`.IllIIIs WGIIHV aIIIr ellllleénlere IbIrnadcastI Isulperstations
`Unicast, Anycast an
`u icas.
`I
`I
`II
`IIII
`I
`'hlell,lIILIlIIlIIIIIIII
`_II
`,
`u
`oes no me ride.
`I
`2. As the term applies to cabletelevision, broa cas IO M ESPN C SP6
`non
`roadcast programming services
`process ottransmitting a signal over a broadcast stall;
`.
`ros ._
`-
`AN. QVC, etc.).
`I
`I
`suaInt to Parts T3I anc 7I4 of the FCIC rules. ThisIdefini
`«
`IIIS Mlejréiices delivered by terrestrial tTt|CfOWat/6 systems
`deliberately restrictive: it does not includesatellileltfi med
`.MIMDS,or ITFS, unlessthe actual signal being
`sion, and it does not include point-to—multipointtraiislti
`l Wa_S originally picked uIpIrom a broadcast station.
`,
`over a wired or fiber network.
`In spitIeIof the tact II
`I
`,’I alI?I5:CSt|IiIig programming 0flglTaIed by the cable opera-
`broadcast industry and the cableItelevisIion indusltll I
`lI III '8: organization.
`I
`.
`.
`ever bound together riasymbioticrelationshipthell
`S
`lorm A pathological condition that may
`
`
`
`~
`
`
`
`'I
`
`icaliy or
`5 IWIUC‘
`
`attached
`roduces
`on. Also
`it where
`her iack
`I
`one line
`
`as of the
`ed tap is
`Cal Dalli
`dged tap
`a signal
`,eI bridge
`uits, e.g.
`can run
`bridged
`Jnnected
`rig iso|a-
`outputs.
`cing one
`at circuit
`’-lnd then
`u bridge
`,by dial—
`n bridge
`stripping
`:uit path)
`n a con—
`nale and
`mas and
`adapters
`Jnes, but
`ind elec—
`
`U—shape
`ninals on
`means ot
`gxtracledl
`on of the
`gebridg—
`Iyrble.
`ltingfrom
`lon lllleI
`iier deliv-
`ing point
`hat same
`ual Loop
`3,000leet
`
`u to keep
`sync with
`which a
`eyeis not
`
`128
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`129
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`ERIC-1030, Page 5 of 9
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`ERIC-1030, Page 6 of 9
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`NEWTON’S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`
`ECO” D'CTl0NARY
`Control Character A non-printing ASCII character Whig
`controls the
`of communications or a device. Control ciia
`ters are entered
`from computer terminal ke
`yboards by hold.
`ing down
`the Control key (marked CTRL on m
`ost keyboards
`_
`while the lett
`er is pressed. To ring a belt at a remote telex lei
`minal, an op
`I
`erator could hold down the CTRL k
`"G" k
`ey, and tap the
`ey, since Control—G is the BELL character.
`ers d
`Most compui.
`lslllaii Control as the "A"
`character in front of the desig.
`nated letter. For example,
`“M is the Carriage Return charact
`interface circuit used
`Control Circuit X.21
`to send control
`information fro
`Control (1
`trol VCC links the LEC to
`LECS. Control VCCs also link the LEC to the
`LES and carry
`_
`file and control frames. The cont
`rol VCCs never
`carry data tram ,
`Control Equipment 1. The central
`"brains" of a tele.
`Dllpne syste
`in. That part which controls
`the signaling and
`switching to
`attached telephones. Known as
`the KSU (or
`key service unit)
`in a key system.
`2. Equipr
`_ ent used to transm
`it orders from an alarm centerlo
`remote site to enable
`you to do things by remote control.
`Control
`Field Field
`in frame containing control information
`,
`Control Fl
`ag A cellular phone term. A
`6-bit flag transmit-
`ted in the for
`ward channel data strea
`m, comprised of a 5-bit
`and one bit of the 5-
`busy/idle lag
`bit decode status flag.
`Control
`tlead lloam l.i
`ghts indicates that the cellular
`phone is 0
`utside the "home”
`system.
`Control
`Electromagnetic Radiation 1,
`Measures
`minimize electromagnetic radiation ema-
`eke" 10
`hating from
`a system or component, or to minimize electro-
`magnetic iiterf
`easures are taken for purposes
`9l9”C9- SUCH in
`and/or the reductio
`n of interference, especially on
`,
`I
`loperational
`plan to minimize the use of electro-
`magnetic radiation in the
`United States and its possessio
`and the Far
`ama Canal Zone in the event of attack or immine
`threat there
`0). as an aid
`to the navigation of hostile aircra
`guided in
`issiles,
`or other devices.
`» Control of f|¢
`
`.-<.
`procedures, and triggers.
`(JL server.
`el The control panel on the Apple Macintos
`hardware and so
`tware settings. icons allow
`user to customize the system
`or application, or select a par-
`ticular servic
`c printer, set the sound leve
`a, such as a specif'
`the dat
`e and time and choose an
`the net
`Ethernet connection throug
`work control panel.
`Control Pln
`no The ATM protocol includes a Control Plane
`addresses all
`aspects of network signaling and contro.
`through all 4l
`filters of the mode .
`Control Po
`IIl'l' A program that manages an APPN network
`node and its
`resources, enablirg communications to othe
`control points '
`th
`C “null sill
`enetwork.
`egment A wor dwide network of Globa
`lfstem monitoring and control installations that
`curacy of satellite positions and their clocks.
`9n_aI 1.
`in the pu
`c network, control signals
`are used for
`auxiliary functions
`both customer loop signal
`ing and interoffice
`trunksignaling. Control signals are used if!
`for Coin Collect and Coin Return and Patti
`Control signals used in interoffice trunk sill‘
`"Elihu include 3
`tart Dial
`(Wink or Delay Dial)
`signals.
`
`luluIxaoaocno-14;
`
`From
`
`(DTR)
`
`Keypulse (KP) signals or Start Pulse (ST) signals.
`2 in modem communications, control signals are modern
`interface signals used to announce, start, stop or modify a
`function. Here's atable showing common RS—232—C and lTU-
`Ti/_24 control signals
`Pin
`control signal
`Request-To—Send (RTS)
`Clear-To-Send (CTS)
`Data Set Ready (DSR)
`Carrier Detect (CD)
`Data Terminal Ready
`Ring indicator (Rl)
`Control Station On a multi-access link, a station that is in
`charge of such functions as selection and polling.
`Control Tier An AT&T term for the tier within the Universal
`ormation Services network node that provides the transport
`twork's connection control function.
`control Ilnit An architectural component of a processor
`‘p which orchestrates processor activity and handles timing
`make sure the processor doesn't overlap functions.
`controlled llttess When access to a system is limited to
`horized programs’, processes or other systems (as in a
`network).
`Controlled Environment Vault CE\/. it is a low main-
`ance, water—tight concrete or fiberglass container typ
`buried in the ground which provides permanent housing for
`remote switches, rer ote line concentrators, pair gain and
`fiber transmission systems. Because it is buried,
`it can often
`installed in utility
`easements or other places where local
`lding laws may be
`a problem. This below ground room that
`houses electronic ar
`d/or optical equipment
`is under con-
`led temperature and humidity conditions.
`ntroller 1.
`in th
`e truest sense, a device which controls
`the operation of anott
`er piece of equipment. in its more com-
`mon data communications sense, a device between a host
`and terminals that relays information between them. it admin-
`isters their communication. Controllers may be housed in the
`host, can be stand—a
`one, or can be located in a file server.
`Typically one control
`er will be connected to several termi-
`nals. The most cor
`mon controller
`'
`s the IBM Cluster
`Controller for their 370 family of mainframes. In an automat-
`ed radio, a controller is a device that commands the radio
`transr
`itter and receiver, and that perforrrs processes, SUC‘l as
`automatic link establ
`scanning and se
`'shment, channe
`nding, message store
`tlon,
`link quality analysis, polling, so
`and for
`ward, address protection, and an
`i-spoofing.
`2. Part‘
`cipant in a conference call who s
`
`Controller Card Also called a hard disk/diskette drive
`control
`er. it's an add-in card which cort
`rols how data is writ-
`ten to and re
`trieved from your PC’s va
`'ous floppy and hard
`drives.
`Controller cards come in vario
`JS flavors,
`includ'
`MFN ar
`dSCSl. Controller cards are tie
`devices used to for-
`mat hard drives. Controller cards are no
`t hard drive spec‘
`leltcept within categories). Controller ca
`rds will format many
`tiat has been format-
`drives. But once you have a hard drive
`prefer talking to tiat
`ted by tiat one controller card, it tends
`hard disk to ano
`controller card forever. if you switch your
`9f mach
`_
`ne, switch the controller card
`along with it.
`if yo
`ine, but not the co
`switch your hard disk to another mact
`at’s nota "1D0% Jo
`card, then format the hard disk, Tr
`roll
`ltOrElse You'll
`rn" ru e.
`Be Dilsappointed” rule. Butiust a “Flay it Safe
`and Switch The
`Conturing in digital
`facsimile, density step lines
`in
`
`received copy resulting from analog—to-digital conversion
`when the original
`image has observable gray shadings
`between the smallest density steps of the digital system.
`CONUS A term for CONtigu0us United States (lower 48
`states). See Contiguous United States.
`Convection Cooling Design techniques used in switch-
`ing system construction to permit sate heat dissipation from
`the equipment without the need for cooling fans.
`Convector The device which covers the steam heating radi-
`ator in buildings and typically sits underneath a window. Also
`called a weathermaster.
`Convector Area An area allocated for heat circulation and
`distribution. Convector areas, typically built into a wall, can
`be used as a satellite location only if a more suitable area is
`unavailable.
`Convention A rule of conduct or behavior which has been
`reached by general agreement, commonly by a standards-
`making body, whether formal (e.g., the ITU) or ad hoc (e.g.,
`Bell Telephone Laboratories) in nature. For example, the T—1
`frarning conven
`ions were developed by Bell Labs for use
`within the Bell System network in North America, and later
`were formalized
`at the international level by the lTU—T. See
`also Bell Telephone Laboratories, lTU—'i, and T-1.
`Convergence
`1. A measure of the clarity of a color moni-
`tor. A measure 0
`how closely the red, green and blue guns in
`a color monitor track each other when drawing a color image.
`The other measu
`res are focus and dot pitch.
`2. A LAN term.
`The point at which all
`the internetworking
`devices share a common understanding of the routing topol-
`ogy. The slower
`he convergence time, the slower the recov-
`cry from link failure.
`3. The word to describe a trend, now that most media can be
`represented digit
`ally, for the traditional distinctions between
`industries to blur and for companies from consumer elec-
`tronics, compute
`and telecommunications industries to form
`alliances, partnerships and other relationships, as well as o
`raid each others markets.
`4. The word “convergence" was set in motion in 1992 whe
`Tele—Communica
`ions inc. chairman John C. Malone told
`e-show audience that his vision of all—digitai, fiber-opt
`networks would enable TC! and other cable operators to o
`TV channels
`,
`interactive programming, electronic ma'l,
`telephony. According to Business Week of June 23, 1997
`picture of d‘
`gital convergence was so compelling that
`e, media and
`phone companies promptly hopped on the
`bandwagon. Busi
`ness Week continued, "Several billion do -
`later,
`it becor
`a clear that convergence was a bust. Cab e
`panies, perennially strapped for cash, scaled back on
`their plans to upgrade their networks to handle huge amoun s
`teractive data. Phone companies that had hoped to offer
`television service — on their own wires or in joint ventures
`cable companies — went back to their core businesses.
`However, such concerns should never let a good word die. n
`the May 17, 1998 issue of The New York Times, Richard C.
`Noteoaert, chairman and chief executive of
`the Ameritech
`Corp
`oration, wrote, “Conventional wisdom holds that conver-
`gence— the gradual blurring of telecommunications, comput-
`ers and the Internet — is primarily about technology and the
`able clash of voice and data networks. But that narrow
`viewpoint misses the bigger picture.,.Convergence is about
`fundamental changes in the way we work — even behave."
`Now the latest concept of convergence is that all communica-
`tions — the Internet and the PSTN (the public switched tele-
`phone network) — shall run over one network. As Notebaert
`
`atfm:
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`ERIC-1030, Page 7 of 9
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`ERIC-1030, Page 8 of 9
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`
`NARY
`
`
`
`NEWTON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`support advanced applications such as Caller ID, roaming in
`wlreless7systems, and 800
`umber routing.'See Signaling
`sem .
`El/gnaling Connection Control Part SCCP. Part of
`he SS7 protocol that provides communication between sig-
`naling nodes by adding circu't and routing irformafion to the
`gig aling message. The iSD —UP (integrated Services Digital
`etwork User Part) and TCAP (Transaot'on Capabilities
`Application Fart) use the SCCP (Signaling Connection
`control Part) and the MTP (Message Transfer Part) to trans-
`sor information. Definition from Bellcore in reference to its
`concept of the Advanced lnte iigent Network.
`signaling Information Fields SIF. lr SS7 (Signaling
`sys em 7) signaling messages, the SiF is a variable length
`ield which contains all
`t e signaling irformation. Also
`‘nciuded is any routing information in the Routing Label,
`which the network uses to properly connect the call. Such sig-
`nali g information might include the Calling Party Number
`cP\l) subfieid, along with he Presentation indicator (Pi).
`The SIF contains 2-272 octets of data. See a so Calling Party
`u
`ber, Presentation indicator, and SS7.
`signaling linlr Selection Code SLS. The part of a
`routing label that identifies t e SS7 signaling link on which
`he message should be sent.
`Signaling Point A node ‘n a SS7 signa ing network that
`either originates and rece'ves signaling messages, or trans-
`iers signaling messagesf om one signaling lnkto another, or
`both. SPs are located at each switch in a Signaling System 7
`network. They interface tie switch with the Signal Transfer
`Points (STPs). See Sigral Transfer Points and Signaling
`System 7.
`Signaling Point Code A binary code uniquely identify-
`ing a SS7 signaling point 'n a signaling network. This code is
`used, according to its pos'tion in the label, either as destina-
`tion point code or as origi aling point code.
`Signaling Point
`Interface SPOI. Tie demarcation
`point on the SS7 signaling link between a LEC network and a
`Wireless Services Provider (WSP) network. The point estab-
`lished the technical interface and can designate the test point
`and operational division o responsibility for he signaling.
`Signaling System Number 1 SS1. Atone supervision
`system using a 500 Hertz tone modulated at a 20 Hertz rate to
`signal call
`requests between switchboards.
`internationa
`equivalent of Bells T000/23 manual ringdowr signaling. Now
`obsolete.
`Signaling System Number 2 882. A two~tone
`(500/750 Hertz) tone systen for dial—pulsing selection infor-
`mation. Never used internationally. Closely a in to early Bel
`mobile radiotelephone dia 'ng systems. Now obsolete.
`Slgnaling System Number 3 SS3. As'ngle—frequency
`(2280 Hertz) tonesystem Lsed on one-way circuits only. No
`intended for transit connections involving a third nation. A
`prime method through the late 1970s. Now obsolete.
`Signaling System Number 4 S84. A wo-tone (2040
`and 2400 Hertz) system for international transit and termina
`traffic. The firsttruiy globa “direct dialing" signaling system.
`Now obsolete.
`Signaling System Number 5 SS5. A wo-tone (2400
`and 2600 Hertz) system combined with multi requency inter-
`register signaling for both erminal and transit traffic. Closes
`international equivalent to North American Bell “DDD trunks
`using SF supervision." Now obsolete.
`sillnaling System Number 6 SS6. A common digita
`data path between two swtching machines to negotiate and
`
`V
`
`ifimo
`im>ri
`
`oversee connection control on transmission facility trunks
`between the machines. international equivalent of Bell CCIS.
`Typically a 2400 bps data circuit.
`Signaling System 7 SS7. SS7 typically employs a ded-
`icated 64 kilobit data circuit to carry packetized machine lai-
`guage messages about each call connected between and
`among machines of a network to achieve conrection control.
`international equivalent of Bell DNHR. Perm'ts many ISDN
`services such as CNiD or Random RCF. See below for mo e
`specific information:
`All phone systems need signaling. According o James Harry
`Green, author of
`the Dow Jones—lrwin Handbook of
`Telecommunications, signals have three basic functions:
`1. SUPERVISING. Monitoring the status of a the or circuit
`see if it
`is busy,
`idle or requesting service. Supervision is
`term derived from the job telephone operators perform i
`manually monitoring circuits on a switchboard. On switch
`boards, supervisory signals are shown by a l't lamp indica
`ing a request for service on an incoming line or an on—hoo
`condition of a switchboard cord circuit. in the network (i.e. th
`automated part of the network), supervisory sgnals are ind’
`cated by the voltage level on signaling leads, or the on—
`hook/off-hook status of signaling tones or bits.
`2. ALERTING.
`indicates the arrival of an 'ncoming cal.
`Alerting signals are bells, buzzers, whoofers, tones, strobes
`and lights.
`3. ADDRESSING. Transmitting routing and destination sig-
`nals over the network. Addressing signals are in the form of
`dial pulses, tone pulses or data pulses over loops, trunks and
`signaling networks.
`in the old days, signaling was mostly MF (multi-frequency)
`and SF (single frequency) and is inband. This means that it
`goes along and occupies the same circuits as those which
`carry voice conversations. There are two problems with this.
`First, about 35% of all toil calls are not completed because
`the phone doesn’t answer or is busy, or there are equipment
`problems along the way. The circuit time used in signaling is
`substantial, expensive and wasteful. Second,
`inband signal-
`ing is vuinerable to fraud. So the idea of out—of—band signal-
`ing came about.
`it got
`the name of Common Channel
`lnteroff'ce Signaling (CCIS) because it used a communica-
`tions network totally separate from the switched voice net-
`work.
`l‘I North America, CCIS star ed out as an AT&T packet
`switched network operating at 4BCO bits per second. Each of
`the packet switches in this network (they are no longer exclu-
`sively AT&T's) are called Signal Transfer Points —- STPs.
`CCIS ias the following advantages over SF/MF signaling:
`Fraud ‘s reduced. ‘"lalk—off" is reduced. (Talk—off occurs when
`your voice contains enough 260C Hz energy to activate the
`tone—detecting circuits in the central office.) Signaling is
`faster allowing circuits and conversations to be set up and
`torn down (i.e. disconnected) fas er. Signals can be sent in
`both drections simultaneously and during voice conversation
`if necessary. Network managemen information is routed over
`the CCIS network. For example, when trunks fail, switching
`systems can be told with CCIS da a messages to reroute traf-
`fic aroind problem areas.
`The older CCIS signaling has beer replaced with a newer out-
`of—band signaling system called iTU Signaling System 7.
`According to an AT&T technical paper delivered at
`the
`international Switching Symposiim in Spring, 1987,
`ITU
`Signal'ng System 7 is being required by telecommunications
`admin'strations worldwide (i.e. at the local country—owned
`telephone companies) for their networks. AT&T continued
`
`801
`
`‘
`
`l l l l l i i l l
`
`)tI-i Intlitator A display on a cellular rag‘
`w before you call about the relative strengh
`ansmitter in your immediate area. on m t
`he signal strength indicator has five be"
`agest. it's best to call when you have four
`rginal. Below three, forget it. Go eisewhe
`
`9_m8—»B
`
`ilng Point SSP. See SSP. For a lull exp|a_
`anced intelligent
`etwork, see AIN.
`so Ratio 1. The ratio of the usable Sig 5'
`i to the noise or indesired signal. Usua V
`bets. This ratio is a measure of the quality at
`
`information to be found in a given
`f useful
`net newsgroup. 0 ten used derogatorny, U,
`nal—to—noise ratio ‘n this newsgroup is pre
`
`iter Point The packet switch in t 9
`at
`interoffice Signaling (CCIS) system. Tte
`switched ne work operating at 4800 bits per
`Jlaces both SF (S'ngie Frequency) and MF
`3y converf'ng d'aled digits to data mes.
`STP and Signal'ng System 7. For at i
`iAdvanced ntelligent Network, see AlN.
`being transmitted are information. They can
`such as ate ephone conversation, music, or
`a. The simp est s'gnal we can serd isasine
`waves are combinations of simpler sie
`t amplitudes and frequencies to produce
`i orms. Simlarly, computer data ‘s a series
`i which elec rically look like a square wave.
`e all other tyaes of waves, can be represent-
`"on of sine waves with different frequencies
`iat a comp ex wave is the sum of simple
`scovered by the French mathemat'cian Jean
`outlet and is called Fourier’s Theorem.
`'gen:e SIG NT. A federal governmentterm.
`'gence info matio comprising, ether indi-
`bination, at communicat'ons intelligence,
`;ence. and oreign instrur entation signals
`ever transmit ed.
`y telephone system — inside an office or
`y— some form 0 signaling mecianism is
`and tear down the calls. Wien you call from
`cross the country to someone else’s desk,
`ferent signaling are used. There's the sig-
`for office desk pho e and your off'ce phone
`e signaling between your office phone sys-
`:ai telephone comaany ceitral office. And
`ig between your local central office and the
`‘re trying to reach across the country. All
`naling may be different. Simple examples of
`ging of your phone (someone is calling),
`to dial), ringing hopeful y someone will
`
`as POTS (Plain Old
`one systems suc
`2) used in—band signaling 0 carry signals.
`aling, signals such as DTMF tones (touch-
`in the same circu't as the alk path. Newer
`st of it today) is carried as out—of—band sig-
`: uses a separate data network. This is much
`' example, voice c'rcuits need not be allo—
`at do not complete. Also,
`this approach
`iuantities of information to be transferred to
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`ERIC-1030, Page 9 of 9