`Exhibit 1040
`Page 1
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`
`
`Principles and Practices
`
`Abdul AI-Azzawi
`
`0 ~y~~F~~~~~'"P
`
`Boca Raton London New York
`
`CRC Press is an imprint of the
`Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc.
`Exhibit 1040
`Page 2
`
`
`
`This material was previously published in Photonics: Principles and Practices © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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`p
`
`CRC Press
`Taylor & Francis Group
`6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
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`© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
`CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
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`International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-8295-6 (Hardcover)
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`Cisco Systems, Inc.
`Exhibit 1040
`Page 3
`
`
`
`Table of Contents
`
`Chapter 1
`Fibre Optic Cables ................................... ........ .. ...................................................... .. I
`1.1
`Introduction ............................................. .... .............................................................................. 1
`1.2 The Evolution of Fibre Optic Cables .......................................................... ............................. 1
`1.3 Fibre Optic Cables .................................................................................................................... 5
`1.4 Plastic Fibre Cables .................................................................................................................. 6
`1.5 Light Propagation in Fibre Optic Cables ................................................................................. 7
`1.6 Refractive-Index Profile ........................................................................................................... 8
`1.7 Types of Fibre Optic Cables .................................................................................................... 8
`1. 7.1 Single-Mode Step-Index Fibre Cable .......................................................................... 9
`1.7.2 Multimode Step-Index Fibre Cable (Multimode Fibre Cable) .................................. 9
`1.7.3 Multimode Graded-Index Fibre (Graded-Index Fibre Cable) .................................. 10
`1.8 Polarization Maintaining Fibre Cables ................................................................................... lO
`1.9 Specialty Fibre Cables ............................................................................................................ 11
`1.10 Fibre Cable Fabrication Techniques ...................................................................................... 11
`1.10.1 Double Crucible Method .......................................................................................... 12
`1.10.2 Chemical Vapour Deposition Processes .................................................................. 13
`1.10.3 Outside Vapour Deposition ...................................................................................... 14
`1.10.4 Vapour Axial Deposition .......................................................................................... 14
`1.10.5 Modified Chemical Vapour Deposition ......................... ........................................... 15
`1.10.6 Plasma Chemical Vapour Deposition ...................................................................... 16
`1.11 Fibre Drawing ......................................................................................................................... 17
`1.12 Numerical Aperture ................................................................................................................ 17
`1.13 Modes in a Fibre Optic Cable ................................................................................................ 19
`1.14 Light Source Coupling to a Fibre Cable ................................................................................ 20
`1.15 Launching Light Conditions into Fibre Cables ...................... , .. , ......... .................................. 22
`1.16 Fibre Tube Assembly ..................................................................... ........................................ 23
`1.17 Fibre Optic Cables versus Copper Cables ............................................................................. 23
`1.18 Applications of Fibre Optic Cables ........................................................................................ 25
`1.19 Experimental Work ................................................................................................................. 26
`1.19.1 Case (a): Fibre Cable Inspection and Handling ........................................................ 26
`1.19.2 Case (b): Fibre Cable Ends Preparation .................................................................... 26
`1.19.3 Case (c): NA and Acceptance Angles Calculation .................................................. 26
`1.19.4 Case (d): Fibre Cable Power Output Intensity .......................................................... 27
`1.19.5 Technique And Apparatus ........................................................................................ 27
`1.19.6 Procedure .................................................................................................................. 29
`1.19.7 Safety Procedure ........................................................................................................ 29
`1.19.8 Apparatus Set-Up ...................................................................................................... 29
`1.19.8.1 Case (a): Fibre Cable Inspection and Handling ...................................... 29
`1.19.8.2 Case (b): Fibre Cable Ends Preparation .................................................. 31
`1.19.8.3 Case (c): NA and Acceptance Angles Calculation .................................. 34
`1.19.8.4 Case (d) Fibre Cable Power Output Intensity .......................................... 35
`1 19
`·
`.9 Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 37
`1.19.9.1 Case (a): Fibre Cable Inspection and Handling ...................................... 37
`~ - 19.9.2 Case (b): Fibre Cable Ends Preparation .................................................. 37
`· ~ 9 · 9 · 3 Case (c): N A and Acceptance Angles Calculation .................................. 3 7
`1
`· 9·9.4 Case (d): Fibre Cable Power Output Intensity ........................................ 37
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`Cisco Systems, Inc.
`Exhibit 1040
`Page 4
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`1.19.10 Calculations and Analysis ··· ··········· ······· ·························:················ ·· ··· ............. .... 38
`1.19.10.1 Case (a): Fibre Cable Inspection and Handhng .................................. 38
`1.19.10.2 Case (b): Fibre Cable Ends Preparation .............................................. 38
`1.19.10.3 Case (c): NA and Acceptance Angles Calculation .............................. 38
`1.19.10.4 Case (d): Fibre Cable Power Output Intensity .................................... 38
`Results and Discussions .......................................................................................... 38
`1.19.11.1 Case (a): Fibre Cable Inspection an~ Handling .................................. 3~
`1.19.11.2 Case (b): Fibre Cable Ends Preparatwn .............................................. 3
`1.19 .11.3 Case (c): NA and Acceptance Angles Calculation ................ ·············· 39
`1.19.11.4 Case (d): Fibre Cable Power Output Intensity .................................... 39
`1.19.12 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 3~
`1.19.13 Suggestions for Future Lab Work .......................................................................... ;
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`: ;~
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`11
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`9
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`1.1
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`1!~;~;:r::e?:n'~~ :
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`Chapter 2
`Advanced Fibre Optic Cables ................................................................................ .41
`Introduction ............................................................................................................................. :~
`2.1
`2.2 Advanced Types of Fibre Optic Cables ...................................... · ............. · ........ · ................. ..
`2.2.1 Dual-Core Fibre for High-Power Laser .................................................................... 42
`2.2.2 Fibre Bragg Gratings ................................................................................................ 42
`2.2.2.1 Manufacturing Method .................................................... · .. · · · · · .... · · · · · .... · .. · · 43
`2.2.3 Chirped Fibre Bragg Gratings ............................................................ · ............. · ...... · 44
`2.2.3.1 Manufacturing Method .............................................................................. 45
`2.2.4 Blazed Fibre Bragg Gratings ................................................................... · ................ 46
`2.2.5 Nonzero-Dispersion Fibre-Optic Cables .................................................................. 46
`2.2.6 Photonic Crystal Fibre Cables .................................................................................. 46
`2.2.7 Microstructure Fibre Cables ...................................................................................... 49
`2.2.8 Polymer Holey-Fibre Cables .................................................................................... 49
`2.2.9
`Image Fibre Cables .................................................................................................... 50
`2.2.10 Liquid Crystal Photonic Bandgap Fibre Cables .......................................... · · .......... 51
`2.2.11 Lensed and Tapered Fibre Cables ........................................................................... · 51
`2.2.11.1 Advantages of Lensing Technology ........................................................ 52
`2.2.11.2 Manufacturing Technologies .................................................................... 53
`2.2.12 Bend-Insensitive Fibre Cables .................................................................................. 54
`2.2.13 Nanoribbon Fibre Optic Cables ................................................................................ 55
`2.3 Applications of Advanced Fibre Cables ................................................................................ ;;
`~:f.~rim;;~~~u~~~k::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::· ;~
`2.4.2 Suggestions for Future Lab Work ............................... · .... · · · .............. · .............. · · .... ..
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`~rth~;~;~::e:e":oe:
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`: i;
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`2.4
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`Chapter 3
`59
`.
`Light Attenuation in Optical Components ................................... ·..........................
`59
`Introduction ............................................................................................................ ................. 59
`3.1
`3.2 Light Losses in an Optical Material.. .....................................................................................
`60
`;:;:~ ~~s;2s~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 60
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`3.4.5
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`3.2.3 Scattering ......................... .................................... ... .................................................. 60
`3.2.4 Light Loss in Parallel Optical Surfaces .................................................................... 61
`3.2.5 Light Loss in an Epoxy Layer .................................................................................. 61
`3.2.6 Bending and Micro-Bending .................................................................................... 62
`3.3 Attenuation Calculations ........................................................................................................ 63
`3.4 Experimental Work ................................................................................................................. 65
`3 .4.1 Technique and Apparatus .......................................................................................... 65
`3.4.2 Procedure .................................................................................................................. 66
`3.4.3 Safety Procedure ........................................................................................................ 66
`3.4.4 Apparatus Setup ........................................................................................................ 66
`3.4.4.1 Laser Light Power Loss through One to Five
`Microscope Slides ...................................................................................... 66
`3.4.4.2 Laser Light Power Loss through 'l Single Slide Inclined
`at Different Angles .................................................................................... 67
`3.4.4.3 Laser Light Power Loss through an Epoxy Layer Between
`Two Slides ............................................ ...................................................... 68
`3.4.4.4 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre Optic Cable .............................. 70
`3.4.4.5 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Due
`to Micro-Bending ...................................................................................... 71
`3.4.4.6 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Coupled
`to a Grin Lens at the Input and/or Output ................................................ 72
`Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 73
`3.4.5.1 Laser Light Power Loss through One to Five
`Microscope Slides ...................................................................................... 73
`3.4.5.2 Laser Light Power Loss through a Single Slide Inclined at
`Different Angles ........................................................................................ 73
`3.4.5.3 Laser Light Power Loss through an Epoxy Layer between
`Two Slides .................................................................................................. 74
`3.4.5.4 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable .............................. 74
`3.4.5.5 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Due
`to Micro-Bending ...................................................................................... 74
`3.4.5.6 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Coupled
`to a Grin Lens at the Input and/or Output ................................................ 75
`Calculations and Analysis ........................................................................................ 75
`3.4.6.1 Laser Light Power Loss through One to Five
`Microscope Slides ...................................................................................... 75
`3.4.6.2 Laser Light Power Loss through a Single Slide Inclined
`at Different Angles ............................................................ ........................ 75
`3.4.6.3 Laser Light Power Loss through an Epoxy Layer between
`Two Slides .................................................................................................. 75
`3.4.6.4 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable .............................. 76
`3.4.6.5 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Due to
`Micro-Bending ............................................................................................ 76
`3.4.6.6 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Coupled
`to a Grin Lens at the Input and/or Output ................................................ 76
`Results and Discussions ............................................................................................ 76
`3.4.7.1 Laser Light Power Loss through One to Five
`Microscope Slides ...................................................................................... 76
`3.4.7.2 Laser Light Power Loss through a Single Slide Inclined at
`Different Angles .......................................................................................... 76
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`3.4.6
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`3.4.7
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`Cisco Systems, Inc.
`Exhibit 1040
`Page 5
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`
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`3.4.7.3 Laser Light Power Loss through an Epoxy Layer
`Between Two Slides .................................................................................. 76
`3.4.7.4 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable .............................. 77
`3.4.7.5 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Due to
`Micro-Bending ............................................................................................ 77
`3.4.7.6 Laser Light Power Loss through a Fibre-Optic Cable Coupled
`to a Grin Lens at the Input and/or Output.. ................................................ 77
`3.4.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 77
`3.4.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work ............................................................................ 77
`3.5 List of References ................................................................................................................... 77
`3.6 Appendices ........................................................................................................................... ... 77
`Further Reading ............................................................................................................................... 77
`
`Chapter 4
`Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Installations ............................................................. 79
`4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 79
`4.2 Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications ............................................................................ 80
`4.2.1
`Indoor Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications .................................................. 80
`4.2.2 Outdoor Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications ................................................ 81
`4.2.3
`Indoor/Outdoor Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications .................................... 82
`4.2.4 Other Fibre-Optic Cable Types and Applications .................................................... 83
`4.3 Fibre-Optic Cable Installation Methods ................................................................................. 83
`4.3.1
`Indoor Fibre-Optic Cable Installation ...................................................................... 83
`4.3.2 Cable Installation in Tray and Duct Systems .......................................................... 84
`4.3.3 Conduit Installation .................................................................................................. 85
`4.3.4 Pulling Fibre-Optic Cable Installation ...................................................................... 85
`4.3.5 Fibre-Optic Cables Direct Burial Installation .......................................................... 86
`4.3.6 Fibre-Optic Cable Aerial Installation ........................................................................ 87
`4.3.7 Air-Blown Fibre Cable Installation .......................................................................... 87
`4.3.8 Other Fibre Cable Installation Methods .................................................................... 87
`4.4 Standard Hardware for Fibre-Optic Cables ........................................................................... 88
`4.4.1 Fibre Splice Closures ................................................................................................ 88
`4.4.2 Rack with Panels ...................................................................................................... 89
`4.4.3 Connector Housings .................................................................................................. 89
`4.4.4 Patch Panels .............................................................................................................. 90
`4.4.5 Splice Housings ........................................................................................................ 90
`4.4.6 Wall Outlets .............................................................................................................. 90
`4.4.7 Fibre-Optic Testing Equipment ................................................................................ 91
`4.5 Fibre-Optic Cable Test Requirements .................................................................................... 91
`4.6 Experimental Work ................................................................................................................. 91
`4.6.1 Technique and Apparatus .......................................................................................... 92
`4.6.2 Procedure .................................................................................................................. 92
`4.6.3 Safety Procedure ........................................................................................................ 92
`4.6.4 Apparatus Setup ........................................................................................................ 93
`4.6.4. 1 Fibre-Optic Cable Installation .................................................................... 93
`4.6.5 Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 93
`4.6.6 Calculations and Analysis ........................................................................................ 93
`4.6.7 Results and Discussions ............................................................................................ 93
`4.6.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 93
`4.6.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work .............................................................................. 94
`4.7 List of References ................................................................................................................... 94
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`~:rth~PE::1~~·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:
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`Chapter 5
`Fibre-Optic Connectors ........................................................................................... 95
`5.1
`Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 95
`5.2 Applications of Connectors and Splices ................................................................................ 95
`5.3 Requirements of Connectors and Splices .............................................................................. 96
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`;~ ?.F~~~~~;id:~~~:- : :•.• : :: :
`
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`5.5.2 Environmental Considerations .......................................................... , ....................... 99
`5.5.3 Compatibility ............................................................................................................ 99
`5.6 Fibre-Optic Connector Types .......................................................... ....................................... 99
`5. 7 Adapters for Different Fibre-Optic Connector Types .......................................................... 1 00
`5.8 Fibre-Optic Connector Structures ........................................................................................ 100
`5.9 Fibre-Optic Connector Assembly Techniques ..................................................................... 101
`5.9.1 Common Fibre Connector Assembly ...................................................................... 101
`
`l•i·~ i~t~~~~~§¥.: •• :.::···::··························:····:··········::··:·:·.::········:··········:·········:·1~~
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`5.10 ~~~1s;:~:;;T::::~~
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`5.9.6 Fibre-Optic Connector Cleaning ............................................................................ 102
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`5.10.1.1 Key-Lock Mechanical Fibre-Optic Splices ............................................ 106
`5.10.1.2 Table-Type Mechanical Fibre-Optic Splices ........................................ 106
`5.11 ~uti on Splices ....................................................................................................................... 1 07
`5.12 Co~~~c~!l:c:e~~:ti;gli~~ ..................................... ................................................................ 107
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`5.13 ~~i1~:~!,':':'~d A ~ ;;;;~; :::::::::::::::::::: ::::: ·: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~
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`........................................................................................ 108
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`::.::::.::.:::: :.:: .. :~
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`5.13.2 Proced~re
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`;:::; ~:~.:i~;.::··: : : •:::::::.:::.:.::: : :::
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`5.13.4.1 Case (a): Building FSMA Connectors .................................................. 109
`;.13.4.2 Case (b): Test~ng Connect~on Loss in Two Connectors ........................ 111
`·i ;.4.3 Case (c): Test~ng Connect~on Loss in a Mechanical Splice .................. 112
`5
`D. t .4C.4ll C~se (d): Testmg ConnectiOn Loss in a Fusion Splice ........................ 114
`a a o ectwn
`5 13 5 1
`........................................................................................................ 114
`·
`·
`Case (a): Bui1~ing a Connector .............................................................. 114
`·
`5
`13
`5
`2
`·
`·
`·
`Case (b): Test~ng Connection Loss in Two Connectors ........................ 114
`5
`13
`5
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`Case (c): Test~ng Connect~on Loss ~n a Me~hanica1 Splice .................. 115
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`5.13.6 Calculatio~a::~dln!~:t~ng ConnectiOn Loss m a FusiOn Splice ........................ 115
`5.13 6 1 C
`.Sl~ .......................................................... ...... ...................... 115
`·
`·
`Case (a): Bml~mg a Connector .............................................................. 115
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`6
`2
`·
`·
`Case (b): Test~ng Connection Loss in Two Connectors ........................ 115
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`6
`3
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`·
`·
`Case (c): Testmg Connection Loss in a Mechanical Splice .................. 115
`6
`4
`· ·
`ase (d): Testing Connection Loss in a Fusion Splice ........................ 115
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`5 13 5
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`13
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`Cisco Systems, Inc.
`Exhibit 1040
`Page 6
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`6.17.4.4 Testing a Y-Coupler .................................................. .............................. 140
`6.17.4.5 Testing a 1 X 4 Y -Coupler ...................................................................... 141
`6.17.4.6 Testing a Proximity Sensor .................................... .. , ..... ........................ 142
`6.17.5 Data Collection ........................................................................................................ 143
`6.17.5 .1 Testing a 3 dB Coupler .......................................................................... 143
`6.17.5.2 Testing a 1 x4 3 dB Coupler .................................................................. 143
`6.17.5 .3 Manufacturing a Y -Coupler in the Lab .................................................. 144
`6.17.5.4 Testing a Y-Coupler ................................................................................ 144
`6.17.5 .5 Testing a 1 X 4 Y -Coupler ...................................................................... 145
`6.17.5.6 Testing a Proximity Sensor .................................................................... 145
`6.17.6 Calculations and Analysis ........................................................................................ 147
`6.17.6.1 Testing a 3 dB Coupler .......................................................................... 147
`6.17.6.2 Testing a 1 x 4 3 dB Coupler .................................................................. 14 7
`6.17.6.3 Manufacturing a Y-Coupler in the Lab .................................................. 147
`6.17.6.4 Testing a Y-Coupler ................................................................................ 147
`6.17.6.5 Testing a 1x4 Y-Coupler ...................................................................... 147
`6.17.6.6 Testing a proximity sensor .................................................................... 148
`6.17.7 Results and Discussions .......................................................................................... 148
`6.17. 7.1 Testing a 3 dB Coupler .......................................................................... 148
`6.17.7.2 Tesing a 1 x4 3 dB Coupler. ................................................................... 148
`6. 17.7.3 Manufacturing a Y-Coupler in the Lab .................................................. 148
`6.17.7.4 Testing a Y-Coupler ................................................................................ 148
`6.17. 7.5 Testing a 1 x 4 Y -Coupler ...................................................................... 148
`6.17.7.6 Testing a Proximity Sensor .................................................................... 149
`6.17.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 149
`6.17.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work .......................................................................... 149
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`~!h~~E:::e~nce:• :
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`Chapter 7
`Wavelength Division Multiplexer ......................................................................... 151
`i avele~g.t~ Division Multiplexing ...................................................................................... 151
`~-; Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 151
`-
`7
`3
`F Ime-Divisio_n -~ultiplexing ................................................................................................. 152
`is ~equency-DivisiOn Multiplexing ......................................................................................... 153
`
`C ense Wavelength Division Multiplexing ........................................................................... 153
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`T oa~s~ Wavelength Division Multiplexing .......................................................................... 153
`
`;c
`mques ~or ~ultiplexing and De-Multiplexing ............................................................. 154
`7
`1
`~ult~plex~ng and De-Mult~plex~ng us~ng a P~ism .. : ............................................... 154
`:
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`7
`7
`2
`u~tlplexmg and De-Multlplexmg usmg a DiffractiOn Grating ............................ 154
`77
`7 7 3 0
`Aptlcal Add/Drop Multiplexers/De-Multiplexers .................................................... 155
`iis F'~ayed Waveguide Gratings .................................................................................. 156
`4
`T~.re ;ragg _Grating ................................................................................................. 156
`:
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`7
`6
`p I~ d_1lm _Filters or Multilayer Interference Filters ................................................ 157
`7 7 7
`~~1~ 1~ ~lters, Frequency Slicers, Inte